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Thermo-analytical studies of thermoset adhesives, either during research and development or in quality assurance activities, involve the application of various analytical equipment for adhesive characterization, from initial mixing to final product decomposition. Gelation is usually measured with rheometers or dynamic mechanical analyzers (DMAs); curing, post-curing, and curing kinetics are often studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Glass transition temperature (Tg) is measured via DSC or DMA, and finally, thermal decomposition measurements are done using thermal gravimetric analysis. Here, we present a new curing kinetics optimization module (C-KOM), an extension to an axial DMA, and a protocol for its usage, which combines elements from all of the above thermo-analytical techniques into one tool. As a case study, we apply C-KOM to investigate the effect of the curing temperature on the physical properties of an epoxy adhesive including gelation and end of cure points as well as its Tg. The data collected via C-KOM were used to extract the adhesive's curing reaction rates and its activation energy. Our research allowed us to compare and evaluate previously suggested curing procedures and assess their validity. As a final step, the thermal decomposition temperature of the epoxy adhesive was also identified via C-KOM. The newly suggested C-KOM setup provides a fast path toward characterization and optimization of the curing processes of thermoset materials in a way that was not available before.
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Ovaries removed from New Zealand White rabbits were perfused and exposed to gonadotropin in vitro. The ova ovulated in vitro (N = 56) were recovered and cultured and then transferred to the oviducts of six previously mated Dutch Belted hosts. Twelve of the resulting 36 offspring (33.3 percent) were white. In control matings between 12 Dutch Belted females (six randomly selected and the six hosts) and New Zealand White males, only one of 80 (1.2 percent) offspring was white. These data indicate that ova ovulated in vitro can be transferred to the oviduct of a host rabbit where they may be fertilized and after implantation may develop into viable embryos.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Fertilização in vitro , Ovário/fisiologia , Ovulação , Animais , Transferência Embrionária , Feminino , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , CoelhosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Arthrogryposis is a descriptive term defining a sign. It describes a set of joint contractures, sometimes identifiable in utero, present from birth and nonprogressive. This term includes a heterogeneous group of diseases, of neurological, neuromuscular, genetic or mechanical origin. The common physiopathological mechanism is fetal immobility syndrome. Two types of classification have been developed: a clinical one (types I, II and III) and an etiological one. The main aim of this study was to define a standardized protocol for etiological investigation based on a descriptive analysis of the various etiologies identified in a population of children followed up for arthrogryposis. Its secondary aim was to assess first the comprehensiveness and relevance of the complementary assessment and second the way in which the classifications proposed by Professor Judith Goslin Hall are applied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective multicenter observational study. We enrolled pediatric patients with arthrogryposis being treated at a reference center for neuromuscular diseases, i.e., in three university hospital pediatric neurology units, between February 1997 and January 2017. RESULTS: Forty-two patients (25 boys and 17 girls) were enrolled. According to the clinical classification (Hall et al.), this population consisted of eight cases of type 1 arthrogryposis (19.1%), 14 type II (33.3%) and 20 type III (47.6%). The main etiology was neurological (19.1%), predominantly involving problems with gyration of a polymicrogyria type. Myopathic origin accounted for 9.5% of the population, predominantly involving genotyped distal arthrogryposis (ECEL1 gene). Additional tests produced a diagnosis of 25% type I, 43% type II and 75% type III. CONCLUSION: Arthrogryposis is a sign suggesting multiple etiologies. The main ones are neurological. Several genes have recently been identified, explaining the physiopathological mechanisms. The diagnostic process must be rigorous and coordinated within a multidisciplinary team, following a shared protocol for analysis.
