Live birth after artificial oocyte activation using a ready-to-use ionophore: a prospective multicentre study.

Artificial oocyte activation has been proposed as a suitable means to overcome the problem of failed or impaired fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In a multicentre setting artificial oocyte activation was applied to 101 patients who were diagnosed with fertilization abnormalities (e.g. less than 50% fertilized oocytes) in a previous conventional ICSI cycle. Female gametes were activated for 15 min immediately after ICSI using a ready-to-use Ca(2+)-ionophore solution (A23187). Fertilization, pregnancy and live birth rates were compared with the preceding cycle without activation. The fertilization rate of 48% in the study cycles was significantly higher compared with the 25% in the control cycles (P < 0.001). Further splitting of the historical control group into failed (0%), low (1-30%) and moderate fertilization rate (31-50%) showed that all groups significantly benefitted (P < 0.001) in the ionophore cycle. Fewer patients had their embryo transfer cancelled compared with their previous treatments (1/101 versus 15/101). In total, 99% of the patients had an improved outcome with A23187 application resulting in a 28% live birth rate (35 babies). These data suggest that artificial oocyte activation using a ready-to-use compound is an efficient method.

Synthetic study on cystinyl peptides using solution and solid phase methodology: human IgG1 hinge region.

Synthetic study on cystinyl peptides using solution and solid phase methodology was carried out with the central hinge region of immunoglobulin IgG1. In the solid phase synthesis of hexadecapeptide 1c, the time necessary for the formation of disulfide bonds between linear precursors was shortened four times by the action of pure oxygen in buffered solution, in comparison with air oxidation. The product was thus obtained devoid of impurities from side reactions. In the preparation of the shortened bis-cystinyl analogs 2k and 3d of the natural hexadecapeptide 1c, both the classical and polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) solution methods were utilized using a disulfide synthon (Boc-Cys-OPfp)2 to obtain peptide chains in a natural parallel alignment. In the PEG6000 strategy, lysine as a linker on both sides of the polymer was attached to enhance the loading capacity. The leucine residue, instead of proline one, was introduced to the carboxy terminus to facilitate a specific enzymatic cleavage of the peptides from PEG6000 by thermolysine.

S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) halts the autoimmune response in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) via antioxidant and S-glutathionylation processes in cholangiocytes.

S-adenosyl-L-methionine is an endogenous molecule with hepato-protective properties linked to redox regulation and methylation. Here, the potential therapeutic value of SAMe was tested in 17 patients with PBC, a cholestatic disease with autoimmune phenomena targeting small bile ducts. Nine patients responded to SAMe (SAMe responders) with increased serum protein S-glutathionylation. That posttranslational protein modification was associated with reduction of serum anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA-M2) titers and improvement of liver biochemistry. Clinically, SAMe responders were younger at diagnosis, had longer duration of the disease and lower level of serum S-glutathionylated proteins at entry. SAMe treatment was associated with negative correlation between protein S-glutathionylation and TNFα. Furthermore, AMA-M2 titers correlated positively with INFγ and FGF-19 while negatively with TGFß. Additionally, cirrhotic PBC livers showed reduced levels of glutathionylated proteins, glutaredoxine-1 (Grx-1) and GSH synthase (GS). The effect of SAMe was also analyzed in vitro. In human cholangiocytes overexpressing miR-506, which induces PBC-like features, SAMe increased total protein S-glutathionylation and the level of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLC), whereas reduced Grx-1 level. Moreover, SAMe protected primary human cholangiocytes against mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by tBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) via raising the level of Nrf2 and HO-1. Finally, SAMe reduced apoptosis (cleaved-caspase3) and PDC-E2 (antigen responsible of the AMA-M2) induced experimentally by glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC). These data suggest that SAMe may inhibit autoimmune events in patients with PBC via its antioxidant and S-glutathionylation properties. These findings provide new insights into the molecular events promoting progression of PBC and suggest potential therapeutic application of SAMe in PBC.

