Family out-of-pocket expenditure for type 2 diabetes mellitus care and percentage of family income.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes has economic implications involving family income and out-of-pocket spending. OBJECTIVE: Determine family out-of-pocket expenditure for type 2 diabetes mellitus care and percentage of family income. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study of family out-of-pocket spending in families with patients with type 2 diabetes treated at primary care level. Out-of-pocket expenses included expenses for transportation, food-drinks, and external medications. Family income corresponded to the total economic income contributed by family members. The percentage of out-of-pocket spending in relation to family income was identified with the relationship between these two variables. Statistical analysis included averages and percentages. RESULTS: The annual family out-of-pocket expenditure on transportation was $2,621.24, the family out-of-pocket expenditure on food and beverages was $1,075.67, and the family out-of-pocket expenditure on external medications was $722.08. The total annual family out-of-pocket expense was $4,418.89 and corresponds to 4.73% of family income. CONCLUSION: The family out-of-pocket expense in the family with a patient with diabetes mellitus 2 was $4,418.89 and represents 4.73% of the family income.

ANTECEDENTES: La diabetes tipo 2 tiene implicaciones económicas en el ingreso familiar y el gasto de bolsillo. OBJETIVO: Determinar el gasto de bolsillo familiar en la atención de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y el porcentaje que representa en el ingreso familiar. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de gasto de bolsillo de las familias con pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 atendidos en el primer nivel de atención. El gasto de bolsillo familiar incluyó gasto en traslado, alimentos-bebidas y medicamentos externos. El ingreso familiar correspondió al total de ingresos económicos aportados por los miembros de la familia. El porcentaje del gasto de bolsillo con relación al ingreso familiar se identificó con la relación entre estas dos variables. El análisis estadístico incluyó promedios y porcentajes. RESULTADOS: El gasto de bolsillo familiar anual en transporte fue de $2621.24, en alimentos y bebidas fue de $1075.67 y en medicamentos externos fue de $722.08. El gasto familiar de bolsillo total anual fue de $4418.89 y correspondió a 4.73 % del ingreso familiar. CONCLUSIÓN: El gasto de bolsillo en las familias con un paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 fue de $4418.89 y representó 4.73 % del ingreso familiar.

[Chronic degenerative conditions as risk factors for lethal COVID-19Doenças crônicas degenerativas como fator de risco para letalidade por COVID-19]. / Enfermedades crónicas degenerativas como factor de riesgo de letalidad por COVID-19 en México.

Objective: To determine the relative risk of a lethal outcome associated with chronic degenerative conditions in patients with COVID-19. Methods: A cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records belonging to patients who tested positive for COVID-19 on RT-PCR while receiving care as outpatients or inpatients in a social security system facility between March 2020 and March 2021. Two study groups were formed. The exposed group was divided into four subgroups, each of which was diagnosed with one and only one chronic condition (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or chronic kidney disease); the unexposed group was obtained from the medical records of patients without comorbidities. A total of 1 114 medical records were examined using simple random sampling. Once the minimum sample size was reached, the relative risk was calculated for each chronic condition. Combinations of two, three, and four conditions were created, and each of them was included in the analysis. Results: In the absence of a chronic degenerative condition, the prevalence of a lethal outcome from COVID-19 is 3.8%; in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15.8%; in the presence of arterial hypertension, 15.6%; and in the presence of obesity, 15.0%. For diabetes and hypertension combined, the prevalence of a lethal outcome is 54.1%; for diabetes and obesity combined, 36.8%, and for obesity and hypertension combined, 28.1%. Conclusion: In patients with COVID-19, the relative risk of a lethal outcome is 4.17 for those with diabetes, 4.13 for those with hypertension, and 3.96 for those with obesity. For two chronic conditions combined, the relative risk doubles or triples. The relative risk of a lethal outcome is 14.27 for diabetes plus hypertension; 9.73 for diabetes plus obesity, and 7.43 for obesity plus hypertension. Chronic conditions do not present alone; they generally occur together, hence the significance of the relative risks for lethal outcomes presented in this paper.

Objetivo: Determinar o risco de letalidade conferido por doenças crônicas degenerativas em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte em prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com RT-PCR positivo para COVID-19 em atendimento ambulatorial ou hospitalar em uma instituição de previdência social, no período de março de 2020 a março de 2021. Foram constituídos dois grupos de estudo. O grupo exposto foi dividido em quatro subgrupos, cada um com diagnóstico único e exclusivo de uma doença crônica (diabetes, hipertensão, obesidade ou doença renal crônica). O grupo não exposto foi constituído por prontuários de pacientes sem comorbidades. Foram revisados 1.114 prontuários no total, utilizando técnica de amostragem aleatória simples. Uma vez obtido o tamanho mínimo da amostra, foi calculado o risco relativo para cada doença crônica. Foram realizadas combinações de 2, 3 e 4, tendo sido feita a análise com cada uma delas. Resultados: Na ausência de doença crônica degenerativa, a prevalência de letalidade na COVID-19 é de 3,8%; na presença de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, a letalidade é de 15,8%; na presença de hipertensão arterial, 15,6%; e na presença de obesidade, 15%. Quando tanto diabetes como hipertensão estão presentes, a letalidade é de 54,1%; com diabetes e obesidade, 36,8%; e obesidade com hipertensão, 28,1%. Conclusões: Em pacientes com COVID-19, o risco relativo de letalidade é de 4,17 naqueles com diabetes; 4,13 naqueles com hipertensão; e 3,96 naqueles com obesidade. Quando duas doenças crônicas são combinadas, o risco relativo dobra ou triplica. Para diabetes e hipertensão, o risco relativo de letalidade é 14,27; para diabetes e obesidade, 9,73; e para obesidade e hipertensão, 7,43. As doenças crônicas não ocorrem sozinhas (geralmente estão associadas), e nessa perspectiva os riscos relativos de letalidade apresentados neste artigo tornam-se relevantes.