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Fragile X syndrome is the most usual cause of hereditary intellectual deficiency. Typical symptoms combine intellectual deficiency, social anxiety, intense emotional vigilance, and a characteristic facial dysmorphy. This is subsequent to a complete mutation of the FMR1 gene, considering a semidominant transmission linked to the unstable X. The expansion of the CGG triplet greater than 200 units combined with a high methylation pattern lead to a transcriptional silence of the FMR1 gene, and the protein product, the FMRP, is not synthesized. This protein is involved in synaptic plasticity. Brain MRI can show an increased volume of the caudate nucleus and hippocampus, combined with hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. Fragile X Associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) syndrome is a neurodegenerative disorder occurring in carriers of the premutation in FMR1. Brain MRI shows an increased T2 signal in the middle cerebellar peduncles. This syndrome is linked to a premutation in the FMR1 gene. We report here the case of two brothers presenting a typical fragile X symptomatology. Brain MRI showed hyperintensities of the middle cerebellar peduncles. Such MRI findings support the assumption of a genetic mosaicism.
Assuntos
Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/diagnóstico , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , Substância Branca/anormalidades , Encéfalo/patologia , Pré-Escolar , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Triagem de Portadores Genéticos , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Mosaicismo , Fenótipo , Expansão das Repetições de Trinucleotídeos/genéticaRESUMO
Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a prominent 17-kilodalton member of a group of immune mediators referred to as cytokines, is secreted by a variety of immuno- and nonimmunocompetent cells. As IL-1 is an established mediator of inflammation, and ovulation may constitute an inflammatory-like reaction, consideration may be given to the possibility that IL-1 may play an intermediary role in the ovulatory process. Such a hypothesis is supported by the recent demonstration of the gonadotropin-dependent preovulatory induction of IL-1 transcripts at the level of the murine and human ovary. To date, however, the direct effect of IL-1 beta on the ovulatory process has not been examined. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of IL-1 beta in ovulation, oocyte maturation (nuclear and cytoplasmic), and subsequent fertilizability of in vitro ovulated oocytes. Rabbit ovaries perfused in vitro were used for these experiments. Ovarian arteries were cannulated in situ, and the ovaries were excised and perfused in vitro with or without IL-1 beta (18 ng/ml). The ovulatory efficiency of 18 ng/ml IL-1 beta-treated ovaries was 73.1%, similar to that of hCG (71.2%). Recovered oocytes were examined for their maturation and were inseminated in vitro to investigate fertilization, cleavage, and embryonic development. The fertilization rates of the 18 ng/ml IL-1 beta-treated and hCG-treated groups were 65.8% and 95.8% (P < 0.01), respectively. Cleavage rates of the IL-1 beta-treated and hCG-treated groups were 50% and 83.3% (P < 0.01), respectively. Most of the cleaved embryos from the IL-1 beta-treated group arrested at the four-cell stage, and only 2.6% of the fertilized embryos developed into the morula stage, whereas 54.2% of the hCG-treated group developed to the morula stage (P < 0.01). A cytotoxic effect of IL-1 beta is unlikely in this model. A more likely explanation is the induction of other factors by IL-1 beta, which may inhibit cytoplasmic maturation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that in the absence of an ovulatory gonadotropic trigger, IL-1 beta can induce ovulation and oocyte maturation, facilitate fertilization, and influence subsequent embryonic development. Although fertilization and embryonic development occurred after IL-1 beta treatment, these rates were lower than those after hCG treatment. These observations give credence to the possibility that IL-1 may play an intermediary role in the ovulatory process.
