RESUMO
Complex cognitive abilities are thought to arise from the ability of the brain to adaptively reconfigure its internal network structure as a function of task demands. Recent work has suggested that this inherent flexibility may in part be conferred by the widespread projections of the ascending arousal systems. While the different components of the ascending arousal system are often studied in isolation, there are anatomical connections between neuromodulatory hubs that we hypothesise are crucial for mediating key features of adaptive network dynamics, such as the balance between integration and segregation. To test this hypothesis, we estimated the strength of structural connectivity between key hubs of the noradrenergic and cholinergic arousal systems (the locus coeruleus [LC] and nucleus basalis of Meynert [nbM], respectively). We then asked whether the strength of structural LC and nbM inter-connectivity was related to individual differences in the emergent, dynamical signatures of functional integration measured from resting state fMRI data, such as network and attractor topography. We observed a significant positive relationship between the strength of white-matter connections between the LC and nbM and the extent of network-level integration following BOLD signal peaks in LC relative to nbM activity. In addition, individuals with denser white-matter streamlines interconnecting neuromodulatory hubs also demonstrated a heightened ability to shift to novel brain states. These results suggest that individuals with stronger structural connectivity between the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems have a greater capacity to mediate the flexible network dynamics required to support complex, adaptive behaviour. Furthermore, our results highlight the underlying static features of the neuromodulatory hubs can impose some constraints on the dynamic features of the brain.
Assuntos
Núcleo Basal de Meynert , Encéfalo , Colinérgicos , Humanos , Locus Cerúleo/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodosRESUMO
Consolidated memories can return to a labile state if they are reactivated by unpredictable reminders. To persist, active memories must be re-stabilized through a process known as reconsolidation. Although there is consistent behavioral evidence about this process in humans, the retrieval process of reconsolidated memories remains poorly understood. In this context, one fundamental question is whether the same or different neurophysiological mechanisms are involved in retrieval of consolidated and reconsolidated memories. Because it has been demonstrated that the exposure to the reconsolidation process may restructure and strengthen memories, we hypothesized distinct neurophysiological patterns during retrieval of reconsolidated memories. In addition, we hypothesized that interfering with the reconsolidation process using a new learning can prevent these neurophysiological changes. To test it, consolidated, reconsolidated and declarative memories whose reconsolidation process was interfered (i.e., picture-word pairs) were evaluated in humans in an old/new associative recall task while the brain activity and the pupillary response were recorded using electroencephalography and eyetracking. Our results showed that retrieval of reconsolidated memories elicits specific patterns of brain activation, characterized by an earlier peak latency and a smaller magnitude of the left parietal ERP old/new effect compared to memories that were only consolidated or whose reconsolidation process was interfered by a new learning. Moreover, our results demonstrated that only retrieval of reconsolidated memories is associated with a late reversed mid-frontal effect in a 600-690 time window. Complementarily, memories that were reactivated showed an earlier peak latency of the pupil old/new effect compared to non-reactivated memories. These findings support the idea that reconsolidation has an important impact in how memories are retrieved in the future, showing that retrieval of reconsolidated memories is partially supported by specific brain mechanisms.
Assuntos
Aprendizagem por Associação/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Consolidação da Memória/fisiologia , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Adulto , Eletroencefalografia , Potenciais Evocados , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pupila , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Psychosocial stress has increased considerably in our modern lifestyle, affecting global mental health. Deficits in attentional control are cardinal features of stress disorders and pathological anxiety. Studies suggest that changes in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system could underlie the effects of stress on top-down attentional control. However, the impact of psychosocial stress on attentional processes and its underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of psychosocial stress on attentional processing and brain signatures. Evoked potentials and pupillary activity related to the oddball auditory paradigm were recorded before and after applying the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). Electrocardiogram (ECG), salivary cortisol, and subjective anxiety/stress levels were measured at different experimental periods. The control group experienced the same physical and cognitive effort but without the psychosocial stress component. The results showed that stressed subjects exhibited decreased P3a and P3b amplitude, pupil phasic response, and correct responses. On the other hand, they displayed an increase in Mismatch Negativity (MMN). N1 amplitude after MIST only decreased in the control group. We found that differences in P3b amplitude between the first and second oddball were significantly correlated with pupillary dilation and salivary cortisol levels. Our results suggest that under social-evaluative threat, basal activity of the coeruleus-norepinephrine system increases, enhancing alertness and decreasing voluntary attentional resources for the cognitive task. These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiological basis of attentional changes in pathologies associated with chronic psychosocial stress.