Developmental Sex Differences in Negative Emotion Decision-Making Dynamics: Computational Evidence and Amygdala-Prefrontal Pathways.

Sex differences in human emotion and related decision-making behaviors are recognized, which can be traced back early in development. However, our understanding of their underlying neurodevelopmental mechanisms remains elusive. Using developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging and computational approach, we investigated developmental sex differences in latent decision-making dynamics during negative emotion processing and related neurocognitive pathways in 243 school-aged children and 78 young adults. Behaviorally, girls exhibit higher response caution and more effective evidence accumulation, whereas boys show more impulsive response to negative facial expression stimuli. These effects parallel sex differences in emotion-related brain maturity linking to evidence accumulation, along with age-related decrease in emotional response in the basolateral amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in girls and an increase in the centromedial amygdala (CMA) in boys. Moreover, girls exhibit age-related decreases in BLA-MPFC coupling linked to evidence accumulation, but boys exhibit increases in CMA-insula coupling associated with response caution. Our findings highlight the neurocomputational accounts for developmental sex differences in emotion and emotion-related behaviors and provide important implications into the neurodevelopmental mechanisms of sex differences in latent emotional decision-making dynamics. This informs the emergence of sex differences in typical and atypical neurodevelopment of children's emotion and related functions.

Sensation Seeking and Substance use in Chinese Adolescents: Longitudinal Trajectories and Prospective Within-person Associations.

Sensation seeking has been extensively demonstrated as a risk factor for substance use. Potential bidirectional associations between sensation seeking and substance use at the within-person level are incompletely understood. The present study examined longitudinal trajectories of sensation seeking and substance use and bidirectional longitudinal associations between sensation seeking and substance use in Chinese adolescents during a 3-year period over three time points. A total of 10,138 adolescents (59.8%) male; Mage = 16.77, SD = 0.83 at time (1) were surveyed. Sensation seeking and substance use frequency increased concomitantly over time. At the within-person level, sensation seeking and substance use were reciprocally predictable, and there were no evidence of sex difference in longitudinal associations. This study provides unique data concerning the relationship between sensation seeking and substance use in a sample of Chinese adolescents, and highlights the importance of identifying sensation seeking behaviors to prevent substance use.

Reduced Thalamus Volume and Enhanced Thalamus and Fronto-Parietal Network Integration in the Chess Experts.

The ability of chess experts depends to a large extent on spatial visual processing, attention, and working memory, all of which are thought to be mediated by the thalamus. This study explored whether continued practice and rehearsal over a long period of time results in structural changes in the thalamic region. We found smaller gray matter volume regions in the thalami of expert Chinese chess players in comparison with novice players. We then used these regions as seeds for resting-state functional connectivity analysis and observed significantly strengthened integration between the thalamus and fronto-parietal network in expert Chinese chess players. This strengthened integration that includes a group of brain regions showing an increase in activation to external stimulation, particularly during tasks relying on working memory and attention. Our findings demonstrate structural changes in the thalamus caused by a wide range of engagement in chess problem solving, and that this strengthened functional integration with widely distributed circuitry better supports high-level cognitive control of behavior.