Assuntos
Interleucina-1/farmacologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Dinoprosta/metabolismo , Estradiol/metabolismo , Feminino , Técnicas In Vitro , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Oócitos/fisiologia , Perfusão , Progesterona/metabolismo , CoelhosRESUMO
This study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of a GnRH analog (GnRH-a) on rabbit ovulation, oocyte maturation, and steroidogenesis, and to verify whether treatment with a GnRH-a interferes with ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropin (hCG), both in vivo and in vitro. Three approaches were used. In the first, adult New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were divided into two groups. Both received PMSG and hCG administered 72 h after PMSG. In the test group a GnRH-a, leuprolide acetate (LA; 20 microg/kg) was administered s.c. every 24 h. Treated rabbits showed a significant decrease in ovulatory efficiency (control = 88%; treated = 72%), and an increase in degeneration rate of preimplantation embryos (control = 30% vs. treated = 40%). For the second approach, in vitro perfusion experiments were designed to compare the direct effects of LA (10.000 ng/ml) and hCG (50 IU) on ovarian function and to verify whether the presence of a GnRH-a in the perfusate modifies the actions of hCG. LA reduced the ovulatory efficiency of hCG-treated ovaries perfused in vitro (hCG-treated = 87%; hCG-treated LA-perfused = 70%), reduced the potential for preimplantation development (morula stage: hCG-treated = 53%; hCG-treated LA-perfused = 31%; LA-perfused = 12%), and increased the degeneration rate of early embryos (21%, 48%, and 56% respectively). In the third approach, the direct effect of LA (Group I: control, Group II:1.000 ng/ml, and Group III:10.000 ng/ml) on the in vitro maturation of denuded rabbit oocytes was evaluated. LA induced meiotic maturation, but increased oocyte degeneration rate. The potential for preimplantation development was reduced (Morula stage: control = 16%, Group II = 8%, and Group III = 6%), and degeneration rate was increased (38%, 65%, 63% respectively). This study suggests that pharmacological doses of LA may exert a negative effect on oocyte function by direct action on the oocyte, indirectly via alteration of the intrafollicular environment and/or through interference with gonadotropin-induced biological effects within the ovary.
Assuntos
Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/agonistas , Leuprolida/farmacologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Estradiol/biossíntese , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/citologia , Ovário/fisiologia , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Perfusão , Progesterona/biossíntese , CoelhosRESUMO
An isolated perfused rabbit ovary preparation was used to determine the effects of cyanoketone, a potent inhibitor of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, on ovulation, ovum maturation and fertilizability, and steroid production. In the first experiment, cyanoketone (10(-4) M) was added to the perfusate of one ovary. The contralateral control ovary was perfused with medium alone. Thirty minutes after the onset of perfusion, hCG (50 IU) was added to the perfusate of both ovaries. The ovulatory efficiency of ovaries treated with cyanoketone plus hCG (82.3 +/- 4.6%) was similar to that of ovaries treated with hCG alone (84.8 +/- 4.4%). No difference was observed in the degree of ovum maturity or degeneration between control and cyanoketone-treated ovaries. Progesterone and estradiol production were significantly reduced by cyanoketone treatment; concentrations in the perfusate of ovaries treated with cyanoketone were 9.7% and 8.0% of the control values, respectively, 2 h after exposure to hCG. The concentration of 17-hydroxypregnenolone was not affected by cyanoketone treatment. Exposure to cyanoketone resulted in a significant (P less than 0.005) reduction in the fertilizability of ova ovulated and fertilized in vitro. In the second experiment, the percentage of ova that showed evidence of normal fertilization was significantly (P less than 0.025) increased in ovaries perfused with cyanoketone plus estradiol (64.5%) compared to that in ovaries perfused with cyanoketone alone (32.4%). In the third experiment, the addition of progesterone to the perfusate did not affect fertilizability of ovulated ova in ovaries perfused with cyanoketone plus estradiol. These results suggest that the presence of estradiol in the ovarian steroid environment may be essential for fertilizability of ova, but not for the processes of ovulation or meiotic maturation.