Similar acid stimulatory potencies of synthetic human big and little gastrins in man.

A newly synthesized human big gastrin (G34) that was prepared according to the revised structure and that contained less than 3% oxidized methionine residues was compared with synthetic human little gastrin (G17) for acid-stimulating activity and clearance in human subjects. Prolonged infusions of each type of gastrin revealed that the time required to approach stable plasma concentrations was much longer for G34 than for G17. The time course of plasma gastrin concentration could be described by one-compartment models with half-lives of 44 min for G34 and 8 min for G17. After rapid intravenous infusion, G34 produced a much larger total acid response than did an equimolar dose of G17, and the responses were directly proportional to the integrated plasma gastrin increments. During the third hour of prolonged intravenous infusions of G34 and G17, the exogenous dosage of G34 required to produce the same blood concentration of gastrin was only one-fourth that of G17. Equivalent blood concentrations of G34 and G17 were associated with similar rates of acid secretion. These results suggest that G34 is more potent than has been thought, that it has an activity similar to that of G17 and that it must not be ignored in estimating total acid-stimulating activity of circulating gastrins. The measurement of total carboxyl-terminal immunoreactive gastrin can produce a good estimate of total acid-stimulating activity.

The effect of short term treatment with probiotic VSL#3 on various clinical and biochemical parameters in patients with liver cirrhosis.

The evidence is mounting that alterations of innate immunity and gut microbiota contribute to chronic liver disease and its complications. Modulation of intestinal microbiota is an emerging therapeutic strategy in hepatology. Probiotics through modulation of intestinal milieu have the potential to affect the course of liver disease. The data concerning the influence of probiotics on various plasma molecules and compounds involved in the pathogenesis of hyperdynamic circulatory state in liver cirrhosis is still not confluent and require further evaluation. In our study twenty patients with compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis and ten healthy controls received probiotic VSL#3 daily for 28 days. Plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), macrophage inflammatory protein 3/α (MIP-3 α/CCL20), monocyte chemotactic protein-1α (MCP-1/CCL2), human myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, thromboxane (TXB2) and big-endothelin were measured at baseline, day 14 and 28 of probiotic administration. The incidence of hepatic encephalopathy was assessed with critical flicker frequency. Changes in clinical, biochemical and microbiological parameters were evaluated. The stage of liver cirrhosis correlated with an increase in plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemotactic chemokines involved in immune cell trafficking (MIP-3α/CCL20). Probiotic administration in patients with liver cirrhosis led to modulation of plasma levels of several molecules and compounds measured (MIP-3α/CCL20, NO, big-endothelin, TXB2 and MPO). The grade of encephalopathy during the course of probiotic supplementation remained unaffected in both groups of patients. VSL#3 treatment was well tolerated and safe in patients with liver disease. In patients with compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis, VSL#3 manipulates selected plasma molecules and compounds involved in hyperdynamic circulatory dysfunction. Short term VSL#3 administration affects several clinical and biochemical parameters commonly altered in liver cirrhosis.

Evidence for a cyclic AMP system highly sensitive to secretin in gastric glands isolated from the rat fundus and antrum.