[Relationship between personality, migration experience, subjective health and depression in school adolescents: mediated mediation effect].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between personality in school adolescents, migration experience, subjective health and depression. METHODS: From January to February 2016, this study was surveyed by random sampling used subjective health questionnaire, ten-item personality questionnaire and Beck questionnaire to test 759 adolescents aged 14 to 25 in Wuhu, Lu' an and Maanshan. The personality, migration experience, subjective health and depression were analyzed by correlation analysis and regression analysis. RESULTS: ( 1) Adolescent depression was significantly negatively correlated with extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and subjective health( r =-0. 13, P < 0. 01; r =-0. 15, P < 0. 01; r =-0. 25, P < 0. 01; r =-0. 12, P < 0. 01; r =-0. 14, P < 0. 01), and had a significant positive correlation with neuroticism( r = 0. 23, P < 0. 01). ( 2) Subjective health played a mediating role in extroversion( indirect effect-0. 05, 95% CI-0. 14--0. 02), conscientiousness( indirect effect-0. 05, 95% CI-0. 14--0. 01) and relationship( indirect effect0. 05, 95% CI 0. 01-0. 12) between neuroticism and depression. ( 3) In the extroversion and conscientiousness dimensions, the migration experience regulated the two paths before and after the mediation process [( ß =-0. 17, t =-3. 41, P < 0. 001; ß =-0. 26, t =-4. 57, P < 0. 001), ( ß = 0. 13, t = 2. 65, P < 0. 01; ß =-0. 20, t =-3. 60, P <0. 001) ]. In the neuroticism dimension, the migration experience regulated the direct path and the latter half of the mediation process( ß = 0. 79, t = 12. 68, P < 0. 001; ß =-0. 15, t =-2. 85, P < 0. 001). CONCLUSION: The migration experience weakens the positive predictive effect of extroversion on subjective health, and enhances the positive predictive effect of conscientiousness on subjective health and the positive predictive effect of neuroticism on depression among school adolescents.

[Between psychological well-being and negative academic emotions in left-behind middle school student in Anhui Province in 2016: the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of cognitive reappraisal in the relationship between left-behind middle school student's negative academic emotions and psychological well-being. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 434 left-behind middle school student aged 11-18 years old from January to February in 2016. In thisstudy, psychological well-being questionnaire, negative academic emotion questionnaire, emotion regulation questionnaire and background information questionnaire were used in team test. The psychological well being, negative academic emotion, emotion regulation and background variables were analyzed and compared by t-test, correlation analysis and regression analysis. RESULTS: The result of t-test showed, there was a significant difference that the psychological well-being of boys of the left-behind middle school student was lower than that of girls'( 111. 89 ± 24. 339 vs. 117. 97 ± 24. 292, P < 0. 05, d =-0. 251). The significant difference existed that both anxiety and depression of boys were higher than that of girls'( anxiety: 19. 66 ± 4. 958 vs. 17. 99 ± 5. 242, P < 0. 01, d =0. 327; depression: 13. 72 ± 3. 647 vs. 14. 96 ± 3. 736, P < 0. 01, d = 0. 270). The correlation analysis suggested that there was significant positive correlations between leftbehind middle school student' psychological well-being and cognitive reappraisal( r =0. 246, P < 0. 01), the notable negative correlation was found between psychological wellbeing and negative academic emotions( r =-0. 242, P < 0. 01). Cognitive reappraisal had a significant negative correlation with negative academic emotions, but the correlation coefficient was lower than 0. 20. Regression analysis showed that, after controlling for age and other background variables, there was significant negative correlation between negative academic emotion and psychological well-being( ß =-0. 54, t =-3. 03, P = 0. 003), and cognitive reappraisal had a significant moderating effect on the relationship of negative academic emotions and psychological well-being( ß = 0. 62, t = 2. 10, P < 0. 05). The simple slope test showed that there was a significant negative correlations between the negative academic emotions of low score group of cognitive reappraisal( mean standard deviation in-1 or less) and psychological well-being( simple slope =-0. 368, t =-5. 04, P < 0. 001), but there was no significant correlations between the negative academic emotions of high score group of cognitive reappraisal and psychological wellbeing( simple slope =-0. 149, t =-1. 71, P = 0. 089). CONCLUSION: The improvement of cognitive reappraisal of left-behind middle school student can reduce the negative correlation between negative academic emotions and psychological well-being.