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Androstenóis/farmacologia , Cianocetona/farmacologia , Fertilização in vitro/efeitos dos fármacos , Oogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/fisiologia , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Óvulo/fisiologia , 3-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/antagonistas & inibidores , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Estradiol/farmacologia , Feminino , Técnicas In Vitro , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Óvulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Progesterona/farmacologiaRESUMO
Tumor-promoting phorbol esters are believed to affect ovarian granulosa cell progesterone and prostaglandin (PG) production and possibly ovulation by activating protein kinase-C (PKC). The effects of phorbol esters and PKC inhibitors on ovulation, progesterone, and PG production were examined in an in vitro perfused rabbit ovary. The effect of tranexamic acid, an inhibitor of the conversion of plasminogen activator to plasmin, on phorbol ester-induced ovulation was also examined. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PdBU), a PKC stimulator, induced ovulation in a dose-related manner in the absence of gonadotropins (56%, 200 nM PdBU; 0%, 0 nM PdBU; P < 0.05). Perfusate progesterone levels were increased only after 600 nM PdBU treatment, and perfusate PGF2 alpha, PGE2, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were increased in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.05). Staurosporine, a potent inhibitor of the catalytic domain of PKC, and calphostin-C, a specific inhibitor of the diacylglycerol-binding region, inhibited hCG-induced ovulation in a dose-related manner. Gonadotropin-induced ovulation decreased from 73% without staurosporine to 19% with 1.0 microM staurosporine (P < 0.01). Calphostin-C reduced ovulatory efficiency from 60% to 24% (P < 0.01). However, neither inhibitor decreased progesterone or PGF2 alpha production by ovaries exposed to hCG. hCG-induced oocyte maturation was also unaffected by exposure to either staurosporine or calphostin-C. Tranexamic acid reduced phorbol ester-induced ovulatory efficiency from 67% to 37% (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that the calcium-dependent PKC pathway is instrumental in gonadotropin-mediated follicular rupture in the rabbit. Although PGs may play an important role in ovulation, they do not appear to be directly responsible for PKC-mediated follicular rupture.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovulação , Proteína Quinase C/fisiologia , Animais , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Técnicas In Vitro , Oócitos/fisiologia , Perfusão , Dibutirato de 12,13-Forbol/farmacologia , Progesterona/sangue , Prostaglandinas/sangue , Proteína Quinase C/antagonistas & inibidores , Coelhos , Ácido Tranexâmico/farmacologiaRESUMO
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) affects follicular steroidogenesis and expression of gonadotropin receptors. The effects of EGF on hCG-induced estradiol and progesterone secretion and ovulation were examined in the in vitro perfused rabbit ovary. We also examined the effects of EGF on hCG-induced progesterone secretion by isolated granulosa cells. In addition, distribution of hCG within the follicle was probed by immunohistochemical means 30 min after its administration to the in vitro perfused ovary. EGF significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced hCG-induced secretion of estradiol (control, 117 +/- 12 pg/min.follicle; 10 ng/ml EGF, 55 +/- 10) and progesterone (control, 18.2 +/- 1.2 ng/min.follicle; 10 ng/ml EGF, 11.9 +/- 0.8) by the perfused ovary. In contrast, EGF did not inhibit hCG-induced progesterone secretion by isolated granulosa cells. Ovulatory efficiency (number of ovulated ova per number of mature follicles x 100) when EGF was given 30 min before hCG was reduced dose-dependently from 58.2% with no EGF to 8.3% with 10 ng/ml EGF (P less than 0.001). Ovulation was not inhibited by EGF when it was given 30 min after hCG. Distribution of hCG in the preovulatory follicle was confined to the basement membrane, thecal cell layer, and a small fraction of the outer granulosa cell layer. These observations suggest that gonadotropin stimulates the follicle through the release of a secondary signal(s) from ligand-bound granulosa cells near the follicle wall to unexposed cells of the inner avascular area. EGF may inhibit the follicular response to hCG by attenuation of this cell to cell communication.