The effects of secretin and vasointestinal peptide (VIP) on the production of cyclic AMP have been studied in gastric glands isolated by means of EDTA from rat fundic and antral mucosa. (1) In gastric fundus, secretin and VIP caused a time- and temperature-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP production that was maximal when the test agents were incubated for 60 min at 20 degrees C in the presence of 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The dose-response curve was monophasic for both peptides, the production of cyclic AMP being sensitive to 10(-10) M secretin and to 5 . 10(-8) M VIP. Half-maximal stimulation was obtained with 2.9 10(-9) M secretin or 2 . 10(-7) M VIP and the maximal stimulation represented a 21-fold and a 19-fold increase above control for secretin and VIP, respectively. Histamine also stimulated cyclic AMP production, with a Km of about 5 . 10(-4) M. No additive effect on cyclic AMP production was oberved when secretin and VIP were simultaneously added at maximally active concentrations, while an additive effect was observed when secretin and histamine were added together. (2) In gastric antrum, the characteristics of the secretin- and VIP-stimulated cyclic AMP production were similar to those observed in gastric fundus. Histamine nevertheless failed to stimulate the formation of cyclic AMP in antral mucosa. (3) These data demonstrate the existence of a cyclic AMP system highly sensitive to secretin in gastric glands isolated from the rat fundus and antrum and suggest that VIP operates through this system. (4) It is proposed that the pepsinogen- and/or mucous-secreting cells are implicated in the regulation of cyclic AMP production by secretin in gastric glands of the rat.

Synthesis of human des-tryptophan-1,norleucine-12-minigastrin-II and its biological activities.

A human minigastrin-II analog was prepared by conventional methods in solution using N-benzyloxycarbonyltyrosine O-sulfate as starting material in the synthetic route. Upon removal of the acid-labile protecting groups and purification by preparative reversed-phase chromatography the sulfated gastrin peptide was obtained in satisfactory overall yields as homogeneous material. It was found to be about twice as active as the non-sulfated form in stimulating gastric acid secretion and to exhibit a 10-fold higher affinity to gastrin receptors of purified parietal cells.

Intrathecal somatostatin in terminally ill patients. A report of two cases.

Intrathecal morphine has been shown to be reliable in producing analgesia in patients with intractable cancer pain. Recently, we have demonstrated that intrathecal somatostatin is as effective in the treatment of cancer pain as intrathecal morphine. This report presents 2 cases in whom analgesia could be maintained for 60 and 25 days, respectively, under continuous intrathecal infusion of somatostatin by means of infusion devices.

Secretin binding sites coupled with adenylate cyclase in rat fundic membranes.

Specific binding sites for secretin have been identified in rat fundic membranes, using 125I-secretin. The binding was saturable, reversible, time and temperature dependent. Optimal pH for binding was around 7-7.5. Scatchard plots were compatible with the existence of 2 classes of receptors; the first class with a high affinity for secretin (apparent Kd of 4 x 10(-10) M) and a low binding capacity (150 fmol per mg membrane protein, i.e., 4,500 high affinity sites/cell) and a class of receptors with a lower affinity (Kd of 3 x 10(-9) M) and a higher binding capacity (580 fmol per mg membrane protein i.e., 17,400 sites/cell). Glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and somatostatin had no-effect on secretin binding. In contrast, VIP inhibited 125I-secretin binding and stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, in both cases at a 200-times lower potency than secretin (ID50 and Ka = 2 x 10(-7) M VIP). The properties of these secretin receptors strongly support the concept that secretin acts as a regulatory peptide on the rat gastric epithelium.

Secretin receptor activity in rat gastric glands. Binding studies, cAMP generation and pharmacology.

We measured 125I-secretin binding to membranes prepared from rat fundic glands and compared the abilities of natural and synthetic secretin (SN) analogs to inhibit 125I-secretin binding and to activate the cAMP generating system in glandular and subcellular preparations from the fundus and antrum. The natural peptides structurally related to porcine secretin (pSN) included: chicken secretin (cSN), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), porcine peptide with N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine amide (PHI), helodermin, growth hormone releasing factors isolated from the rat hypothalamus (rhGRF-43, rhGRF-29) or from a human pancreatic tumour (hpGRF-40). These peptides inhibited the binding of 125I-secretin to rat fundic membranes: pSN greater than cSN greater than PHI, VIP and activated the cAMP generating system in fundic glands, according to the following order of potency; pSN greater than cSN greater than PHI, VIP greater than rhGRF-29 greater than rhGRF-43. Porcine peptide with N-terminal tyrosine and C-terminal tyrosine (PYY), GIP, SOM and hpGRF-40 were inactive. Structural requirements for secretin receptor activity were evaluated with four synthetic secretin analogs corresponding to porcine secretin substituted at the N-terminal end by sequence portion of VIP, GIP, GLU and SOM: Ala4-Val5-SN(VIP-SN); Tyr1-Ala2-Glu3-SN (GIP-SN); Gln3-SN (GLU-SN) and Phe1-Phe1-Trp3-Lys4-SN (SOM-SN). The relative potencies of the analogs in fundic and antral preparations were: pSN greater than VIP-SN greater than VIP, GIP-SN greater than GLU-SN greater than SOM-SN for 125I-secretin displacement and cAMP production (glandular cAMP generation and adenylate cyclase activation).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Characterization of pancreatic somatostatin binding sites with a 125I-somatostatin 28 analog.

