Specific Bacteria and Metabolites Associated With Response to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can induce remission in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In a randomized controlled trial of FMT in patients with active UC, we aimed to identify bacterial taxonomic and functional factors associated with response to therapy. METHODS: We performed a double-blind trial of 81 patients with active UC randomly assigned to groups that received an initial colonoscopic infusion and then intensive multidonor FMT or placebo enemas, 5 d/wk for 8 weeks. Patients in the FMT group received blended homogenized stool from 3-7 unrelated donors. Patients in the placebo group were eligible to receive open-label FMT after the double-blind study period. We collected 314 fecal samples from the patients at screening, every 4 weeks during treatment, and 8 weeks after the blinded or open-label FMT therapy. We also collected 160 large-bowel biopsy samples from the patients at study entry, at completion of 8 weeks of blinded therapy, and at the end of open-label FMT, if applicable. We analyzed 105 fecal samples from the 14 individual donors (n = 55), who in turn contributed to 21 multidonor batches (n = 50). Bacteria in colonic and fecal samples were analyzed by both 16S ribosomal RNA gene and transcript amplicon sequencing; 285 fecal samples were analyzed by shotgun metagenomics, and 60 fecal samples were analyzed for metabolome features. RESULTS: FMT increased microbial diversity and altered composition, based on analyses of colon and fecal samples collected before vs after FMT. Diversity was greater in fecal and colon samples collected before and after FMT treatment from patients who achieved remission compared with patients who did not. Patients in remission after FMT had enrichment of Eubacterium hallii and Roseburia inulivorans compared with patients who did not achieve remission after FMT and had increased levels of short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis and secondary bile acids. Patients who did not achieve remission had enrichment of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Sutterella wadsworthensis, and Escherichia species and increased levels of heme and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Bacteroides in donor stool were associated with remission in patients receiving FMT, and Streptococcus species in donor stool was associated with no response to FMT. CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of fecal and colonic mucosa samples from patients receiving FMT for active UC and stool samples from donors, we associated specific bacteria and metabolic pathways with induction of remission. These findings may be of value in the design of microbe-based therapies for UC. ClinicalTrials.gov, Number NCT01896635.

Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The intestinal microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Faecal microbiota transplantation is a novel form of therapeutic microbial manipulation, but its efficacy in ulcerative colitis is uncertain. We aimed to establish the efficacy of intensive-dosing, multidonor, faecal microbiota transplantation in active ulcerative colitis. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at three hospitals in Australia. We randomly allocated patients with active ulcerative colitis (Mayo score 4-10) in a 1:1 ratio, using a pre-established randomisation list, to either faecal microbiota transplantation or placebo colonoscopic infusion, followed by enemas 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Patients, treating clinicians, and other study staff were unaware of the assigned treatment. Faecal microbiota transplantation enemas were each derived from between three and seven unrelated donors. The primary outcome was steroid-free clinical remission with endoscopic remission or response (Mayo score ≤2, all subscores ≤1, and ≥1 point reduction in endoscopy subscore) at week 8. Analysis was by modified intention-to-treat and included all patients receiving one study dose. We performed 16S rRNA stool analysis to assess associated microbial changes. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01896635. The trial has ended; this report presents the final analysis. FINDINGS: From November, 2013, to May, 2015, 85 patients were enrolled to our trial, of whom 42 were randomly assigned faecal microbiota transplantation and 43 were allocated placebo. One patient assigned faecal microbiota transplantation and three allocated placebo did not receive study treatment and were excluded from the analysis. The primary outcome was achieved in 11 (27%) of 41 patients allocated faecal microbiota transplantation versus three (8%) of 40 who were assigned placebo (risk ratio 3·6, 95% CI 1·1-11·9; p=0·021). Adverse events were reported by 32 (78%) of 41 patients allocated faecal microbiota transplantation and 33 (83%) of 40 who were assigned placebo; most were self-limiting gastrointestinal complaints, with no significant difference in number or type of adverse events between treatment groups. Serious adverse events occurred in two patients assigned faecal microbiota transplantation and in one allocated placebo. Microbial diversity increased with and persisted after faecal microbiota transplantation. Several bacterial taxa were associated with clinical outcome; in particular, the presence of Fusobacterium spp was associated with lack of remission. INTERPRETATION: Intensive-dosing, multidonor, faecal microbiota transplantation induces clinical remission and endoscopic improvement in active ulcerative colitis and is associated with distinct microbial changes that relate to outcome. Faecal microbiota transplantation is, thus, a promising new therapeutic option for ulcerative colitis. Future work should focus on precisely defining the optimum treatment intensity and the role of donor-recipient matching based on microbial profiles. FUNDING: Broad Medical Research Program, Gastroenterological Society of Australia, Mount Sinai (New York) SUCCESS fund, University of New South Wales.