[Comparisons of the influence of raising people's identity on mental health between two-parents family children and single parent family children by propensity score matching].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference of mental health( anxiety, depression, loneliness, self-esteem, self-confidence, family life satisfaction) and the role of raising people's identity in happiness relationship between two-parents family children and single parent family children by propensity score matching( PSM). METHODS: Datafrom Social Adaptation Database of National Children 's Study of China. Stratified and population-based cluster random sampling method was used to sample, a total of 23 499 subjects were 6-15 year-old children coming from 31 provinces of 100 districts and counties in mainland China. Then the PSM method was used to match 1203 children from two-parents and single parent family children. The data were analyzed by difference tests, variance analysis and regression analysis. RESULTS: There were significant differences in depression( 4. 46 ± 3. 234 vs. 5. 29 ± 3. 808, P < 0. 001, d =-0. 237), self-esteem( 27. 15 ± 4. 303 vs. 26. 05 ± 4. 838, P < 0. 001, d = 0. 241) and family life satisfaction( 3. 23 ± 0. 570 vs. 3. 02 ± 0. 699, P < 0. 001, d = 0. 333) between two-parents and single parent family children in the condition of non-parental support after PSM. The effect of dependent status on depression, family life satisfaction and well-being was statistically significant for the two-parents family children( ß = 0. 229, ß =-0. 239, P < 0. 05). The simple slope test showed that the negative predictive effect of non-parental group on happiness was higher than that of parental group when depression was the independent variable and well-being was the dependent variable( parental group: simple slope =-0. 393, t =-28. 98, P < 0. 001; non-parental group: simple slope =-0. 321, t =-13. 68, P < 0. 001). The positive predictive effect of parental group on well-being was higher than that of non-parental group when family life satisfaction was the independent variable and well-being was dependent variable( parental group: simple slope = 1. 474, t = 15. 78, P < 0. 001; non-parental group: simple slope = 1. 024, t = 7. 03, P < 0. 001). CONCLUSION: The mental health of two-parents family children is better than that of single parent family children, and children of non-parental supporters have more mental health disparity than that of parental supporters. Their family life satisfaction and depression have a greater sense of effect on happiness for two-parents family children of parental supporter.

[Comparisons of the influence of emotion regulation strategies on inferiority complex between immigrant children and urban children].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference contrast of the influence of emotion regulation strategies on inferiority complex by Propensity Score Matching( PSM). METHODS: Totally 953 immigrant children and urban children aged 9- 17 years were selected in this research. Emotion regulation strategies questionnaire and feeling of inferiority scale were used in team text. The children were investigated by propensity score matching( PSM). 225 immigrant children match with 225 urban children by nearest neighbor 1∶ 1. The emotion regulation strategies and inferiority were analyzed and compared by variance analysis and regression analysis. RESULTS: On the inferiority complex, there was a significant difference between Immigrant children and urban children( t = 2. 143, P <0. 05, d = 0. 25). In the emotion regulation strategies, the difference between immigrant children and urban children on dimensions of P-vent( t = 2. 155, P < 0. 05, d = 0. 20), Nattention( t = 2. 060, P < 0. 05, d = 0. 20), P-reasons( t = 2. 069, P < 0. 05, d = 0. 21), and N-reasons( t = 2. 248, P < 0. 05, d = 0. 21) were significant. The variance analysis indicates that the P-reaction of urban children's emotion regulation had a significant effect on the main effect of inferiority [F( 1, 10) = 2. 223, P = 0. 019, η2= 0. 129], and the Nreaction had a significant effect on the main effect of inferiority[F( 1, 17) = 2. 321, P =0. 005, η2= 0. 227]. Regression analysis shows that, there was a positive correlation between N-attention, N-vent, N-reaction, N-reasons, P-neglect, P-restrain, P-reaction and inferiority complex of the immigrant children and urban children( ß = 0. 148- 0. 435, P < 0. 05). Step wise regression analysis showed that, on the basis of specific accommodation mode, there was a positive correlation between N-attention, N-vent and inferiority complex of the immigrant children( explain the variation rate 21. 4%). There was a positive correlation between N-attention, N-vent and inferiority complex of the urban children, and there was a negative correlation between P-attention and inferiority complex of the urban children( explain the variation rate 26. 3%). On the basis of reason and reaction adjustment, there was a positive correlation between N-reaction, N-reason and inferiority complex of the immigrant children( explain the variation rate 13. 0%). There was a positive correlation between N-reaction, P-reaction and inferiority complex of the urban children( explain the variation rate 15. 0%). CONCLUSION: The results show that the emotional regulation strategies of immigrant children tend to use reason adjustment( or neglect, attention), and the urban children tend to use the reaction adjustment.