Assuntos
Comunicação Celular , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/farmacologia , Folículo Ovariano/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacocinética , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Estradiol/metabolismo , Feminino , Células da Granulosa/metabolismo , Folículo Ovariano/metabolismo , Ovulação , Perfusão , Progesterona/metabolismo , CoelhosRESUMO
Involvement of the vasoactive peptide bradykinin (BK) in ovulation, oocyte maturation, and prostaglandin (PG) production was assessed using an in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation. In the first experiment, BK at a concentration of 0.033, 0.33, or 3.3 micrograms/ml was added to the perfusate of one ovary at hourly intervals for the first 10 h of perfusion. The contralateral control ovary was treated with medium alone parallel to the experimental ovary. Ovaries were perfused for a total of 12 h. BK induced ovulation in the absence of gonadotropin in a dose-related fashion, but did not induce maturation of ovulated ova or follicular oocytes. BK significantly stimulated PG production at all concentrations tested, but the effect was not dose related. Prostacyclin, as reflected by the concentration of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in the perfusate, was the major PG produced. Smaller quantities of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were present in the perfusate. After a single injection of BK (3.3 micrograms/ml), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGF2 alpha production increased within 15 min and reached a maximum at 60-90 min. PGE2 did not change significantly over this time period. The addition of 1 microgram/ml indomethacin to the perfusate completely inhibited BK-stimulated PG production. However, indomethacin did not significantly affect the ovulatory efficiency of BK-treated ovaries. Neither BK nor indomethacin induced any degenerative changes in ovulated ova or follicular oocytes. The addition of a BK antagonist at 1 microgram/ml every 30 min to the perfusate resulted in an effective blockade of hCG-induced ovulation. These results suggest that BK is involved in the process of follicle rupture, but BK may induce ovulation by a mechanism(s) other than through PG stimulation.
Assuntos
Bradicinina/farmacologia , Ovário/metabolismo , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Prostaglandinas/biossíntese , 6-Cetoprostaglandina F1 alfa/biossíntese , Animais , Bradicinina/antagonistas & inibidores , Dinoprosta , Dinoprostona , Feminino , Indometacina/farmacologia , Cinética , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Prostaglandinas E/biossíntese , Prostaglandinas F/biossíntese , CoelhosRESUMO
The relationship between progesterone and prostaglandin (PG) secretion in the pseudopregnant rabbit corpus luteum was investigated using isolated in vitro perfused ovaries. Progesterone and PG secretion were measured on days 1, 11, and 18 of hCG-induced pseudopregnancy. The mean progesterone secretion increased significantly from days 1 to 11, and then decreased significantly by day 18. PG secretion was inversely correlated with progesterone secretion, suggesting that PG might inhibit progesterone secretion. To test this hypothesis, indomethacin, an inhibitor of PG secretion, was administered to intact rabbits from days 11-18 of pseudopregnancy and/or on day 18 ovaries were perfused in vitro with indomethacin. Indomethacin administered in vivo, in vitro, or both in vivo and in vitro significantly reduced PG secretion compared to that in controls, but did not affect progesterone secretion. In addition, perfusion of ovaries in vitro with PGF2 alpha did not alter progesterone secretion on either day 11 or day 18. Thus, although there is an inverse relationship between progesterone and PG secretion during pseudopregnancy, PGF2 alpha alone had no effect on progesterone secretion. These results question the hypothesis that PGF2 alpha alone is the luteolytic factor.
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Ovário/metabolismo , Progesterona/metabolismo , Prostaglandinas/metabolismo , Pseudogravidez , 6-Cetoprostaglandina F1 alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Gonadotropina Coriônica , Dinoprosta/metabolismo , Dinoprosta/farmacologia , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Feminino , Técnicas In Vitro , Indometacina/farmacologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Perfusão , Pseudogravidez/induzido quimicamente , Coelhos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine whether estradiol has a direct effect on progesterone secretion by the rabbit corpus luteum. Empty or estradiol-filled Silastic capsules were implanted sc into pseudopregnant rabbits (day 0). Ten days later (day 10), peripheral blood was obtained via the marginal ear vein, and Silastic capsules were removed. Twenty-four hours after capsule removal (day 11), blood samples were obtained and ovaries removed for in vitro perfusion. The artery and vein of each ovary were individually cannulated, and ovaries were perfused in vitro for 6 h. Mean progesterone secretion rates were determined from perfusate samples taken every 30 min. On day 10, serum progesterone concentrations were similar in control and estradiol-treated animals. On day 11, 24 h after withdrawal of Silastic capsules, serum progesterone concentration in the estradiol-treated rabbits decreased significantly compared to controls. The withdrawal of estradiol also significantly reduced the secretion of progesterone by in vitro perfused ovaries in estradiol-withdrawn rabbits compared to empty capsule controls. Addition of estradiol or 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH) to the perfusion medium significantly increased progesterone secretion by ovaries from estradiol-withdrawn rabbits but not to control values. In contrast, a combination of estradiol plus 25-OH restored progesterone secretion to control levels. Although estradiol together with 25-OH stimulated progesterone secretion 24 h after estradiol withdrawal, progesterone secretion in vitro was unaffected 48 h after capsule removal, whereas pregnenolone stimulated secretion 5-fold. These results demonstrate that estradiol has a direct and acute stimulatory effect on progesterone secretion by the rabbit corpus luteum.