The need for better preventative strategies for inflammatory bowel disease patients at risk of herpes zoster virus.

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have an increased risk of herpes zoster virus (HZV) infection. The existing live-attenuated HZV vaccine is contraindicated in some of these patients and can only be used with caution in others. AIMS: To describe characteristics of IBD patients suffering HZV to enable implementation of risk mitigation strategies for those at highest risk. METHODS: Gastroenterologists completed a proforma for IBD patients who experienced HZV infection: IBD phenotype, details of HZV infection, immunosuppression and any change to treatment upon diagnosis of HZV. RESULTS: A total of 30 cases was identified: Crohn disease (CD) (n = 25) and ulcerative colitis (n = 5). In total, 80% (20/25) of the CD patients had penetrating, stricturing or perianal disease. Time from commencement of immunosuppression to HZV infection was highly variable (range: 3 months to over 10 years). A total of 90% (27/30) of patients was on at least one immunosuppressive therapy; of those, one-third was on monotherapy (9/27) and two-thirds (18/27) on dual therapy. A total of 89% (24/27) of immunosupressed patients was on a thiopurine (monotherapy; 6/27) or in combination (18/27). Complications of HZV occurred in 27% (8/30) of patients. CONCLUSION: Our series is consistent with existing epidemiological analysis that identified more severe IBD and the use of multiple immunosuppressive therapies as risk factors for HZV. If the promise of an investigational subunit HZV vaccine is realised in immunocompromised patients, better protection may be possible in the future. Thiopurine medications were the most commonly used immunosuppressant in this series. Age and duration of immunosuppressive therapy do not appear to predict HZV infection.

Beyond endoscopic mucosal healing in UC: histological remission better predicts corticosteroid use and hospitalisation over 6†years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal healing is an established treatment target for UC, yet the value of achieving histological remission remains unclear. AIMS: To evaluate histological remission compared to endoscopic mucosal healing for predicting patient outcomes in UC. METHODS: Blinded assessment of endoscopic and histological measures of disease activity was performed on patients with established UC at baseline. Concordance and prognostic values of endoscopic mucosal healing (defined by Baron score ≤1) and histological remission (defined by Truelove and Richards' index) for predicting outcomes of corticosteroid use, hospitalisation and colectomy were determined over a median 6 years follow-up, including κ statistics and Cox regression multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 91 patients with UC were followed up for a median 72 months (IQR 54-75 months). Overall, concordance between endoscopic and histological remission was moderate (κ=0.56, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.77); 24% patients had persistent inflammation despite endoscopic remission. Histological remission predicted corticosteroid use and acute severe colitis requiring hospitalisation over the follow-up period (HR 0.42 (0.2 to 0.9), p=0.02; HR 0.21 (0.1 to 0.7), p=0.02; respectively), whereas endoscopic mucosal healing did not (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.7, p0.65; HR 0.83 95% CI 0.3 to 2.4, p0.74; respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Histological remission is a target distinct from endoscopic mucosal healing in UC and better predicts lower rates of corticosteroid use and acute severe colitis requiring hospitalisation, over a median of 6 years of follow-up. Our findings support the inclusion of histological indices in both UC clinical trials and practice, towards a target of 'complete remission'.

Current best practice for disease activity assessment in IBD.