[Health status of the elderly in primary health care practices using an integral geriatric assessment]. / Estado de salud en el adulto mayor en atención primaria a partir de una valoración geriátrica integral.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the health status of patients 60 years of age or over in Primary Health Care practices using an integral geriatric assessment. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Five primary care units, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; México. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly patient aged 60 years of age or over, who were seen in primary health care practices. Previously signed informed consent was given, with exclusion criteria being non-completion of the integral geriatric assessment. A technical sample of conglomerates and quota was used. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Medical dimension variables: visual, hearing (Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly), urinary incontinence (Consultation in Incontinence Questionnaire), nutritional condition (Mini Nutritional Assessment), personal clinical history, polypharmacy; mental impairment (Mini Mental State Examination), depression (Yesavaje); functional: basic (Katz) and instrumental (Lawton and Brody) activities of daily living, mobility (Up and go) and social (Social sources scale). The analysis included percentages and confidence intervals. RESULTS: In the medical dimensions; 42.3% with visual impairment, 27.7% hearing, 68.3% urinary incontinence, 37.0% malnutrition, and 54.7% polypharmacy. In the mental dimension: 4.0% severe mental impairment, and 11% depression: functional dimension: 2.0% total dependence of activities of daily living; 14.3% instrumental activities impairment; 29.0% mobility impairment, and 48.0% had moderately deteriorated social resources. CONCLUSION: The health status of the elderly seen in primary health care practices is characterized by independent patients with different levels of alterations in the medical dimensions, low levels in mental alteration, and moderately deteriorated social resources.

[Natural history of breast cancer diagnostic procedures]. / Historia natural del proceso diagnóstico del cáncer de mama.

OBJECTIVE: To build a model that explains the natural history of breast cancer diagnostic procedures. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study of 245 women between 40 and 69 years of age, selected by simple random sampling, who underwent a mammography and met the requirements of the breast cancer diagnostic procedure. Diagnosis was made by biopsy. For the diagnostic procedure, an estimate was made of the percentage of patients seen by each service, the total number of patients per service, and the total number of consultations in each service, with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Of the patients who initiated the breast cancer diagnostic procedure in preventive medicine services, 20% underwent a mammography; 23.7% were seen in family medicine services and of these patients, 70.9% were referred to a breast clinic, where 7.3% underwent a harpoon biopsy. The prevalence of breast cancer confirmed by biopsy was 0.48% (95%CI: 0.0-1.3). Per 1 000 patients who initiated the procedure, 47.4 were seen in family medicine services and 33.6 in a breast clinic, and open biopsies were performed on 2.4. Per 1 000 patients who initiated the procedure, there were 211.4 consultations in radiology services, 51.6 in family medicine services, and 54.6 in a breast clinic. CONCLUSIONS: The model described here may be useful in planning and evaluation activities.

[Cost-effectiveness of digital care and face-to-face care in the first-level of care]. / Costo-efectividad de la atención digital y la atención presencial en el primer nivel.

Background: The medical care paradigm is face-to-face; however, technological development has led to the digital modality. Objective: To determine cost-effectiveness of digital care and face-to-face care at the first level of care. Material and methods: Cost-effectiveness study. 2 groups were integrated: the digital service and the face-to-face service. The sample size was calculated with the percentage formula for 2 groups, and the result was 217 per group. The effectiveness was evaluated in 3 dimensions: the satisfaction of the patient, of the doctor and of the medical assistant. In all 3 cases the Visual analogue scale was used. The cost corresponded to the fixed unit cost estimated with the technique of times and movements adjusted for the duration of care. The statistical analysis included averages, percentages and cost-effectiveness ratio. Results: The cost of digital attention is $343.83 and face-to-face attention is $171.91 (all estimated in Mexican pesos). From the patient's perspective, the effectiveness in digital care is $9.47 and in face-to-face is $9.25. The cost to reach effectiveness of 10 in face-to-face care is $185.85 and in digital care $363.20. From the physician's perspective, the cost to achieve effectiveness of 10 is $419.13 in digital care and $184.52 in face-to-face care. From the perspective of the medical assistant, to achieve effectiveness of 10, the cost in digital care is $468.43 and in face-to-face $179.83. Conclusions: Currently, the best cost-effectiveness ratio corresponds to face-to-face care; however, digital care is an option that will have to evolve.