Somatostatin binding to guinea pig pancreatic acinar cell plasma membranes was characterized with an iodinated stable analog of somatostatin 28 (S28): 125I-[Leu8,DTrp22,Tyr25]S28. The binding was highly dependent on calcium ions. In 0.2 mM free Ca2+ medium, binding at 37 degrees C was saturable, slowly reversible and exhibited a single class of high affinity binding sites (KD = 0.05 +/- 0.01 nM, Bmax = 157 +/- 33 fmol/mg protein). Dissociation of bound radioactivity occurred with biphasic kinetics. Rate of dissociation increased when dissociation was measured at a time before equilibrium binding was reached. In 30 nM free Ca2+ medium, binding affinity and maximal binding capacity were decreased by about 4-fold. Decreasing calcium concentrations increased the amount of rapidly dissociating form of the receptor. Somatostatin 14 antagonist, Des AA1,2[AzaAla4-5,DTrp8, Phe12-13]-somatostatin was active at the membrane level in inhibiting the binding. We conclude that using 125I-[Leu8,DTrp22,Tyr25]S28 as radioligand allows us to characterize a population of specific somatostatin receptors which are not different from those we previously described with the radioligand 125I-[Tyr11]-somatostatin. Somatostatin receptors could exist in two interconvertible forms. Calcium ions are an essential component in the regulation of the conformational change of somatostatin receptors.

In man histamine and muscarinergic mechanisms are essential mediators of acid secretion in response to synthetic human gastrin (1-17).

It is still controversial whether gastrin stimulates acid secretion by interacting with specific gastrin receptors on parietal cells or via endogenous mediators, e.g., histamine. Therefore, it was our aim to determine in healthy human volunteers (n = 14; 3 females, 11 males; age 23-28 years) the degree by which the specific histamine H2-receptor antagonist famotidine or the muscarinergic antagonist atropine block acid secretion in response to synthetic human gastrin (hG) (1-17). Famotidine was deliberately administered at a supramaximal dose (40 mg i.v. bolus) to reliably block any and all effects of endogenous histamine on the parietal cells. After an overnight fast famotidine or saline were injected i.v., and gastric secretions were collected via a nasogastric tube for the ensuing 60 min to assess basal secretion. Thereafter, hG (1-17) was infused for 60 min in randomized order at two different rates: 0.75 ng/kg/min resulting in postprandial plasma gastrin levels (55-66 pg/ml), and 1.5 ng/kg/min yielding supraphysiologic levels (110-136 pg/ml). Both rates increased basal acid secretion (meq/10 min) from 0.5 +/- 0.2 to 3.8 +/- 0.6 and 4.7 +/- 0.5, respectively. Famotidine abolished basal acid secretion and completely blocked acid and volume secretion in response to both hG (1-17) doses. After injection of famotidine both hG (1-17) doses resulted in plasma levels exceeding those in controls by 18-27 pg/ml. A similar increase (14-16 pg/ml) was observed after famotidine injection without simultaneous hG (1-17) infusion indicating that this increase was due to the release of endogenous gastrin when the acid feedback inhibition was blocked by famotidine. To study a potential additional role of cholinergic mechanisms the effect of atropine (7 micrograms/kg i.m.) on hG (1-17)-induced acid secretion was examined. Atropine reduced basal acid secretion from 0.8 +/- 0.1 to 0.1 +/- 0.08 meq/15 min. Similarly, the response to 0.75 ng/kg/min hG (1-17) was reduced by 72.9%. Basal gastrin release was not altered by atropine which, however, tended to increase serum gastrin levels during infusion of hG (1-17) by 16-24 pg/ml. We conclude that in man histamine and muscarinic mechanisms are essential mediators of gastrin-stimulated acid secretion. The present data argue against a significant direct effect of gastrin alone on human parietal cells but rather support potentiating interaction with histamine and cholinergic mechanisms.