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Corpo Lúteo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estradiol/farmacologia , Animais , Corpo Lúteo/metabolismo , Implantes de Medicamento , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Hidroxicolesteróis/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Pregnenolona/farmacologia , Progesterona/biossíntese , Coelhos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The fetal adrenal cortex has recently been implicated in the etiology of postmaturity on the basis of low cortisol levels found in the plasma of postmature neonates. These findings suggested that labor could be initiated in prolonged pregnancy by iatrogenic elevation of fetal plasma cortisol. In the current investigation designed to test this hypothesis, 500 mg of hydrocortisone sodium succinate, dissolved in the accompanying diluent of bacteriostatic water to form 4 ml of solution, was injected intraamniotically in 10 patients with unfavorable cervices who were 12 or more days past their expected date of confinement. Nine similar patients serving as controls received 4 ml of bacteriostatic water intraamniotically. All patients were followed with daily determinations of urinary estriol. Eight of the 10 patients who received cortisol went into labor within 120 hours of instillation, as compared with 2 of the 9 patients in the control group. Comparison of the two groups revealed a significant difference (p less than 0.01). The mean instillation-labor time for the cortisol group was 86 hours compared with 228 hours in the control group. This difference was also significant (p less than 0.001). Urinary estriol excretion declined sequentially following cortisol but not after infusion of water. These findings are consistent with the hypotheses that a) spontaneous labor in the human may be preceded by a sudden rise in fetal plasma cortisol, as in the sheep; b) the fetal pituitary-hypothalamic axis is responsive to cortisol, hence the falling estriol excretion; and c) ACTH may be the tropic hormone for the provisional zone of the fetal adrenal cortex.
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Hidrocortisona/uso terapêutico , Trabalho de Parto Induzido/métodos , Gravidez Prolongada , Adolescente , Glândulas Suprarrenais/embriologia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/fisiologia , Adulto , Âmnio , Deglutição , Estriol/urina , Feminino , Sangue Fetal/análise , Feto/fisiologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/administração & dosagem , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Injeções , GravidezRESUMO
Cholinergic nerves have been recognized in the ovaries of several species. Smooth muscle fibers have also been demonstrated within the ovary, and it has been suggested that these elements are involved in the ovulatory process. Ovarian contractility was investigated in 49 ovaries from 25 rabbits in in vivo and in vitro systems and correlated with the time of hCG-induced ovulation. Effects of 6 cholinergic drugs on ovarian contractility were recorded at various intervals from 6 to 20 hours after administration of hCG. Cholinergic agents were administered via the abdominal aorta in the in vivo preparations and added to the bath for in vitro studies. In general, acetylcholine, bethanechol and pilocarpine exerted variable effects. Atropine depressed ovarian contractile activity. No definitive pattern of altered sensitivity to cholinergic drugs could be identified as the time of ovulation was approached; however, a relationship was observed between the amount of cholinergic drug administered and effects on ovarian contractions.