Introducción: el paradigma de atención médica es presencial; sin embargo, el desarrollo tecnológico ha propiciado la modalidad digital. Objetivo: determinar el costo-efectividad de la atención digital y la atención presencial en primer nivel. Material y métodos: estudio de costo-efectividad. Se integraron 2 grupos: el de atención digital y el de atención presencial. El tamaño de muestra se calculó con la fórmula de porcentajes para 2 grupos y el resultado fue 217 por grupo. La efectividad se evaluó en 3 dimensiones: la satisfacción del paciente, del médico y de la asistente médica. En los 3 casos se utilizó la Escala visual analógica. El costo correspondió al costo unitario fijo estimado con la técnica de tiempos y movimientos ajustado por la duración de la atención. El análisis estadístico incluyó promedios, porcentajes y relación costo-efectividad. Resultados: el costo de la atención digital es $343.83 y la atención presencial $171.91. Desde la perspectiva del paciente, la efectividad en atención digital es 9.47 y en presencial 9.25. El costo para alcanzar una efectividad de 10 en la atención presencial es $185.85 y en la atención digital $363.20. Desde la perspectiva del médico, el costo para alcanzar una efectividad de 10 es $419.13 en la atención digital y $184.52 en la atención presencial. Desde la perspectiva de la asistente médica, para alcanzar una efectividad de 10 el costo en la atención digital es $468.43 y en la presencial $179.83. Conclusiones: actualmente la mejor relación costo-efectividad corresponde a la atención presencial; sin embargo, la atención digital es una opción que tendrá que evolucionar.

[Association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment in the family with the elderly]. / Asociación entre funcionalidad familiar y deterioro cognitivo leve en la familia con adulto mayor.

AIM: To determine the association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment in the family with the elderly. METHODOLOGY: Analytical cross-sectional design in families with geriatric patients. A family with a geriatric patient was considered when at least one of its members was over 60years of age. The comparison groups were the family with a geriatric patient without cognitive impairment and the family with a geriatric patient with mild cognitive impairment determined with the MoCA instrument. Family functionality was evaluated with the family APGAR instrument, which identifies three categories: family functionality, moderate family dysfunction, and severe family dysfunction. Statistical analysis included Chi square and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: In the family with a geriatric patient, in the group without cognitive impairment the prevalence of family functionality is 89.7% and in the group with mild cognitive impairment the prevalence of family functionality is 59.3% (MW=4.87, P<.000). CONCLUSION: There is an association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment.

[Epidemiological profile of rheumatoid arthritis]. / Perfil epidemiológico de la artritis reumatoide.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis affects approximately between 0.3 and 1.2% of the world population. In Latin America, different studies have estimated a prevalence between 0.2 and 0.5% in the population over 16 years of age. Objective: To identify the epidemiological profile of rheumatoid arthritis. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design carried out in an urban population of a social security institution in Mexico. The information of the clinical file of 373 patients was studied. The epidemiological profile included the sociodemographic dimension, family history, health, clinical, therapeutic, biochemical, extra-articular manifestations and complications. Statistical analysis percentages, means, confidence intervals for percentages and confidence intervals for averages were calculated. Results: The wrists were the most affected joints with 44.6% (95% CI: 39.5-49.6%). The extra-articular manifestation with the highest prevalence was asthenia with 9.9% (95% CI: 6.9-12.9%); predominant diagnosis according to ICD-10 was seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with 59.8% (95% CI: 54.8-64.8%), and the rheumatoid factor was highly positive in 78.3% (95% CI: 74.1-82.5%); predominant treatment was with combined therapy at diagnosis in 97.6% (95% CI: 96.0-99.1%). The duration of treatment was > 10 years in 34.1% (95% CI: 29.2-38.8%). Conclusion: This work has described the epidemiological profile of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis in different dimensions.

Introducción: la artritis reumatoide afecta aproximadamente entre 0.3 y 1.2% de la población mundial. En Latinoamérica diferentes estudios han estimado una prevalencia entre 0.2 y 0.5% en población mayor de 16 años de edad. Objetivo: identificar el perfil epidemiológico de la artritis reumatoide. Material y métodos: diseño transversal descriptivo llevado a cabo en población urbana de una institución de seguridad social en México. Se estudió la información del expediente clínico de 373 pacientes. El perfil epidemiológico incluyó la dimensión sociodemográfica, antecedentes heredofamiliares, de salud, clínicos, terapéuticos, bioquímicos, de manifestaciones extraarticulares y de complicaciones. Se calcularon porcentajes, promedios, e intervalos de confianza para porcentajes y promedios. Resultados: las muñecas fueron las articulaciones más afectadas con 44.6% (IC 95%: 39.5-49.6%). La manifestación extraarticular con más alta prevalencia fue la astenia con 9.9% (IC 95%: 6.9-12.9%); el diagnóstico predominante de acuerdo con el CIE-10 fue la artritis reumatoide seropositiva con 59.8% (IC 95%: 54.8-64.8%) y se encontró el factor reumatoide positivo alto en un 78.3% (IC 95%: 74.1%-82.5%); el tratamiento predominante fue con terapia combinada al diagnóstico en un 97.6%, (IC 95%: 96.0-99.1%). La duración del tratamiento fue > 10 años en el 34.1% (IC 95%: 29.2-38.8%). Conclusión: este trabajo ha descrito el perfil epidemiológico del paciente con artritis reumatoide en diferentes dimensiones.