The decreased frequency of SIGIRR-positive CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with SLE and its correlation with disease activity.

Recently, many studies have shown that Single immunoglobulin interleukin-1 receptor related protein (SIGIRR), a member of the IL-1R family acting as a negative regulator of TLR/IL-1R signaling, affects autoimmune responses in animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the role of SIGIRR in the pathogenesis of human SLE has not been widely explored. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of SIGIRR-positive CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of SLE patients and its correlation with disease activity as well as the clinical data. Circulating SIGIRR-positive CD4+ T cells were quantified in 51 SLE patients and 38 healthy controls by using flow cytometer. Results showed that the percentages of SIGIRR-positive CD4+ T cells were decreased in the PBMCs of SLE patients compared with healthy controls (Z = -5.49, P < 0.001). The frequency of SIGIRR-positive CD4 + T cells were also significantly decreased in SLE patients with nephritis than those without nephritis (Z = -3.71, P < 0.001). In addition, there was significant correlation between the percentages of SIGIRR-positive CD4+ T cells and SLEDAI score (r s = -0.74, P < 0.001), 24-hour urine protein (r s = -0.62, P < 0.001), Scr (r s = -0.65, P < 0.001), ESR (r s = -0.60, P < 0.001), C3 (r s = 0.53, P < 0.001) as well as C4 (r s = 0.52, P < 0.001). However, there was no correlation between the proportion of SIGIRR-positive CD4+ T cells and glucocorticoid dose (P = 0.59). In summary, decreased numbers of SIGIRR-positive CD4+ T cells in SLE patients and its correlation with SLEDAI score as well as the clinical data suggest that SIGIRR may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Constructing and implementing a performance evaluation indicator set for artificial intelligence decision support systems in pediatric outpatient clinics: an observational study.

Artificial intelligence (AI) decision support systems in pediatric healthcare have a complex application background. As an AI decision support system (AI-DSS) can be costly, once applied, it is crucial to focus on its performance, interpret its success, and then monitor and update it to ensure ongoing success consistently. Therefore, a set of evaluation indicators was explicitly developed for AI-DSS in pediatric healthcare, enabling continuous and systematic performance monitoring. The study unfolded in two stages. The first stage encompassed establishing the evaluation indicator set through a literature review, a focus group interview, and expert consultation using the Delphi method. In the second stage, weight analysis was conducted. Subjective weights were calculated based on expert opinions through analytic hierarchy process, while objective weights were determined using the entropy weight method. Subsequently, subject and object weights were synthesized to form the combined weight. In the two rounds of expert consultation, the authority coefficients were 0.834 and 0.846, Kendall's coordination coefficient was 0.135 in Round 1 and 0.312 in Round 2. The final evaluation indicator set has three first-class indicators, fifteen second-class indicators, and forty-seven third-class indicators. Indicator I-1(Organizational performance) carries the highest weight, followed by Indicator I-2(Societal performance) and Indicator I-3(User experience performance) in the objective and combined weights. Conversely, 'Societal performance' holds the most weight among the subjective weights, followed by 'Organizational performance' and 'User experience performance'. In this study, a comprehensive and specialized set of evaluation indicators for the AI-DSS in the pediatric outpatient clinic was established, and then implemented. Continuous evaluation still requires long-term data collection to optimize the weight proportions of the established indicators.

Longitudinal predictions between executive function and general and specific psychiatric problems in school-age children.