Permeability of epidural somatostatin and morphine into the intrathecal space of dogs.

In an in vivo saline perfusate of the intrathecal space of 6 dogs, the concentration of somatostatin was determined by radioimmunoassay before and over 2 h after epidural administration of 3 mg somatostatin. The total recovered amount of somatostatin was negligible, about 0.02%. However, within 50 min after the bolus epidural injection of somatostatin, the concentration per ml perfusate increased from 0.1 +/- 0.02 ng/ml to 138 +/- 102 ng/ml (P less than 0.001) and declined to 4 +/- 1.7 ng/ml after 120 min. This increase of the somatostatin concentration by 3 orders of magnitude might explain why epidurally administered somatostatin is effective in treatment of acute and chronic pain. In a control investigation with epidural morphine in another 6 dogs to prove the feasibility of the method, the total recovered amount of morphine in the intrathecal perfusate over 2 h was about 12%.

Exocrine pancreatic secretion in response to a new CCK-analog, CCK33 and caerulein in dogs.

We studied the relative molar potencies of a newly synthetized cholecystokinin nonapeptide [Thr28,Nle31]CCK[25-33], natural porcine CCK33 and synthetic caerulein in conscious dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulas. Peptides were dissolved in albumin-containing solutions to prevent loss from solution. The three peptides were found to be equipotent on a molar basis in stimulating exocrine pancreatic secretion. As [Thr28,Nle31]CCK9 is a peptide less susceptible to oxidation than other forms of CCK, it is an interesting analog with many uses for medical and biological research.

Receptor occupancy and adenylate cyclase activation in rat liver and heart membranes by 10 glucagon analogs modified in position 2,3, 4, 25, 27 and/or 29.

Rat liver and heart membranes were tested for adenylate cyclase activation by glucagon and 10 glucagon analogs mono- or polysubstituted in positions 2-4, 25, 27 and/or 29. The first membranes were, in addition, examined for the capacity of glucagon analogs to inhibit the binding of [125I]iodoglucagon. The monophasic slope of dose-effect curves suggested interaction with one class of glucagon receptors in both tissues, receptors in liver being more sensitive to the ligands and more efficiently coupled to adenylate cyclase than heart receptors. Structure-activity studies on liver membranes revealed that modifications of the beta-turn potential in the 2-4 region by single residue substitutions could lead to partial agonists (with D-Gln3 or Phe4) or to a superagonist (with D-Phe4). The importance of a proper alpha-helix conformation in the C-terminal part of glucagon for binding affinity was also obvious: replacing Trp25, Met27 and Thr29 in combination by Phe25, Leu27 and Thr29-NH2 increased the affinity while single or combined substitutions with Gly25 and/or Nle27 sharply decreased the affinity. Similar trends were less evident but still obvious on heart membranes.

Site-specific antibodies to rat myelin proteolipids directed against the C-terminal hexapeptide.