[Incidence of COVID-19 in health workers. Work activity and home protection]. / Incidencia de COVID-19 en trabajadores de salud. Actividad laboral y resguardo domiciliario.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had repercussions in the social, economic, psychological and health spheres, for which risk and exposure groups have been identified. Health workers are distinguished from the rest of the population by constant contact with patients carrying the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Objetive: To determine the difference in the incidence of COVID-19 in health workers who remain in work activity and those who shelter at home. Material and methods: Cohort study in health workers from March 2020 to January 2021. Two groups were integrated, the exposed group made up of workers who remained working in the health unit (n = 4650) and the non-exposed group, those who carried out home protection (n = 337). When the groups were integrated, none had a diagnosis of COVID-19, they were followed up for 11 months and when COVID-19 was diagnosed, it was done with a PCR test. Statistical analysis included incidence rate, confidence intervals, Chi square, relative risk, and confidence interval for relative risk. Results: The incidence of COVID-19 in workers in home shelter was 39.8% (95% CI: 34.6-45.0) and in workers who remained in the medical unit 16.0% (95% CI: 14.9-17.1). The relative risk was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.34-0.47) for workers who remained working in the health unit. Conclusion: The incidence of COVID-19 was higher in health workers with home protection than in those who continued with normal activities in the medical unit.

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 ha repercutido en el ámbito social, económico, psicológico y de la salud, por lo que se han identificado grupos de riesgo y de exposición. Los trabajadores de la salud se distinguen del resto de la población por el contacto constante con pacientes portadores del virus SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: determinar la diferencia de incidencia de COVID-19 en trabajadores de la salud que permanece en actividad laboral y los que se resguardan en domicilio. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte en trabajadores de la salud de marzo 2020 a enero 2021. Se integraron dos grupos: el grupo expuesto compuesto por trabajadores que permanecieron laborando en la unidad de salud (n = 4650) y el grupo no expuesto, que realizaron resguardo domiciliario (n = 337). Cuando se integraron los grupos ninguno tenía diagnóstico de COVID-19, se siguieron durante 11 meses y cuando se diagnosticó COVID-19 se realizó con prueba de PCR. El análisis estadístico incluyó tasa de incidencia, Intervalos de confianza, Chi cuadrada, riesgo relativo e intervalo de confianza para riesgo relativo. Resultados: la incidencia de COVID-19 de trabajadores en resguardo domiciliario fue de 39.8% (IC95%: 34.6-45.0) y en trabajadores que permanecieron en la unidad médica de 16.0% (IC95%: 14.9-17.1). El riesgo relativo fue de 0.40 (IC95%: 0.34-0.47) para trabajadores que permanecieron laborando en la unidad de salud. Conclusión: la incidencia de COVID-19 fue superior en trabajadores de la salud con resguardo domiciliario que en aquellos que continuaron con actividades normales en la unidad médica.

Disease belief, medication belief and adherence to treatment in patients with high blood pressure / Creencias de enfermedad, creencias de medicación y adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con hipertensión arterial

Objective: Compare disease beliefs and medication beliefs with adherence to treatment in patients with hypertension without diabetes mellitus. Method: Comparative transverse design in hypertensive population, a group of 137 adherent patients and a group of 129 non-adherent patients. The beliefs of the disease and beliefs about the medication were evaluated. The statistical analysis included chi squared, odds ratio and confidence interval for odds ratio. Results: In the group of adherent patients, 71.5% have an adequate belief of the disease and in the group of non-adherent patients, 43.4% also have an adequate belief of the disease (p = 0.000). When the belief of the disease and beliefs about the medication are grouped, there is an association with adherence to treatment in hypertensive patients. Conclusions: There is an association between beliefs about the disease and medication with adherence to antihypertensive treatment.

Objetivo: Comparar las creencias de enfermedad y las creencias de medicación con la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con hipertensión arterial. Método: Diseño transversal comparativo en población hipertensa sin diabetes mellitus, grupo de 137 pacientes adherentes y grupo de 129 pacientes no adherentes. Se evaluaron las creencias de la enfermedad y las creencias de la medicación. El análisis estadístico incluyó prueba de ji al cuadrado, razón de momios e intervalo de confianza para razón de momios. Resultados: En el grupo de pacientes adherentes, el 71.5% tienen creencias adecuadas de la enfermedad, y en el grupo de pacientes no adherentes el 43.4% también tienen creencias adecuadas de la enfermedad (p = 0.000). Cuando se agrupan las creencias de la enfermedad y las creencias sobre la medicación existe una asociación con la adherencia al tratamiento en los pacientes hipertensos. Conclusiones: Existe asociación entre las creencias de la enfermedad y las creencias de la medicación con la adherencia al tratamiento antihipertensivo.