This study examined the longitudinal associations of various executive function components with subsequent psychiatric problems in Chinese school-age children. Data from 1,639 children (44.36% girls) ages 6-13 years were drawn from the Children School Functions and Brain Development project. Executive function components were assessed by the cancellation test, the Corsi test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Psychiatric problems were determined by parent report. All assessments were administered twice, separated by a 1-year interval. Cross-lagged panel models showed that cognitive flexibility and general psychiatric problems (general p) mutually predicted each other. Worse inhibitory control at baseline significantly predicted more externalizing problems 1 year later, regardless of age, while externalizing problems did not significantly predict inhibitory control 1 year later. Working memory at baseline did not significantly predict internalizing problems and vice versa. These findings demonstrate that better inhibitory control may help to prevent or reduce externalizing problems in Chinese school-age children and that higher cognitive flexibility may help to mitigate general psychiatric problems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Direct costs of community-acquired pneumonia for hospitalized children in Shanghai, China from 2018 to 2020: a cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute respiratory infection with a high clinical and economic burden. Clarifying the burden is important for health policy making. However, there is inadequate data on the economic burden of childhood CAP in China. In this study, the direct disease burden of CAP in children was analyzed using city-level data. Methods: A cross-sectional study of the direct costs of CAP for hospitalized children aged 28 days to 18 years old in Shanghai from January 2018 to December 2020 was performed. Information, including the hospitalization costs from the first page of the children's hospitalized medical records, was obtained. The direct costs included medical services, diagnostics, medications, and medical supplies. The continuous variables with non-normal distributions are expressed as the median (interquartile range). Comparisons between groups were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The enumeration data are expressed as the number (percentage), and comparisons between groups were performed using the χ2 test. Results: A total of 59 hospitals and 63,614 hospitalized CAP patients were included in this study. Significantly fewer patients were discharged in 2020 than 2018 and 2019 (6,662, 27,943, and 29,009, respectively, P<0.001). Among the patients, 27,741 patients (43.6%) were covered by social medical insurance, 13,509 (21.2%) by commercial health insurance, and 22,364 (35.2%) were self-paying. The annual total direct costs for 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 118.553, 140.865, and 40.064 million Chinese Yuan (CNY), respectively. The average direct costs per hospital stay due to pediatric CAP in Shanghai was 4,707.83 CNY in 2018, a sum that accounted for 7.3% and 16.7% of the per capita disposable income in Shanghai and China in 2018, respectively. The total costs of the group aged <1 year were significantly higher than those of the other age groups (6,271.1 vs. 3,244.3~4,610.7 CNY, P<0.001). The total costs of severe cases were significantly higher than those of non-severe cases (5,200.6 vs. 3,170.4 CNY, P<0.001). The median duration of hospital stay was 6.0 days (5.0, 8.0). Conclusions: CAP hospitalization continues to represent a high clinical and economic burden in Shanghai, China. Specialized hospitals, severe cases, and the length of hospital stay were positively correlated with inpatient costs.

Development, Reliability, and Structural Validity of the Scale for Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Ethics Implementation Among AI Researchers: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Medical artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly contributed to decision support for disease screening, diagnosis, and management. With the growing number of medical AI developments and applications, incorporating ethics is considered essential to avoiding harm and ensuring broad benefits in the lifecycle of medical AI. One of the premises for effectively implementing ethics in Medical AI research necessitates researchers' comprehensive knowledge, enthusiastic attitude, and practical experience. However, there is currently a lack of an available instrument to measure these aspects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive scale for measuring the knowledge, attitude, and practice of ethics implementation among medical AI researchers, and to evaluate its measurement properties. METHODS: The construct of the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice in Ethics Implementation (KAP-EI) scale was based on the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) model, and the evaluation of its measurement properties was in compliance with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) reporting guidelines for studies on measurement instruments. The study was conducted in 2 phases. The first phase involved scale development through a systematic literature review, qualitative interviews, and item analysis based on a cross-sectional survey. The second phase involved evaluation of structural validity and reliability through another cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The KAP-EI scale had 3 dimensions including knowledge (10 items), attitude (6 items), and practice (7 items). The Cronbach α for the whole scale reached .934. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the goodness-of-fit indices of the scale were satisfactory (χ2/df ratio:=2.338, comparative fit index=0.949, Tucker Lewis index=0.941, root-mean-square error of approximation=0.064, and standardized root-mean-square residual=0.052). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the scale has good reliability and structural validity; hence, it could be considered an effective instrument. This is the first instrument developed for this purpose.