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis is based on reported symptoms, which carries the potential risk of over- or under-diagnosis. A biological marker that helps to objectively define the disorder, providing information about its pathophysiology, is needed. A promising marker of cognitive states in humans is pupil size, which reflects the activity of an 'arousal' network, related to the norepinephrine system. We monitored pupil size from ADHD and control subjects, during a visuo-spatial working memory task. A sub group of ADHD children performed the task twice, with and without methylphenidate, a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Off-medication patients showed a decreased pupil diameter during the task. This difference was no longer present when patients were on-medication. Pupil size correlated with the subjects' performance and reaction time variability, two vastly studied indicators of attention. Furthermore, this effect was modulated by medication. Through pupil size, we provide evidence of an involvement of the noradrenergic system during an attentional task. Our results suggest that pupil size could serve as a biomarker in ADHD.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Atenção , Desempenho Psicomotor , Pupila , Comportamento , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Humanos , Pupila/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los resultados quirúrgicos y oncológicos de pacientes con adenocarcinoma de recto (AR) operados con asistencia robótica. Materiales y Método: Cohorte prospectiva entre 2014-2019. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes con AR primario, sometidos a una resección de recto con asistencia robótica con intención curativa. Criterios de exclusión: histología no adenocarcinoma. Evaluación de datos clínico-quirúrgicos. Análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 37 pacientes; 20 (54%) fueron hombres y la edad promedio fue 58,7 años. La distancia promedio desde el margen anal al borde distal del tumor fue 6,6 cm (i: 2-12 cm). La quimiorradioterapia (neoadyuvancia) se indicó en 26 pacientes. La cirugía más frecuente fue la resección anterior baja de recto y el tiempo operatorio promedio fue 266 min. Se realizaron dos conversiones a laparotomía. Una o más complicaciones se observaron en 17 (45,9%) pacientes, 9 de ellos fueron Clavien-Dindo III o IV y se reoperaron 5 pacientes (13%). No hubo transfusiones sanguíneas ni mortalidad posoperatoria. La estancia hospitalaria postoperatoria promedio fue 9,6 días (i: 3-34 d). El promedio de linfonodos resecados fue 15 (i 4-45). Los márgenes quirúrgicos fueron negativos en todos los pacientes. Se restituyó el tránsito intestinal en 28/32 (87,5%) pacientes. El promedio de seguimiento fue 21 meses (1-56), la sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad fue 100%. Discusión y Conclusión: La proctectomía con asistencia robótica ha demostrado ser segura en términos de resultados quirúrgicos tempranos y en criterios oncológicos de la pieza operatoria.
Aim: To analyze the surgical and oncological results of patients with rectal adenocarcinoma (RA) operated with robotic assistance. Materials and Method: Prospective cohort study, consecutive sample of patients between 2014-2017. Inclusion criteria: patients with primary RA, undergoing rectal resection, with robotic assistance with curative intention. Exclusion criteria: histology not adenocarcinoma. Evaluation of clinical-surgical data. Descriptive statistical analysis. Results: 37 patients were included; 20 (54%) were men and average age was 58.7 years. The average distance from the anal margin to the distal edge of the tumor was 6.6 cm (2-12 cm). Chemoradiotherapy (neoadyuvant) was indicated in 26 patients. The most frequent surgery was low anterior resection of the rectum and the average operating time was 266 minutes. Two conversions to laparotomy were performed. One or more complications were observed in 17 (45.9%) patients, 9 of them were Clavien-Dindo III or IV, 5 patients (13%) were reoperated. There were no blood transfusions and no postoperative mortality. The average postoperative hospital stay was 9.6 days (3-34). The average of resected lymph nodes was 15. Surgical margins were negative in all patients. Intestinal transit was restored in 28/32 (87.5%) patients. The average follow-up was 21 months (1-56), the overall and disease-free survival was 100%. Discussion and Conclusion: Proctectomy with robotic assistance has proved to be safe in terms of early surgical results and oncologic indicators of the surgical piece.
Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias Retais/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos/métodos , Período Pós-Operatório , Seguimentos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: La resección anterior ultrabaja interesfintérica (RAUBIE), permite preservar la función esfinteriana en pacientes seleccionados con cáncer de recto (CR). No obstante, puede producir alteraciones en la función evacuatoria y esfinteriana. OBJETIVO: Analizar los resultados oncológicos y funcionales luego de una RAUBIE. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, durante el período 2007 a 2016. Criterios de inclusión: Pacientes sometidos a RAUBIE por CR con intención curativa. Todos los pacientes tuvieron un seguimiento el año 2017. Para la evaluación funcional se usó la escala de Jorge-Wexner, LARS y Kirwan. Análisis estadístico: Estadística descriptiva y método de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: De 21 pacientes; catorce (67%) fueron varones, edad promedio: 59 años. Ubicación tumoral: 4 cm (2-6 cm) del margen anal. Dieciocho (85,7%) pacientes recibieron neoadyuvancia. Todos los márgenes quirúrgicos distales y radiales fueron negativos. Un paciente (4,8%) tuvo metástasis a distancia y no hubo recurrencia locorregional. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 76,3 (9,8-126,8) meses, la sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad a 5 años fue de: 100% y 95% (IC: 90,1-99,9%), respectivamente. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 90 meses (21,7-124,2); se realizó la evaluación funcional a 15/21 pacientes. El puntaje de Jorge-Wexner tuvo una mediana de 13 (4-17) puntos, la escala de LARS de 34 puntos y en la escala de Kirwan, cuatro pacientes (26,7%) mostraron una buena función (Kirwan I-II). CONCLUSIÓN: Si bien los resultados oncológicos de los pacientes sometidos a una RAUBIE son satisfactorios, se debería tomar en cuenta los resultados funcionales al momento de proponer esta alternativa quirúrgica.