Evaluation of the prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as a therapy for preventing iron deficiency anemia in infants.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency prevalence in infants is high. Therefore, iron supplementation has been recommended and specified as a program. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive therapy for iron deficiency anemia in young infants. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical records of young infants with eight visits per year. We analyzed a total of 287 records. The prescription characteristics included five criteria prescription indication, age at prescription, dosage, periodicity, and time. These characteristics were scored as follows 1 point when it was considered adequate and 0 when it was considered inadequate; the minimum possible score was 0, and the maximum possible score was 5 points. Statistical analysis included percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as preventive therapy in infants under one year of age was indicated in 100% of the records reviewed. All five criteria were met in 18.1% of the reviewed records (95%CI 13.6-22.6). The lowest compliance corresponded to adequate dosage (29.2%; 95%CI 23.9-34.5). Age at prescription was correct in 75.9% (95%CI 70.9-80.9); duration of prescription was correct in 44.2% (95%CI 38.4-50.0), and periodicity was proper in 31.1% (95%CI 25.9-36.7) of the files reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive measure for anemia in infants was not as expected; interventions are needed to reverse this behavior.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Debido a que la prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro en el lactante es alta, el aporte de hierro se ha recomendado como suplemento y se ha concretado como programa. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como terapia de prevención de anemia ferropénica en el lactante menor. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal de expedientes clínicos de lactantes menores con ocho consultas al año. Se analizaron 287 expedientes. Las características de prescripción incluyeron cinco criterios: indicación de prescripción, edad de indicación, dosificación, periodicidad y tiempo. Se calificó con 1 punto cuando la característica se consideró adecuada y con 0 cuando se consideró inadecuada; la puntuación mínima posible fue 0 y la puntuación máxima posible de 5 puntos. El análisis estadístico incluyó porcentajes e intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95%. RESULTADOS: El patrón de prescripción del sulfato ferroso como terapia preventiva en el menor de un año se encontró indicado en 100% de los expedientes revisados. Se cumplió exactamente con los cinco criterios en el 18.1% de los expedientes revisados (IC95% 13.6-22.6); el cumplimiento más bajo correspondió a la dosificación adecuada (29.2%; IC95% 23.9-34.5). La edad de inicio fue correcta en el 75.9% (IC95% 70.9-80.9); la duración de la prescripción fue correcta en el 44.2% (IC95% 38.4-50.0) y la periodicidad fue correcta en el 31.1% (IC95% 25.9-36.7) de los expedientes revisados. CONCLUSIONES: El cumplimiento de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como medida preventiva de la anemia en lactantes no fue el esperado, por lo que se requiere adoptar intervenciones para revertir este comportamiento.

[Systematization of a comprehensive intervention for strengthening the COVID-19 medical care]. / Sistematización de una intervención gerencial integral para fortalecer la atención médica por COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic established a new challenge for health services in Mexico, which is why these services faced the challenge of responding to the affected people, by providing them services with opportunity, efficiency, effectiveness and safety. The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS, Mexican Institute for Social Security) gave medical attention to the larger number of affected people: towards the end of September, 2022, 3,335,552 patients were registered, who represented 47% of the total (7,089,209) of confirmed COVID-19 cases since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020. Of all the cases treated, 295,065 (8.8%) required hospitalization. In addition of new scientific evidence and the implementation of best practices in medical care and directive management (with the general objective of improvement of the processes in hospital attention, even without an effective treatment at the time), we presented an evaluation, supervision method with a comprehensive (involving the three levels of health services) and analytic (structure, process, result and directive management components) approach. The achievement of specific goals and lines of action was established in a technical guideline with health policies for the COVID-19 medical care. These guidelines were instrumented with a standardized evaluation tool, a result dashboard and a risk assessment calculator, improving the quality of medical care and directive management by the multidisciplinary health team.

La pandemia por COVID-19 puso a prueba la prestación de servicios de los sistemas de salud en México, por lo que estos enfrentaron el reto de responder a la necesidad de las personas afectadas al otorgar servicios oportunos, eficientes, eficaces y seguros. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) atendió el mayor número de personas afectadas: al cierre de septiembre del 2022, se registraron 3,335,552 pacientes atendidos, quienes representaron 47% del total (7,089,209) de casos confirmados desde el inicio de la pandemia en 2020. De los casos notificados por el IMSS, 295,065 (8.8%) requirieron hospitalización. Mediante un atento seguimiento de la evolución de la evidencia científica (que permitió identificar y adoptar las mejores prácticas de atención médica y gestión directiva para fortalecer los procesos sustantivos en la atención hospitalaria, aun sin un tratamiento eficaz), se integró un método de evaluación, supervisión y asesoría, con enfoque integral (que involucró los tres niveles de atención médica) y analítico (componentes de estructura, proceso, resultado y gestión directiva). Los objetivos de la atención y las líneas de acción se describieron en una guía técnica que estableció las políticas de atención médica al COVID-19. Asimismo, fue instrumentado con una cédula de evaluación estandarizada, un tablero de control de resultados y una herramienta de estratificación del riesgo. Con ello se mejoró la calidad de atención por medio de la participación del personal directivo y de equipos multidisciplinarios de salud, los cuales permitieron la toma de decisiones clínicas y gerenciales.