Comparative survey among paediatricians, nurses and health information technicians on ethics implementation knowledge of and attitude towards social experiments based on medical artificial intelligence at children's hospitals in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Implementing ethics is crucial to prevent harm and promote widespread benefits in social experiments based on medical artificial intelligence (MAI). However, insufficient information is available concerning this within the paediatric healthcare sector. We aimed to conduct a comparative survey among paediatricians, nurses and health information technicians regarding ethics implementation knowledge of and attitude towards MAI social experiments at children's hospitals in Shanghai. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional electronic questionnaire was administered from 1 July 2022 to 31 July 2022, at tertiary children's hospitals in Shanghai. PARTICIPANTS: All the eligible individuals were recruited. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) should be a paediatrician, nurse and health information technician, (2) should have been engaged in or currently participating in social experiments based on MAI, and (3) voluntary participation in the survey. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Ethics implementation knowledge of and attitude to MAI social experiments among paediatricians, nurses and health information technicians. RESULTS: There were 137 paediatricians, 135 nurses and 60 health information technicians who responded to the questionnaire at tertiary children's hospitals. 2.4-9.6% of participants were familiar with ethics implementation knowledge of MAI social experiments. 31.9-86.1% of participants held an 'agree' ethics implementation attitude. Health information technicians accounted for the highest proportion of the participants who were familiar with the knowledge of implementing ethics, and paediatricians or nurses accounted for the highest proportion among those who held 'agree' attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant knowledge gap and variations in attitudes among paediatricians, nurses and health information technicians, which underscore the urgent need for individualised education and training programmes to enhance MAI ethics implementation in paediatric healthcare.

Depression and Reasoning Ability in Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Role of Growth Mindset.

The present two-year longitudinal study aimed to examine the relationship between depression and reasoning ability in adolescents, and further investigated the modulation effect of growth mindset on this relationship. A total of 1,961 and 1,667 Chinese adolescents participated in the study for the first year (T1) and second year (T2), respectively. The results showed that T1 depression was negatively correlated with T1 growth mindset (r = -0.35, p < 0.001), T1 reasoning (r = -0.30, p < 0.001), and T2 reasoning (r = -0.23, p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that T1 depression and the interaction between T1 depression and T1 growth mindset significantly predicted T1 reasoning (ß = -0.220/-0.044, all ps < 0.05). After controlling for gender, age, family socioeconomic status, and T1 reasoning ability, both T1 depression and the interaction between T1 depression and T1 growth mindset still significantly predicted T2 reasoning (ß = -0.104/ß = 0.054, all ps < 0.05). The simple slope analysis found that the negative correlation between depression and reasoning in the high growth mindset group was weaker than that of the low growth mindset group in both T1 and T2, suggesting that growth mindset plays a significant moderating role in the relationship between depression and reasoning. In conclusion, depression was negatively correlated with reasoning ability in adolescents, in addition, growth mindset moderated the relationship between depression and reasoning.