INTRODUCTION: Intersphinteric resection (ISR) allows preserve sphincter function in selected patients with rectal cancer (RC). Notwithstanding, it can produce alterations in defecation. AIM: To analyze the oncological and functional results after an ISR. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study, in the period 2007-2016. Inclusion criteria: Patients submitted to ISR by RC with curative intention. All the patients had a follow-up in 2017. Analysis of functional evaluation were performed by Jorge-Wexner, LARS and Kirwan scale. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Of 21 patients; Fourteen (67%) were male, average age: 59 years. Tumor location: 4 cm (2-6 cm) from anal verge. Eighteen (85.7%) patients received neoadjuvant therapy. All distal and radial margins were negative. One patient (4.8%) had distant metastases and there was no locoregional recurrence. With a median follow-up of 76.3 (9.8-126.8) months, the 5-year global and disease-free survival was: 100% and 95% (CI: 90.1-99.9%), respectively. With a median follow-up of 90 months (21.7-124.2); Functional evaluation was performed on 15/21 patients. The Jorge-Wexner score had a median of 13 (4-17) points, the LARS scale of 34 points and in Kirwan scale, four patients (26.7%) showed good function (Kirwan I-II). CONCLUSION: The oncological results of patients undergoing ISR are satisfactory, however, functional results should be taken into account when proposing this surgical procedure.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias Retais/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório/métodos , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Canal Anal/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Neoplasias Retais/mortalidade , Anastomose Cirúrgica , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Análise de Sobrevida , Estudos Transversais , Seguimentos , Intervalo Livre de DoençaRESUMO
Introducción: La filtración de anastomosis es una de las complicaciones de mayor impacto en cirugía colorrectal. Objetivo: Analizar la frecuencia e impacto de las filtraciones anastomóticas en cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal. Material y método: Estudio longitudinal de base de datos prospectiva de pacientes operados por cirugía colorrectal entre julio de 2007 y agosto de 2014. Resultados: De un total de 654 pacientes operados, 52,3% correspondían a hombres con una edad promedio de 57 años (42-72). La indicación más frecuente fue cáncer colorrectal con 244 pacientes, 159 (24,3%) operados por cáncer de colon y 85 (12,9%) por cáncer de recto, seguido por la enfermedad diverticular con 239 pacientes (36,5%) y 171 pacientes (26,1%) con otros diagnósticos. En 44 pacientes (6,7%) se objetivó filtración anastomótica, con una mediana de 4 días desde el postoperatorio para su diagnóstico. Como factores asociados a filtración se identificó al género masculino, riesgo anestesiológico según ASA, necesidad de conversión a laparotomía y la anastomosis ileoanal. En relación con el tratamiento, 15 pacientes (33,7%) fueron tratados de forma médica exitosa y 29 fue necesario reintervenirlos, de los cuales 23 (79,3%) requirieron una ostomía de protección. No hubo mortalidad asociada a la cirugía, y el promedio de hospitalización en los pacientes con filtración fue de 12 vs. 5 días para los pacientes sin filtración de la anastomosis. Conclusión: Este trabajo permite identificar a grupos de pacientes con mayor riesgo de filtraciones anastomóticas, quienes duplican su estadía hospitalaria y en un alto porcentaje deben ser reintervenidos. La sospecha y diagnostico precoz reducen la morbimortalidad.
Introduction: Anastomotic leak is the most important complication on colorectal surgery. Objective: Analyze the frequency and impact of anastomotic leaks in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Material and methods: Longitudinal study of prospective database of patients undergoing colorectal surgery between July 2007 and August 2014. Results: 654 patients operated, 52.3% were men with an average age of 57 years (42-72). The most frequent indication was colorectal cancer in 244 patients, 159 (24.3%) operated for colon cancer and 85 (12.9%) for rectal cancer followed by diverticular disease in 239 patients (36.5%) and 171 patients (26.1%) with other diagnoses. In 44 patients (6.7%) anastomotic leakage was observed with a median of 4 days post surgery for diagnosis. As factors associated with filtration, we identified male gender, anesthesic risk according to ASA, need for conversion to laparotomy and ileoanal anastomosis. With regard to treatment, 15 (33.7%) were successfully treated with medical therapy alone and 29 required re-intervention, of which 23 (79.3%) required an ostomy protection. There was no mortality associated with surgery and average LOS was 12 vs. 5 days in patients with filtration compared with patients without anastomotic leakeage. Conclusion: This serie helps to identify patients groups with increased risk of anastomotic leakage who double their hospital LOS and in a higher percentage should need re-intervention. Suspicion and early diagnosis reduces morbidity and mortality.