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Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Parassimpatomiméticos/farmacologia , Acetilcolina/farmacologia , Animais , Atropina/farmacologia , Compostos de Betanecol/farmacologia , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Neostigmina/farmacologia , Ovário/inervação , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático/fisiologia , Coelhos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Total maternal plasma cortisol levels were measured by a radioassay method in 9 patients who were in spontaneous labor and 10 patients who were electively induced at term with oxytocin. Determinations were made at onset of labor and repeated at full cervical dilatation. Total maternal plasma cortisol levels were also measured in 7 patients undergoing elective cesarean section without labor, determinations being made just prior to the procedure and at the time of uterine incision. Computerized analysis showed the mean initial cortisol level (+/- SE) in the spontaneous labor group (15.4 +/- 1.6 mug/100 ml) to be significantly less than the mean initial level of the group electively delivered by oxytocin induction (37.2 +/- 6 mug/100 ml), with P less than 0.01. The former value was also found to be significantly less than that of the group electively delivered by cesarean section (32.1 +/- 9.3 mug/100 ml), with P less than 0.05. A significant rise was noted at full cervical dilatation in the spontaneous labor group (P less than 0.05), whereas no change occurred in the two elective groups. No significant correlation was found between the maternal cortisol levels on the one hand and the cord cortisol levels. These findings indicate that a) maternal participation is unlikely in bringing about a surge of fetal plasma cortisol which is thought to precede spontaneous labor, b) elective termination of term pregnancy by oxytocin induction or cesarean section may be initially more stress-provoking to the mother than spontaneous labor, and c) maternal stress as measured by plasma cortisol level is not reflected in the fetus.
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Cesárea , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Trabalho de Parto Induzido , Trabalho de Parto , Adolescente , Adulto , Peso ao Nascer , Colo do Útero , Feminino , Sangue Fetal/análise , Humanos , Início do Trabalho de Parto , Idade Materna , Ocitocina/administração & dosagem , Paridade , Gravidez , Ensaio Radioligante , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PIP: Patterns of LH and FSH secretion were studied in menopausal and ovariectomized subjects by frequent sampling and the influence of ovarian steroids upon these patterns was observed. Subjects were 5 women who had been subjected to bilateral oophorectomy. At 8:00 AM of Study Day 1 (control day), after fasting since midnight, 5 ml of venous blood was drawn and samples were taken at 20 minute intervals thereafter for a period of 8 hours. Patency of the needle was maintained by a slow infusion of normal saline. Blood serum was stored at - 20 degrees C. The next day blood samples were similarly collected for 2 hours. Then, in 2 patients, at 10:00 AM estradiol benzoate 1 mg was administered in a single dose, after which blood samples were collected at 20 minute intervals for an additional 6 hours. On Day 3 the same procedure was followed, except that at 10:00 AM progesterone 100 mg was given in a single intravenous dose. In 3 other patients the order of steroid administration was reversed so that progesterone was given on Study day 2 and estradiol on Day 3. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were determined by double antibody radioimmunoassays. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were increased in all patients. During control periods serum LH levels fluctuated periodically in all subjects. Serum FSH concentration varied episodically in 2 patients. No synchronous pattern was noted either before or after the administration of the drugs. After estradiol was administered on Day 2 to 2 patients, serum LH concentrations declined 39-55% from pretreatment levels and serum FSH levels decreased 15-20%. In these patients episodic increases in both LH and FSH values were observed even after estradiol injection. When progesterone was given on Day 2 and estradiol on Day 3, serum LH concentrations declined promptly. Fluctuation of LH levels were apparent in 2 of the 3 patients. FSH levels declined in only 1. Progesterone alone had no effect on FSH levels. Steroids seem to modify release of gonadotrophin rather than exert sole control over gonadotrophin release.^ieng
Assuntos
Castração , Estradiol/farmacologia , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/metabolismo , Hormônio Luteinizante/metabolismo , Periodicidade , Progesterona/farmacologia , Bioensaio , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Menopausa , Progesterona/administração & dosagem , RadioimunoensaioRESUMO