A site-specific antiserum against the rat myelin proteolipids was produced in rabbits by injection of a synthetic polypeptide composed of the C-terminal amino acids of the proteolipid sequence. The immunogenic hexapeptide H-Gly-Arg-Gly-Thr-Lys-Phe-OH was coupled to chicken egg-albumin with dimethylsuberimidate. Antibodies specific for this peptide reacted with the 2 myelin proteolipid protein bands after SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretic transfer onto nitrocellulose. Immunocytochemical investigations with this anti-peptide antiserum showed that the Golgi complexes of the oligodendrocytes were highly labeled as noted previously with multivalent antibodies. Labeling of vesicles and discontinuous staining of the plasmalemma were also observed in the most actively myelinating oligodendrocytes. In contrast to previous results, the major dense line was free of staining; this may indicate that at this site the C-terminal hexapeptide is inaccessible to these antibodies and perhaps buried in the lipid bilayer, in disagreement with the proposed organization of the myelin proteolipid in the myelin membrane.

Influence of enkephalin on K+-evoked efflux of putative neurotransmitters in rat brain. Selective inhibition of acetylcholine and dopamine release.

In rat brain slices preincubated with various radiolabelled putative neurotransmitters, methionine-enkephalin diminished the potassium-evoked release of dopamine and acetylcholine. The effect was antagonised by naloxone. The potassium-induced effux of three other neurotransmitters, histamine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, were unaffected by methionine-enkephalin. A probable physiological function for the endogenous ligands in specifically affecting the catecholaminergic and cholinergic transmission is suggested.

Comparison of biological activity and disappearance rates of synthetic big gastrin, little gastrin and minigastrin in the dog.

Three synthetic preparations of big gastrin (G-34), little gastrin (G-17) and minigastrin (G-14) have been compared with regard to gastric acid stimulatory potency, rate of disappearance and the relation between acid secretion and the change in serum immunoreactive gastrin in gastric fistula and Heidenhain pouch dogs. Equimolar graded doses (12.5 to 200 pmol/kg-hr) of G-14, G-17 and G-34 produced similar rates of acid secretion with equal ED50 for all three gastrin peptides. Equimolar doses of G-14 and G-17 also resulted in similar increments in serum immunoreactive gastrin, but those of G-34 caused approximately two to three times greater increments in serum gastrin than did G-14 or G-17. The disappearance half-times determined by measuring serum gastrin at short intervals after discontinuation of equimolar dose (1000 pmol/kg-hr) infusions of each gastrin peptide were 1.75, 4.85 and 11.53 min for G-14, G-17 and G-34, respectively. The calculated space of distribution was similar for all three gastrin preparations and ranged from 20-30% body weight. These results indicate that the three major gastrin components differ in half-times and in relating secretory potency, in that relatively higher molar concentrations of G-34 than G-14 or G-17 were required to produce equal rates of acid secretion.

Syntheses of motilin analogues.

According to a first suggestion for the primary structure of the gastrointestinal hormone motilin, two analogues containing norleucine and leucine instead of methionine in the sequence position 13 (primarily called 13-norleucine and 13-leucine-motilin) have been synthesized. Both synthetic peptides were biologically active in equivalence to the natural product. A correction of the proposed amino acid sequence became necessary after rechecking the results by comparison with the synthetic materials. The two analogues must therefore correctly be named 13-norleucine-14-desamidomotilin and 13-leucine-14-desamido-motilin.

Effects of motilin on gastric and pancreatic secretion in dogs.

13-norleucine motilin (13-nle-motilin), a synthetic analogue of motilin, infused intravenously in graded doses (range: 1.5 to 100 mug/kg-h) produced a dose-dependent increase in basal gastric acid and pepsin secretion and in pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion in conscious dogs provided with gastric and pancreatic fistula and Heidenhain pouches. When infused in a constant dose against a background stimulation with pentagastrin, histamine or a peptone meal, 13-nle-motilin inhibited both acid and pepsin secretion from the main stomach and the Heidenhain pouch. It also inhibited dose-dependently secretin-induced pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. Since motilin is released by duodenal acidification, it may be involved in the feedback mechanism controlling gastric and pancreatic secretion.