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Fístula Anastomótica/epidemiologia , Cirurgia Colorretal/efeitos adversos , Laparoscopia/efeitos adversos , Fístula Anastomótica/terapia , Estudos Longitudinais , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Fecal incontinence (FI) is associated with low self-esteem and quality of life. Nowadays, multimodal pelviperineal rehabilitation (MPPR) has become the preferred treatment. Purpose: To evaluate our results of multimodal pelviperineal rehabilitation (MPPR) in patients diagnosed with fecal incontinence (FI). Methods: Historic cohort study using a prospectively maintained database from patients with FI that underwent MPPR between years 1999 and 2012. FI was classified according to Jorge-Wexner´s scale, at the beginning (Winitial) and the end (Wfinal) of treatment. In July 2013 a survey was carried out to measure follow-up Wexner score (Wfollow-up) and pelvic muscle training. Statystical analysis was performed using Chi square test, Fisher Test, Mann-Whitney and Odds Ratio. Significant p value < 0.05. Results: One hundred and thirteen patients completed treatment, median age 67 years-old (r: 24-91) and 83 percent female. Median scores for Winitial and Wfinal were 9 points (r: 3-19) and 3 points (r: 0-13), respectively (p < 0.001). In July 2013, 68 (61 percent) patients were available for follow-up. Wexner score at the beginning, end and follow-up were as follows: 9 (i: 3-19), 3 (i:0-12) and 4 (i:0-19), respectively. There were significant differences between Winitial and Wfollow-up (p < 0.001), but not between Wfinal and Wfollow-up (p = 0.23). There were 20 patients (29 percent) who kept training their pelvic muscles and 48 (71 percent) who did it very rarely or did not do it at all. It was the latter group who showed an increased risk to obtain worst score in Wfollow-up (OR = 3.89; CI 95 percent: 1.26-11.9; p = 0.0175). Conclusion: FI patients treated with MPPR show good short and long-term results.
Introducción: La incontinencia fecal (IF) se asocia a menor calidad de vida en quienes la sufren. Actualmente, la rehabilitación pelviperineal multimodal (RPPM) es el tratamiento inicial de elección. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la RPPM en pacientes con IF. Método: Estudio de cohorte histórica de pacientes con IF que recibieron RPPM entre 1999-2012. Se utilizó la escala de Jorge-Wexner para medir laIF, al inicio (Wi) y fin (Wf) del tratamiento. Se aplicó una encuesta en julio de 2013 para medir el Wexner de seguimiento (Ws) y mantención de ejercicios terapéuticos. Análisis estadístico: prueba de c2, prueba exacta de Fisher, Mann-Whitney y Odds Ratio. Significancia estadística p < 0,05. Resultados: Hubo 113 pacientes que completaron el tratamiento. La mediana de edad fue 67 años (i: 24-91) y 83 porciento género femenino. La mediana de Wi fue de 9 puntos (i: 3-19) y la mediana de Wf fue de 3 puntos (i: 0-13) (p < 0,001). Se logró contactar a 68 pacientes para el seguimiento, en ellos la mediana del puntaje de Wi, Wf y Wsfue de 9 (i: 3-19), 3 (i:0-12) y 4 (i:0-19), respectivamente. Hubo diferencia significativa entre Wi y Ws (p < 0,001), pero no entre Wf y Ws (p = 0,23). Veinte pacientes (29 por ciento) realizaron ejercicios terapéuticos regularmente y 48 (71 por ciento) nunca o raramente; este último grupo es factor de riesgo para obtener peores resultados (OR = 3,89; CI 95 porciento: 1,26-11,9; p = 0,0175). Conclusión: El tratamiento con RPPM en pacientes con IF tiene buenos resultados a corto y largo plazo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biorretroalimentação Psicológica/métodos , Terapia por Exercício , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Incontinência Fecal/reabilitação , Terapia Combinada , Seguimentos , Diafragma da Pelve , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Introduction: Faecal incontinence (FI) represents an important psychological and social condition for an individual. There are several causes for FI, therefore its study and management is complex. Among different aetiologies, anatomical disruption of the external anal sphincter (EAS) as a consequence of anorrectal surgery or obstetric injury can be studied by endoanal ultrasound (EAUS). This study focus on anatomical assessment of sphincter muscle injury of EAS and its relationship with clinical presentation con FI. Objective: Compare anatomical and disruption of EAS features studied by 3D-EAUS between patients with FI, according to its severity. Methods: 3D-EAUS images were obtained from selected patients studied for FI between January 2008 and July 2010 at Clínica las Condes. Wexner Score (SW) was used to evaluate severity of FI, dividing patients into two categories: Mild FI (SW < 9) and Severe FI (SW ≥ 9). A single observer evaluated different morphological variables: width, length, percentage and angle of EAS disruption. Parametrical and non-parametrical analysis was used as appropriate. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: From 31 female patients studied, mean SW was 11.7 +/- 0.8 points, range from 5 to 20 points. When dividing into two groups, 9 patients had mild FI and 22 had severe FI. Studied variables in EAUS 3D cubes: width, length, percentage and angle of EAS disruption, did not reach statistical significance between groups. Conclusion: No relationship was found between external anal sphincter anatomic injury variables studied and severity of faecal incontinence.