Therapeutic advances in the management of IBD have led to a paradigm shift in the assessment of IBD disease activity. Beyond clinical remission, objective assessment of inflammation is now critical to guiding subsequent therapy as part of a 'treat to target' strategy. Multiple domains of disease activity assessment in IBD exist, each of which has its merits, although none are perfect. The aim of this Review is to comprehensively evaluate measures of disease activity in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, including clinical, endoscopic, histological and radiological assessment tools, as well as the use of biomarkers and quality of life evaluation. A subjective appraisal of the best indices for use in clinical practice is provided, based on index validation, responsiveness and experience in clinical trials, international specialist opinion, and practicality and suitability for use in clinical practice. This Review aims to enable the reader to gain confidence in IBD disease activity assessment and to give ready access to the necessary tools.

Gastroenterologist perceptions of faecal microbiota transplantation.

AIM: To explore gastroenterologist perceptions towards and experience with faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). METHODS: A questionnaire survey consisting of 17 questions was created to assess gastroenterologists' attitude towards and experience with FMT. This was anonymously distributed in hard copy format amongst attendees at gastroenterology meetings in Australia between October 2013 and April 2014. Basic descriptive statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Fifty-two clinicians participated. Twenty one percent had previously referred patients for FMT, 8% more than once. Ninety percent would refer patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) for FMT if easily available, 37% for ulcerative colitis, 13% for Crohn's disease and 6% for irritable bowel syndrome. Six percent would not refer any indication, including recurrent CDI. Eighty-six percent would enroll patients in FMT clinical trials. Thirty-seven percent considered the optimal mode of FMT administration transcolonoscopic, 17% nasoduodenal, 13% enema and 8% oral capsule. The greatest concerns regarding FMT were: 42% lack of evidence, 12% infection risk, 10% non infectious adverse effects/lack of safety data, 10% aesthetic, 10% lack of efficacy, 4% disease exacerbation, and 2% inappropriate use; 6% had no concerns. Seventy seven percent believed there is a lack of accessibility while 52% had an interest in learning how to provide FMT. Only 6% offered FMT at their institution. CONCLUSION: Despite general enthusiasm, most gastroenterologists have limited experience with, or access to, FMT. The greatest concerns were lack of supportive evidence and safety issues. However a significant proportion would refer indications other than CDI for FMT despite insufficient evidence. These data provide guidance on where education and training are required.

Donor Recruitment for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Increasing demand for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has created a need for stool banks sourced from long-term healthy donors. Here, we describe our experience in recruiting and screening fecal donors. METHODS: Mailbox, newspaper, and online advertisements were used. Potential donors were required to satisfy a prescreen telephone conversation, pass blood and stool investigations, then undertake a screening interview including medical history, physical examination, and evaluation of donor selection criteria. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen potential donors were prescreened of whom 74 failed-47 declined based on study donation requirements (primarily related to frequency and duration of donations), 13 had medical comorbidities, 6 variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk factors, 8 for other reasons. Thirty-eight completed stool and blood testing-1 failed blood testing (indeterminate hepatitis C serology), whereas 15 failed stool investigations (5 Dientamoeba fragilis, 5 Blastocystis hominis, 1 B. hominis and D. fragilis, 1 Giardia intestinalis plus D. fragilis, 1 Norovirus plus Clostridium difficile toxin positive, and 2 leucocytes or erythrocytes on stool microscopy). Of the 18 potential donors proceeding to screening interview, 6 were excluded (3 body mass index >30, 1 illicit drug use, 1 uncontrolled anxiety and concerns regarding compliance, 1 irregular bowel movements after new medication commencement). In total, only 12 of 116 (10%) potential donors were enrolled as study donors. CONCLUSIONS: Recruitment of fecal donors for FMT is challenging with only a small percentage ultimately serving as donors. Many were unable or unwilling to meet the donor commitment requirements. A surprisingly large proportion of healthy asymptomatic donors failed stool testing, primarily due to gastrointestinal parasites.