PIP: Over a 1-year period, 44 women using either Demulen, Deladroxate or the Lippes loop were studied at the University of Pennsylvania for urinary tract disorders. Monthly catheterized urine specimens were cultured and examined cytologically. Excretory urograms and serum creatinine examinations were performed 1 month prior to and 6 and 12 months after contraceptive initiation. No effect on the urinary tract was observed by X-ray studies. All serum creatinines remained normal. Urine sediments showed cytologic patterns consistent with phase of cycle. Incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 6.8% initially and 11% during the course of study. Only 1 Demulen patient developed asymptomatic tract infection. Urographic abnormalities were found in a certain percentage of women of reproductive age irrespective of contraceptive use. Study results, are confirmed by urograms of family planning clinic patients, indicate that estrogen-progestogen contraceptives appear to have little significant effect on human tract anatomy or infection rate.^ieng
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais/efeitos adversos , Diacetato de Etinodiol , Pregnanos/efeitos adversos , Progestinas/efeitos adversos , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Sistema Urogenital/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetofenida de Algestona/efeitos adversos , Bacteriúria/diagnóstico , Dilatação/induzido quimicamente , Estradiol/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Intramusculares , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Nefropatias/induzido quimicamente , Mestranol/efeitos adversos , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Cateterismo Urinário , Sistema Urogenital/microbiologiaRESUMO
Amniotic fluid cortisol concentration was measured in 61 gravidas during the third trimester prior to onset of labor. These patients had had normal prenatal courses and served as controls. Cortisol values obtained were compared with those of 1) gravidas with prolonged pregnancy (greater than 42 weeks) who delivered post-mature neonates (N=6), 2) gravidas in spontaneous term labor (N = 10), and 3) gravidas in premature labor (N=10). The mean level of amniotic fluid cortisol (+/-SD) found in those women with premature labor was significantly elevated compared to control values (P less than 0.05). Levels recorded in premature labor patients were in the same range as in the term spontaneous labor group (3.7+/-2.5 vs. 2.7+/-1.5; P greater than 0.3). No difference was found between the spontaneous labor group or the postmature group and their respective controls.
Assuntos
Líquido Amniótico/análise , Hidrocortisona/análise , Trabalho de Parto , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/metabolismo , Doenças Placentárias/metabolismo , Gravidez Prolongada , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Placentárias/diagnóstico , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , SíndromeRESUMO
Diminished total plasma cortisol levels have been demonstrated in postmature neonates, suggesting that fetal glucocorticoids may be involved in the cause of postmaturity. This hypothesis was tested by adrenocortical stimulation in 32 newborns: 12 were postmature; 12 were postterm, but not postmature; and 8 were normal term neonates. The mean pre- and poststimulation total plasma cortisol levels were 3.9 and 50.9 microgram/100 ml, respectively, for the postmature newborns, 9.7 and 44.0 microgram/100 ml for the postterm, but nonpostmature newborns, and 9.8 and 37.1 microgram/100 ml for the normal term newborns. The differences in the poststimulation rise in plasma cortisol between the postmature and merely postterm infants or between the postterm and normal term infants were not statistically significant. The mean poststimulation cortisol rise in the postmature group exceeded that of the normal term group (P less than 0.05). The adequacy and promptness of response to adrenocortical stimulation eliminate the likelihood of adrenal insufficiency in postmature infants.
Assuntos
Córtex Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico , Doenças Placentárias/fisiopatologia , Gravidez Prolongada , Córtex Suprarrenal/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/farmacologia , Cosintropina , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Recém-Nascido , Doenças Placentárias/sangue , Doenças Placentárias/etiologia , GravidezRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To review milestones in the care of the infertile couple over the past five decades. DATA RESOURCES: All issues of Fertility and Sterility were reviewed beginning with the first issue published in 1950 through volume 61, number 1 (January 1994). Other significant articles from the literature were reviewed as identified by directed Medline searches. RESULTS: This historical review gives the reader a sense of the evolution of modern reproductive technology--how the past has shaped the present--through the development of modern surgical techniques, methods of ovulation induction, laparoscopy, ultrasound, endocrine assays, in vitro fertilization, cryopreservation of sperm and preembryos, and microscopic procedures on gametes and preembryos. CONCLUSIONS: The remarkable capabilities of modern reproductive technologies are only possible because of the culmination of decades of innovative research.