Introducción: La incontinencia fecal (IF) se refleja en una condición psicológica y social importante para el individuo. Las causas de IF son múltiples, siendo su estudio y manejo complejo. La disrupción anatómica del esfínter anal externo (EAE), secundaria, entre otras, a cirugía anorrectal o lesión obstétrica, es posible de ser estudiada por endosonografía anal (EAUS). El presente artículo se centra en el daño anatómico del EAE y su relación con la presentación clínica de la IF. Objetivo: Comparar las características anatómicas y daño del EAE objetivadas mediante endosonografía en 3 dimensiones (EAUS3D), entre los pacientes con IF según su severidad. Material y Método: Se obtuvo las EAUS3D realizadas en Clínica Las Condes por estudio de IF entre enero de 2008 y julio de 2010. Se utilizó el score de Wexner (SW) para separar la población en dos grupos, IF leve (SW < 9) e IF grave (SW ≥ 9). Un único observador evaluó las diferentes variables: grosor, longitud, porcentaje de defecto y ángulo de lesión del EAE. Se utilizó estadística paramétrica o no-paramétrica según corresponda. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: De un total de 31 pacientes femeninas estudiadas, el SW promedio fue de 11,7 +/- 0,8 con rango entre 5 y 20 puntos. Al separar según grupos, 9 pacientes tenían IF leve y 22 IF grave. De las variables estudiadas por EAUS3D: el promedio, grosor, longitud, porcentaje de defecto y el ángulo de lesión del EAE no lograron diferencia estadística entre los grupos. Conclusión: No existe una relación directa entre las variables estudiadas de daño anatómico del EAE y el grado de IF.
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Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Canal Anal/patologia , Incontinência Fecal/patologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Canal Anal , Endossonografia , Incontinência Fecal , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
Background: Perianal fistula (PF) may be present in 40 percent of patients with Crohn´s Disease (CD). Due to its complexity, its management should be multidisciplinary. Purpose: To describe clinical treatment in patients with CD and PF in our institution. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive retroprospective study, using a registry of CD patients. We selected patients with PF and further characterized those patients that received their treatment at Clínica las Condes (CLC). Results: From a total of 74 patients with CD in the registry, 23 (31 percent) had PF, 61 percent male, median of 7 years of disease and half with colonic extension. Twelve patients were treated in CLC, from these, seven had concomitant proctitis. Optimal diagnostic study (magnetic resonance imaging/endorectal ultrasound plus examination under anesthetic) was performed in eleven (92 percent) patients. Ten (83 percent) patients received an optimal treatment (drainage and installation of a loose seton + start or optimization of medical therapy). Complete clinical response was achieved in more than half of the patients under optimal treatment within the first 6 months. Six (50 percent) patients had one or more recurrences of PF with similar study and management in a median of 13 months. With a median follow-up of 29 months, eight out of 12 patients had complete clinical response. There was one patient with unfavorable course who required a proctectomy and terminal diversion. Conclusion: Treatment of PF in CD is complex and in our population, the first-line treatment includes the installation of a loose seton and medical therapy to achieve clinical response even though fistulous tracts may persist.
Introducción: La fístula perianal (FP) puede presentarse hasta en 40 por ciento de los pacientes con Enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Dada su complejidad el tratamiento debe ser multidisciplinario. Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento de los pacientes portadores de EC con FP. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, utilizando un registro de pacientes con EC. Se seleccionaron los pacientes con FP y se caracterizaron aquellos que recibieron el tratamiento en Clínica Las Condes (CLC). Resultados: De un total de 74 pacientes con EC, 23 (31 por ciento) presentaban FP asociada, 61 por ciento de sexo masculino, mediana de duración de enfermedad 7 años y la mitad con extensión colónica. Doce pacientes fueron tratados en CLC, de ellos, siete presentaban proctitis al momento de la FP. En 11 (92 por ciento) pacientes se realizó un estudio diagnóstico óptimo (resonancia magnética/ endosonografía transrrectal y exploración bajo anestesia). Diez (83 por ciento) pacientes recibieron tratamiento óptimo biasociado (drenaje e instalación de sedal no cortante + inicio u optimización de terapia médica). Siete pacientes con tratamiento óptimo presentaron mejoría clínica completa dentro de los primeros 6 meses. Seis (50 por ciento) pacientes presentaron una o más recurrencia de FP con estudio y manejo similar en una mediana de 13 meses. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 29 meses, ocho de los 12 pacientes obtuvieron mejoría clínica completa. Una paciente evolucionó desfavorablemente, requiriendo proctectomía y ostomía terminal. Conclusión: El manejo del FP en EC es complejo, en nuestra población el tratamiento biasociado (sedal + fármacos) fue de elección para lograr una mejoría clínica aun cuando persistieron los trayectos fistulosos.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença de Crohn/complicações , Fístula Retal/etiologia , Fístula Retal/terapia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Azatioprina/uso terapêutico , Terapia Biológica , Terapia Combinada , Canal Anal/patologia , Drenagem/métodos , Doença de Crohn/terapia , Seguimentos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
La reumatología es una subespecialidad de la medicina interna que estudia y trata pacientes con problemas músculo esqueléticos, así como también enfermedades autoinmunes que comprometen el mesenquima y diferentes órganos, teniendo en común un rol patogénico del sistema inmune. El laboratorio juega un papel importante en el proceso diagnóstico de estas condiciones. Sin embargo, a pesar del progreso y refinamiento de algunos exámenes, la baja sensibilidad y especificidad que muchos de ellos tienen, hacen que la interpretación sea ocasionalmente muy difícil. En este artículo se revisan algunas características de los exámenes más comúnmente usados en reumatología, así como su sensibilidad y especificidad en el diagnóstico de estas enfermedades. Ya que la correcta interpretación de un examen requiere una compresión de conceptos estadísticos subyacentes, se revisan en forma muy somera algunos aspectos de ellos. Como conclusión, se remarca la necesidad de cuidar la interpretación de estos resultados, para evitar lo más que se pueda el costo económico, el stress psicológico y el problema médico derivado de la mala interpretación de estos exámenes.