Family with systemic arterial hypertension: epidemiological profile. / Familia con hipertensión arterial sistémica: perfil epidemiológico.

The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of the family with systemic arterial hypertension. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 268 families with this disease, the epidemiological profile included seven dimensions, sociodemographic, economic, family functionality, life cycle, family roles, health and use of services. The mean age of the families was 49.09 (SD: 15.57) years; 47.0% of the families had paid economic activity, 65.0% were functional, 52.4% were in the retirement and death stages, 43.1% presented obesity, in 50.0% the predominant role of the hypertensive patient was assumed by the mother, and the average annual number of family medicine consultations was 10.37 (SD: 4.31). The family with arterial hypertension is functional, although most of them are in the stage of retirement and death.

El objetivo fue determinar el perfil epidemiológico de grupos familiares con hipertensión arterial sistémica. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en 268 familias con esta enfermedad, el perfil epidemiológico incluyó siete dimensiones: sociodemográfico, económico, funcionalidad familiar, ciclo de vida, roles familiares, salud y uso de servicios. La edad promedio de las familias fue de 49,09 (DE: 15,57) años. El 47,0% de las familias tuvieron actividad económica remunerada; el 65,0% son funcionales; en el 52,4% predominó la etapa de jubilación y muerte; en el 50,0% la madre asumió el rol predominante del paciente con hipertensión; el 43,1% de las familias presentaron obesidad y el promedio anual de consultas de medicina familiar fue de 10,37 (DE: 4,31). La familia con hipertensión arterial es funcional, no obstante la mayoría se encuentra etapa de jubilación y muerte.

[Risk factors and the probability of developing dental decay in four-year-old children]. / Factores de riesgo y probabilidad de caries en niños de 4 años de edad.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors and to estimate the probability to develop dental decay. METHODS: A study of cases and controls in 4-year-old children, with a sample of 102 patients selected by quota was done. The oral hygiene habit, consumption of cariogenic food, annual oral evaluation and topical application of fluorine were studied as risk factors. The statically analysis included bivariated and multiple regression logistic, and estimation of the probability to develop decay. RESULTS: The oral hygiene habit was identified like the main risk factor with the greatest influence (OR=15.27) in the multiple model integrated with the variable mentioned, consumption of cariogenic food and oral annually evaluation. It turned out to be significant (p=0.00). The highest probability to present decay was of 76% and the lowest of 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Hygienic habit was the most important risk factor to develop dental decay.

[Fibrilación auricular de primera vez en evento vascular cerebral isquémico en el servicio de urgencias]. / Undiagnosed atrial fibrillation in patients with an ischemic cerebral vascular event

Objective: To determine the incidence of undiagnosed atrial fibrillation in patients with an ischemic cerebral vascular event. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was carried out in patients older than 18 years with a diagnosis of ischemic cerebral vascular event, attended in the emergency department. The sample size was made up of the total clinical records of patients with a diagnosis of ischemic cerebral vascular event (n = 199). All patients who underwent electrocardiogram were included. Age and sex were studied; history of diabetes mellitus and history of hypertension. The cerebral vascular event was diagnosed with a computerized axial tomography endorsed by a radiologist; atrial fibrillation was considered when an irregular R-R wave, absence of P wave, and irregular atrial activity were identified on the electrocardiogram. The reading and interpretation was performed by the emergency physician. Statistical analysis included percentages, confidence intervals for percentages and calculation of probability of occurrence of binomial event. Results: The average age of the patients with a cerebral vascular event is 72.37 years (95% CI: 70.91-73.82), the male sex predominates with 57.7% (95% CI: 50.8-64.7). The diagnosis of arterial hypertension is present in 74.8% (95% CI: 68.8-80.9) of the patients. The incidence of first-time atrial fibrillation is 72.36% (95% CI: 66.0-78.6). Conclusion: In the studied population, the incidence of previously undiagnosed atrial fibrillation in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular event is high.