Relationship between disease severity and quality of life and assessment of health care utilization and cost for ulcerative colitis in Australia: a cross-sectional, observational study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The burden of ulcerative colitis (UC) in relation to disease severity is not well documented. This study quantitatively evaluated the relationship between disease activity and quality of life (QoL), as well as health care utilization, cost, and work-related impairment associated with UC in an Australian population. METHODS: A cross-sectional, noninterventional, observational study was performed in patients with a wide range of disease severity recruited during routine specialist consultations. Evaluations included the Assessment of Quality of Life-8-dimension (AQoL-8D), EuroQol 5-dimension, 5-level (EQ-5D-5L), the disease-specific Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), and the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) instrument. The 3-item Partial Mayo Score was used to assess disease severity. Health care resource utilization was assessed by chart review and patient questionnaires. RESULTS: In 175 patients, mean (SD) AQoL-8D and EQ-5D-5L scores were greater for patients in remission (0.80 [0.19] and 0.81 [0.18], respectively) than for patients with active disease (0.70 [0.20] and 0.72 [0.19], respectively, both Ps<0.001). IBDQ correlated with both AQoL-8D (r=0.73; P<0.0001) and EQ-5D-5L (0.69; P<0.0001). Mean 3-month UC-related health care cost per patient was AUD $2914 (SD=$3447 [mean for patients in remission=$1970; mild disease=$3736; moderate/severe disease=$4162]). Patients in remission had the least work and activity impairment. CONCLUSIONS: More severe UC disease was associated with poorer QoL. Substantial health care utilization, costs, and work productivity impairments were found in this sample of patients with UC. Moreover, greater disease activity was associated with greater health care costs and impairment in work productivity and daily activities.

The pattern and outcome of acute severe colitis.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASC) influences therapeutic decisions, but data on prevalence or long-term outcome are few. METHODS: A systematic review of all patients with UC diagnosed in Oxford was performed to assess the prevalence of ASC defined by Truelove and Witts' (TW) criteria and determine whether outcome is related to disease activity on admission, likelihood of recurrence and long-term prognosis. RESULTS: 750 patients (median follow up 12.7 yr, range 0-648 mo) met inclusion criteria out of a total cohort of 1853 patients. 24.8% (186/750) had at least one admission for ASC (294 admissions in 186 patients). Overall, 12% (93/750) had a colectomy, compared to 39.8% (74/186) of patients with one or more episodes of ASC (p<0.0001) and 3.4% (19/564) in those with no admission. The colectomy rate on first admission (37/186, 19.9%) was lower than on the second or subsequent admissions (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.33-4.14, p=0.003), being 29.0%, 36.6%, 38.2% after two, three, or subsequent episodes respectively. It was 8.5% (11/129) if patients had one TW criterion in addition to ≥6 bloody bowel motions/day, compared to 31% (29/94) if two additional criteria were present and 48% (34/71) if three or more additional criteria were present (p=1.4 × 10⁻5; OR 4.35, 95% CI 2.20-8.56 one criterion vs two or more). CONCLUSIONS: A quarter of all patients with ulcerative colitis experience at least one episode of ASC; 20% come to colectomy on first admission, but 40% after two admissions. The likelihood of colectomy is related to biological severity on admission.

Diagnosis and outcome of small bowel tumors found by capsule endoscopy: a three-center Australian experience.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine diagnosis and outcome in a series of patients with small bowel tumors detected by capsule endoscopy (CE) in three Australian centers. METHODS: Review of prospectively collected data from 416 CEs identified 27 tumors in 26 patients. Clinical parameters, tumor histology, and follow-up are reported. RESULTS: Twenty-seven tumors were identified in 26 patients (mean age 61 +/- 13.7 yr). Indications for CE were obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (21), suspected tumor (3), abdominal pain (1), diarrhea (1). Prior radiology found a possible lesion in 8 of 23 (35%). Nine tumors were proven benign: hamartoma (4), cystic lymphangioma (1), primary amyloid (1), lipoma (1). Two lesions were non-neoplastic: heterotopic gastric mucosa and inflammatory fibroid polyp. Seventeen tumors were malignant: five adenocarcinomas, six carcinoids, two melanoma metastases, two gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), one colon carcinoma metastasis, one non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Tumors were surgically resected in 23 patients. Resection was considered curative in 12 (52%). Mean duration of follow-up was 26 +/- 13.7 months. Of the five patients with primary adenocarcinoma only one remains disease free. Three of the six with carcinoid tumors have had no recurrence up to 51 months postresection. Both patients with GIST are disease free. Anemia resolved after surgery in the patients with melanoma. CONCLUSIONS: Small bowel tumors are a significant finding at CE and are often missed by other methods of investigation. In many patients, detection of a tumor alters management and improves outcome. Even in malignant lesions, treatment is potentially curative in the absence of metastatic disease.