Rheumatology is a medical subspecialty that takes care of some non traumatic musculoskeletal problems as well as many autoimmune diseases that involves the integuments and different organs, having as a common issue a pathogenic role of the immune system. Laboratory plays an important role in the diagnosis process of these conditions. However, despite the progress and refinement of some test, lack sensitivity and specificity makes interpretation of them occasionally quite difficult. Some characteristic, disease association as well as sensitivity and specificity are reviewed here for the most common rheumatic test. Since part of a correct interpretation of a test, needs an understanding of statistical principles underneath it, in a very simple way some of them are also considered in this review. As a conclusion, an underscoring of the need to process cautiously the rheumatic test results is made, to avoid as much as it can, unnecessary test and the burden both economically, psychological and medically an incorrect diagnosis, based on a misinterpretation of a test.
Assuntos
Humanos , Reumatologia/métodos , Testes Imunológicos/métodos , Doenças Reumáticas/diagnóstico , Doenças Reumáticas/imunologia , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/métodos , Fator Reumatoide , Reumatologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Biomarcadores , Chile , Anticorpos Antinucleares , Teorema de Bayes , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica , Anticorpos Anticitoplasma de NeutrófilosAssuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Patologia/educação , Diafragma da Pelve , Currículo , Ginecologia/educaçãoRESUMO
Las urgencias proctológicas son una causa frecuente de consulta en Servicios de Urgencia. Para los pacientes este tipo de problemas implican, además de los propios síntomas, en muchos casos pudor o vergüenza, lo cual puede redundar en una consulta tardía en relación al inicio del cuadro clínico. Para el médico de urgencia es un desafío poder determinar de forma clara el diagnóstico y el tratamiento adecuado, así como la necesidad de hospitalizar o indicar la consulta por un especialista. Es por esto que se hace necesario el poseer los conocimientos básicos para el diagnóstico y el manejo inicial de las patologías más frecuentes tales como el dolor anal, sangrado vía anal o aumento de volumen en la zona perianal. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar las bases para un adecuado diagnóstico y manejo de las patologías proctológicas que más frecuentemente requieren una atención de urgencia.
Proctologic emergencies are a frequent cause of consultation in the emergency room. For these patients, such problems involve not only a physical discomfort or pain, but also shame in many cases, which can result in a late consultation in relation of the onset of symptoms. These problems are a chellenge, in order to perform an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Like wise it is necessary to determine the need for hospitalization or evaluation by a specialist. This is why it is necessary to have the basic knowledge and skills for diagnosis and initial management of most common diseases such as anal pain, rectal bleeding or increased volume in the perianal area. The aim of this review is to provide the basis for a proper diagnosis and management of proctologic pathologies most frequently evaluated in an emergency room.