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de fibrilación auricular no diagnosticada en pacientes con evento vascular cerebral tipo isquémico. Métodos: Diseño transversal descriptivo en pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de evento vascular cerebral de tipo isquémico, atendidos en el servicio de urgencias. El tamaño de la muestra lo integraron el total de expedientes clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico de evento vascular cerebral isquémico (n = 199). Se incluyeron todos los pacientes a los que se les realizó electrocardiograma. Se estudió edad, sexo, antecedente de diabetes mellitus y antecedente de hipertensión arterial. El evento vascular cerebral se diagnosticó con tomografía axial computarizada avalada por médico radiólogo; se consideró fibrilación auricular cuando en el electrocardiograma se identificó onda R-R irregular, ausencia de onda P y actividad auricular irregular; la lectura e interpretación fue realizada por el médico urgenciólogo. El análisis estadístico incluyó porcentajes, intervalos de confianza para porcentajes y cálculo de probabilidad de ocurrencia de evento binomial. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los pacientes con evento vascular cerebral es 72.37 años (IC 95%: 70.91-73.82), predomina el sexo masculino con un 57.7% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 50.8-64.7). El diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial está presente en el 74.8% (IC 95%: 68.8-80.9) de los pacientes. La incidencia de fibrilación auricular de primera es el 72.36% (IC 95%: 66.0-78.6). Conclusión: En la población estudiada la incidencia de fibrilación auricular no diagnosticada previamente en pacientes con evento vascular cerebral isquémico es alta.

Universal approach for full endoscopic decompression and percutaneous transpedicular fixation of the lumbar spine: A medial central approach (ACM).

ABSTRACT: Cohort study.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the universal approach of full endoscopy and percutaneous transpedicular fixation via a medial central approach (ACM) performed to surgically treat patients with lumbar degenerative surgical pathologies.Alternatives to interventionist treatments available to patients with lumbar degenerative surgical pathologies are related to recovery from minimally invasive surgery. Considering this, full endoscopic spinal decompression (full endoscopy) and percutaneous transpedicular fixation via an ACM represent advances in neurosurgical procedures, in particular, spinal surgery. Thus, the introduction of endoscopic and minimally invasive surgeries for the lumbar region has become 1 of the most important advances in modern surgery.A cohort of 79 patients undergoing full endoscopy and percutaneous transpedicular fixation was evaluated 6 times in 1 year. Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS), and lumbar functionality was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Six evaluations were performed: before surgery and on discharge after surgery as well as at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.Before the ACM was applied, the VAS pain score was 8.52. At 11 hours post-surgery, the pain score reduced to 2.59 points (a difference of 5.73 points; P = 0.001). Of the 10 ODI domains evaluated, a difference was found between the period prior to surgery and 1 month later (P < 0.01).The universal approach to full endoscopy and lumbar percutaneous transpedicular fixation via an ACM is highly effective for patients with lumbar surgical degenerative pathologies.

Comparison of growth and psychomotor development in daycare centers attended by professionals.

BACKGROUND: Growth and development reflect the child's health condition. Currently, child care is supported in daycare centers. In this context, this article aimed to identify the differences in growth and psychomotor development in children according to their attendance at daycare centers. METHODS: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in children aged 25 to 48 months. Two groups were identified: 68 children attended daycare, and 68 children did not attend daycare. Growth was assessed with weight-for-height curves, and psychomotor development was evaluated with the child developmental assessment instrument (psychosocial, language, psychomotor, and cognitive area). The X2 test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The percentage of daycare children with ideal weight was higher than those not attending in daycare (p = 0.035). Psychomotor development was significantly higher in daycare children: in the psychosocial (p = 0.000), language (p = 0.000), motor (p = 0.000), and cognitive development (p = 0.000) areas. CONCLUSIONS: The psychomotor development of children attending daycare centers is superior to that of children not in daycare centers.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La salud del niño se puede evaluar a partir de su crecimiento y desarrollo. En la sociedad actual, el cuidado de los hijos se comparte con las guarderías infantiles. En este contexto, el objetivo del artículo fue identificar las diferencias de crecimiento y desarrollo psicomotor en niños de acuerdo con su asistencia a las guarderías. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico en niños de 25 a 48 meses de edad. Se identificaron dos grupos: 68 niños atendidos en guarderías y 68 niños no atendidos en guarderías. El crecimiento se evaluó con las curvas de peso para la talla y el desarrollo psicomotor, con el instrumento de evaluación del desarrollo del niño (área psicosocial, lenguaje, psicomotriz, y cognitiva). Se utilizó la prueba de X2 para el análisis estadístico. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de niños de guardería con peso ideal es superior al de los no atendidos en guardería (p = 0.035). El desarrollo psicomotor es significativamente mayor en los niños de guardería: en el área psicosocial (p = 0.000), en lenguaje (p = 0.000), en el área motriz (p = 0.000) y en desarrollo cognitivo (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONES: El desarrollo psicomotor de los niños atendidos en guardería es superior al de los niños no atendidos en guardería.