Assuntos
Humanos , Emergências , Doenças Retais/diagnóstico , Doenças do Ânus/diagnóstico , Fissura Anal/diagnóstico , Hemorroidas/terapiaRESUMO
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension includes a heterogeneous group of disorders with a common genetic, pathological and hemodinamyc origin. It is characterized by a high pulmonary artery pressure due to a primary vascular disease, as a consequence of genetic and environmental factors. The common pathway is a vascular imbalance towards vasoconstriction and proliferation inside the small vessels. According to the World Health Organization, 2003, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension is classified as idiopathic, familiar or associated to connective tissue diseases, HIV, drugs, porto-pulmonary hypertension, congenital intracardiac shunts and others. The diagnosis is based in hemodynamics. Echocardiogram is a non invasive and right ventricular catheterization is an invasive diagnostic tool. Follow up is based on a clinical and functional assessment through functional class classification, dyspnea scores and 6-minute walking test. The prognosis is historically devastating but new therapies are changing the natural history of the disease. New treatments have demonstrated improvement in symptoms, hemodynamic profiles and survival. Intravenous, subcutaneous or inhaled prostanoids such as Epoprostenol, Treprostinil or Iloprost respectively have been approved for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension treatment as well as oral endothelial receptor blockers. They are all considered first line treatments for arterial pulmonary hypertensive patients with even better benefits than lung transplantation. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Sildenafil), have been recently approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Epoprostenol/análogos & derivados , Epoprostenol/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/cirurgia , Iloprosta/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/uso terapêutico , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Prognóstico , Purinas/uso terapêutico , Citrato de Sildenafila , Sulfonas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension is a rare, progressive and devastating disease with severe consequences in quality of life and survival. AIM: A clinical, functional and hemodynamic assessment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and categorization according to severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective registry of patients with arterial pulmonary hypertension, hemodynamically defined. Clinical evaluation was performed using World Health Organization functional score (I to IV) and Borg dyspnea scale. Six minute walking test, echocardiography and right heart catheterization were used for functional and hemodynamic assessment. Intravenous Adenosine was used to assess vascular reactivity during the hemodynamic evaluation. RESULTS: Twenty nine patients were included (25 women, age range 16-72 years). Pulmonary hypertension was idiopathic in 11, associated to connective tissue disease in seven, associated to congenital heart disease in nine and associated to chronic thromboembolism in two. The mean lapse of symptoms before assessment was 2.9 years and 100% had dyspnea (Borg 5.1). Functional class I, II, III and IV was observed in 0, 5, 21 and 3 patients respectively. Six minutes walking test was 378+/-113 m. Mean pulmonary pressure was 59.4+/-12.2 mmHg, cardiac index was 2.57+/-0.88 and pulmonary vascular resistance index: 1798.4+/-855 (dyne.sec)/cm5. Nine patients had a mean pulmonary arterial pressure >55 mmHg and a cardiac index <2.1, considered as bad prognosis criteria. Adenosine test was positive in 17%. CONCLUSIONS: This group of patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension was mainly conformed by young females, with a moderate to severe disease.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Pressão Propulsora Pulmonar/fisiologia , Adenosina , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Dispneia/classificação , Dispneia/metabolismo , Dispneia/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/classificação , Hipertensão Pulmonar/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Pressão Propulsora Pulmonar/imunologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , VasodilatadoresRESUMO
Las enfermedades autoinmunes reumatológicas son un diverso grupo de patologías, que tienen en un común una patogenia mediada por diversos elementos del sistema inmune. Las manifestaciones clínicas son muy polimorfas, pudiendo comprometer casi cualquier órgano de la economía. Los riñones no son ajenos a esta afección y en las enfermedades autoinmunes encontramos una gran gama de enfermedades renales que involucran a los glomérulos, los túbulos, los vasos, el tejido intersticial, etc. Se revisaran las manifestaciones clínicas y anatomapatologicas más comunes de algunas de las enfermedades autoimunes sistémicas. El tratamiento solo se esboza, ya que una discusión en detalles de este sobrepasa la intención de esta revisión.
The autoinmune diseases are a heterogenous group of disease with a common underlying pathogenic mediators, that is the immune system. The clinical manifestations are highly polymorphic as well as the kidney involvement. Almost any part of the kidney can be affected by this diseases: the glomerulous, tubules, interstitial tissue and vessels. Some of the clinical and pathological manifestation of disease will be reviewed in this article. Treatment is mention only briefly because a full discussion of it is over and above the aim of this article.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Autoimunes/complicações , Doenças Autoimunes/epidemiologia , Nefropatias/complicações , Nefropatias/epidemiologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Sjogren/complicações , Síndrome de Sjogren/epidemiologia , Vasculite Sistêmica/complicações , Vasculite Sistêmica/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymatic neoplasm in the digestive tract, representing about 1 percent of malignant gastrointestinal lesions. Seventy to eighty percent are benign according to their size and mitotic index as predictors of malignancy. However, in the presence of relapses in patients with low risk according to the current classification and in light of new adjuvant therapies (Imatinib Mesylate), have defined new parameters for estimation of malignant potential.
Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) son las neoplasias mesenquemáticas más comunes del tracto digestivo representando cerca del 1 por ciento de las lesiones neoplásicas gastrointestinales. El 70 por ciento-80 por ciento de ellas son benignas siendo clasificados según su tamaño e índice mitótico como predictores de malignidad. Sin embargo, ante la presencia de recidivas en pacientes con bajo riesgo según la clasificación actual y a la luz de nuevas terapias adyuvantes (Mesilato de Imatinib), se han definido nuevos parámetros para su estimación de potencial maligno.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/cirurgia , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/patologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Fecal incontinence is a condition that creates a huge impact on quality of life, it affects up to 45 percent of patients of the elderly. Treatment is initially conservative with dietary changes, drugs and perineal biofeedback. Surgery is reserved for those who do not respond to medical treatment. The most frequently performed procedure is anal sphincteroplasty, useful in patients with proven lesions of the external anal sphincter. Other alternatives include the implantation of an artificial anal sphincter and dynamic graciloplasty, which are very expensive techniques with high rate of complications. If there is no other alternative, a permanent ostomy can be done. In recent years, less invasive techniques have been developed for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Among these, central neuromodulation or sacral root stimulation (SRS) and peripheral neuromodulation or posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) have shown promising results. The aim of this paper is to present 2 cases of patients with fecal incontinence refractory to conventional treatment (medical and surgical) that are successfully treated with central and peripheral neuromodulation respectively. We present 2 cases and a review of the literature available to date.
La incontinencia fecal (IF) es una patología que genera un enorme impacto en la calidad de vida, afectando hasta el 45 por ciento de los pacientes de la tercera edad. El tratamiento es inicialmente conservador mediante cambios dietéticos, fármacos y rehabilitación perineal. La cirugía se reserva para quienes no responden a tratamiento medico. El procedimiento efectuado con más frecuencia es la esfinteroplastía anal, de utilidad en pacientes con lesión demostrada del esfínter anal externo. En casos de IF grave, otras alternativas son la instalación de un esfínter anal artificial y/o la graciloplastía dinámica, procedimientos de alto costo y con un alto porcentaje de complicaciones. En caso de no existir otra alternativa se puede realizar una ostomía definitiva. Durante los últimos años se han desarrollado técnicas mínimamente invasivas para el tratamiento de la incontinencia fecal. Entre éstas, la neuromodulación central o de las raíces sacras (NMS) y últimamente la neuromodulación periférica o estimulación del nervio tibial posterior (ENTP) han mostrado resultados promisorios. Los objetivos de este trabajo son presentar 2 casos clínicos de pacientes con incontinencia fecal refractaria al tratamiento convencional (medico y quirúrgico) que son tratados exitosamente con neuromodulación central y periférica, respectivamente, y realizar una revisión de la literatura disponible a la fecha.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Incontinência Fecal/terapia , Nervo Tibial/fisiologia , Plexo Lombossacral/fisiologia , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica , Eletrodos Implantados , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
La tendencia a una menor invasión en el acto quirúrgico ha sido un objetivo desde los inicios de la cirugía y en la actualidad se buscan continuamente caminos que cumplan este principio. En el último año han surgido publicaciones de una nueva técnica laparoscópica a través de un acceso umbilical único que permitiría disminuir el trauma de la pared abdominal, el dolor postoperatorio y además, mejorar el resultado cosmético. El objetivo de este reporte es dar a conocer nuestra experiencia con la primera hemicolectomía derecha laparoscópica (HCDL) reportada a través de un puerto único para una neoplasia maligna de colon. Se trata de un paciente con un adenocarcinoma cecal originado en un pólipo (< 2 cm) abordado por vía laparoscópica introduciendo el puerto único SILS (SILSÕ Port, Covidien, Autosuture) con lugar para trabajar con 3 trocares a través de una incisión paraumbihcal de 3 cm, por la cual se realizó toda la disección y extracción de la pieza operatoria. La cirugía se llevó a cabo sin incidentes, respetando todos los principios oncológicos y el paciente evolucionó en forma satisfactoria. La pieza operatoria confirmó un adenocarcinoma con invasión de submucosa (SM3) sin metástasis en 30 ganglios examinados. Se concluye que la realización de una HCDL con puerto único es factible y pudiera ser segura desde el punto de vista oncológico. Tiene ventajas cosméticas evidentes y ademßs podría disminuir la morbilidad de la pared abdominal, los costos totales quirúrgicos y eventualmente las tasas de conversión.
A new laparoscopic technique allows a peritoneal access through a single umbilical port with less abdominal wall trauma and pain. We report a 64 years old male with a right colon adenocarcinoma, detected during a routine colonoscopy. The patient was subjected to a right laparoscopic hemicolectomy through a single SILS® Multiple Instrument Access Port, that can accommodate up to three instruments introduced through a 3 cm paraumbihcal incision. The surgical procedure was uneventful and the patient had a good postoperative evolution. The pathological study of the surgical piece confirmed the presence of an adenocarcinoma with invasion of the submucosa and without lymph node involvement.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Colectomia/métodos , Laparoscopia/métodos , Neoplasias do Colo/cirurgia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
La Hernia Paracolostómica (HP) es una patología frecuente en pacientes portadores de una ostomía definitiva y presenta grandes desafíos en su tratamiento, lo que está determinado principalmente por el alto porcentaje de recidiva a pesar de las distintas técnicas utilizadas en su reparación. Dentro de las más recientes, la reparación con malla intraperitoneal por vía laparoscópica aparece como una alternativa promisoria dada las características del procedimiento: Mínima tensión y mínima invasión. Se presentan dos pacientes, con colostomías definitivas y hernias paracolostómicas secundarias, en quienes se reparó el defecto con una malla para uso intraperitoneal mediante técnica laparoscópica. Ninguno de los pacientes presentó complicaciones intra ni postoperatorias. En un seguimiento a corto plazo no se ha observado recidiva. Se revisa y discute bibliografía reciente al respecto.
Parastomal hernias are frecuent pathology in patients with definitive colostomy. Laparoscopic repair with a composed mesh technique seems to be a promising procedure for these patients. We present two patients with a mesh installation by laparoscopy. We did not observe intraoperative or postoperative complications, and after a short follow-up, no recurrence has been observed.