[Opportunity cost for men who visit family medicine units in the city of Querétaro, Mexico]. / Costo de oportunidad en hombres que acuden a las unidades de medicina familiar en la ciudad de Querétaro, México.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the opportunity cost for men who seek care in the family medicine units (FMU) of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social) in the city of Querétaro. METHODS: A sample was selected of 807 men, ages 20 to 59 years, who sought care through the family medicine, laboratory, and pharmacy services provided by the FMU at the IMSS in Querétaro. Patients referred for emergency services and those who left the facilities without receiving care were excluded. The sample (n = 807) was calculated using the averages for an infinite population formula, with a confidence interval of 95% (CI95%) and an average opportunity cost of US$5.5 for family medicine, US$3.1 for laboratory services, and US$2.3 for pharmacy services. Estimates included the amount of time spent on travel, waiting, and receiving care; the number of people accompanying the patient, and the cost per minute of paid and unpaid job activities. The opportunity cost was calculated using the estimated cost per minute for travel, waiting, and receiving care for patients and their companions. RESULTS: The opportunity cost for the patient travel was estimated at US$0.97 (CI95%: 0.81-1.15), while wait time was US$5.03 (CI95%: 4.08-6.09) for family medicine, US$0.06 (CI95%: 0.05-0.08) for pharmacy services, and US$1.89 (CI95%: 1.56-2.25) for laboratory services. The average opportunity cost for an unaccompanied patient visit varied between US$1.10 for pharmacy services alone and US$8.64 for family medicine, pharmacy, and laboratory services. The weighted opportunity cost for family medicine was US$6.24. CONCLUSIONS: Given that the opportunity cost for men who seek services in FMU corresponds to more than half of a minimum salary, it should be examined from an institutional perspective whether this is the best alternative for care.

[Infant day care centers, a space for nutritional surveillance]. / Guarderías infantiles, un espacio para la vigilancia alimentaria y nutricional.

BACKGROUND: The goal of a nutrition and food surveillance system is to examine the nutritional effect of food policies and nutritional programs and predict future trends. PURPOSE: To assess nutritional status of infants after implementing a nutritional and food surveillance system (SISVAN) in day care centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study population consisted of 988 children between 45 days and 60 months of age registered in the SISVAN from april 2006 to May 2007; users of 18 day care centers located in 11 counties of the state of Nuevo Leon. Analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and paired t tests for comparison of Z Score (ZS) means of nutritional indicators such as weight for height (W/H), height for age (H/A) and weight for age (W/A), between 2006 and 2007. Malnutrition prevalence rates were also estimated for both years. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of infants were male. In 2006, W/I H ZS mean was -0.32 +/- 0.99 and in 2007, 0.01 +/- 0.83 (p < 0.05); H/A was -0.05 +/- 0.98 and 0.46 +/- 0.89 in 2006 and 2007, respectively (p < 0.05); and W/A was -0.37 +/- 0.94 and 0.17 +/- 0.91, respectively (p < 0.05). In 2006, undernourishment prevalence varied from 14.5 to 17.8% depending of the anthropometric indicator; and in 2007, from 10.0 to 11.6%. In 2006, overweight and obesity prevalence was between 8.8 and 14.3%, also depending of the anthropometric indicator, while in 2007 between 9.7 and 10.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed a positive result in malnutrition rates after one year of SISVAN implementation in children in day care centers.

[Cost-effectiveness analysis in type 2 diabetes patients without hypertension]. / Costo-efectividad de SOHDi en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 sin hipertensión.

OBJECTIVE: To determine SOHDi program cost-effectiveness (S = overweight, O = obesity, H = hypertension, Di = diabetes) in type 2 diabetes patients (DM2) without hypertension. METHODS: Sample included 32 patients. The effectiveness was measured by the blood glucose values. The SOHDi intervention cost included physician medical attention cost (PMAC), laboratory cost (LC), education group cost and individual evaluation cost. The cost of the traditional alternative medical attention (TAMA) contemplated PMAC and LC. The analysis cost-effectiveness included different intervals measurements, equal or smaller than 140 mg/dL blood glucose levels. RESULTS: The percentage of population with equal or smaller than 140 mg/dL blood glucose (effectiveness) in SOHDi was 23.3%, in TAMA was 44.8%. The average cost in SOHDi was $2202.22; in TAMA $1930.79. In the cases with blood glucose equal or smaller to 140 mg/dL the cost of effectiveness of 50% was $4726 in SOHDi and $2155 in TAMA. In this same situation the effectiveness by $1000 was 10.58% in SOHDi and 23.20% in TAMA. CONCLUSIONS: The SOHDi group is not the best alternative, at least not in the present operational conditions.

[To face up the disease strategy as a risk factor for the life style in type 2 diabetics]. / Estrategia de afrontamiento de la diabetes como factor de riesgo para el estilo de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To identify to the life style as a risk factor after the strategy of facing the disease in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: A study of cases and controls was made in patients with type 2 diabetes of five primary care units in the metropolitan area of Queretaro city. The sample size was of 48 patients by group. They were chosen by quota in the waiting room. Sociodemographic variables and health aspects were included in the questionnaire. The life style was investigated by the Instrument to Measure the Style of Life in Diabetics (IMEVID). For the evaluation of type of facing the scale of Strategy of Facing was used as opposed to extreme risks. Measures of central tendency, χ² and odds ratio were included. RESULTS: The type of active facing was a risk factor for the style of life with a p = 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: The strategy of active facing disease is a risk factor for the style of life in the type 2 diabetic patient.