Altered resting functional network topology assessed using graph theory in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Notwithstanding an extensive literature about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and brain structure and function, the controversy of ADHD resulting from dysfunction or developmental delay remains unclear. Graph analysis studies have reached consensus about the pattern of increased integration and decreased randomness during childhood and early adulthood. Here, we hypothesized that ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from developmental delay and would show a pattern of decreased integration and increased randomness during childhood and early adulthood compared with typically developing children. To test this hypothesis, publicly available resting-state fMRI data from 102 children with ADHD and 143 typically developing controls (TDC) were compared using graph theoretical analysis. Functional connectivity was estimated using Pearson correlation analysis, and network topology was characterized using small-world (SW) and minimum spanning tree (MST) properties. The mean strength of global connectivity was significantly weaker in those with ADHD and was related to ADHD diagnosis scores. Significant group differences were observed for SW(clustering coefficient, path length, global and local efficiency) and MST (leaf number, kappa and hierarchy) topology. In addition, except for global efficiency, all of these parameters showed significant correlations with ADHD-related disability. The topology of SW and MST showed less integration and more randomness, which confirmed that ADHD is a disorder associated with developmental delay. Moreover, the topology of resting-state functional networks in children with ADHD that show abnormalities was associated with the degree of disability, which can be considered neurological hallmarks of neurodevelopmental disorders and may facilitate the evaluation and monitoring of clinical status in individuals with ADHD.

Growth Mindset Can Reduce the Adverse Effect of Substance Use on Adolescent Reasoning.

The present study examined the relationship between substance use and reasoning in adolescents, and further investigated the modulation role of growth mindset on this relationship. A total of 1759 adolescents in China with substance use experience were investigated. The results showed that substance use (smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use) was negatively correlated with reasoning (r = -0.24 ∼-0.39, p < 0.01) and growth mindset (r = -0.18 ∼-0.32, p < 0.01). Regression analysis revealed that after controlling for the background variables (i.e., age, family annual income, and parents' educational level), only illicit drug use was the significant predictor of reasoning (ß = -0.325, t = -14.28, p < 0.001). The interaction effect between growth mindset and illicit drug use was also a significant predictor of reasoning (ß = -0.067, t = -2.92, p = 0.004), indicating growth mindset modulated the relationship between illicit drug use and reasoning ability. Further analysis found that the negative correlation between frequency of illicit drug use and reasoning in high growth mindset group was weaker than that of low growth mindset group (F ( 3 , 1733 ) = 332.51, p < 0.001, f 2 = 0.22). This suggests that growth mindset plays a significant moderating role in the relationship between substance use and reasoning. Overall, substance use has adverse effect on adolescent reasoning, however, growth mindset could reduce this adverse effect.

Entorhinal cortex volume, thickness, surface area and curvature trajectories over the adult lifespan.

The entorhinal cortex (ERC) acts as a connection between the hippocampus and temporal cortex and plays a key role in memory retrieval and navigation. The morphology of this brain region changes with age. However, there are few quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies of ERC morphology across the healthy adult lifespan. In this study, we quantified ERC volume, thickness, surface area, and curvature in a large number of subjects spanning seven decades of life. Using structural MRI data from 563 healthy subjects ranging from 19 to 86 years of age, we explored the adult lifespan trajectory of ERC volume, thickness, surface and curvature. ERC volume, thickness, and surface area initially increased with age, reaching a peak at about 32 years, 40 years, and 50 years of age, respectively, after which they decreased with age. ERC volume and surface area were hemispherically leftward asymmetric, whereas ERC thickness was hemispherically rightward asymmetric, with no gender differences. The direction of asymmetry differed across the measures. This informs previous inconsistencies in reports of ERC asymmetry. ERC aging began in mid-adulthood. At this stage of life, it may be important to adopt some strategies to reduce the effects of aging on cognition.

Changes in the development of subcortical structures in autism spectrum disorder.

Many studies have reported abnormalities in the volume of subcortical structures in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and many of these change with age. However, most studies that have investigated subcortical structures were cross-sectional and did not accurately segment the subcortical structures. In this study, we used volBrain, an automatic and reliable quantitative analysis tool, and a longitudinal design to examine developmental changes in the volume of subcortical structures in ASD, and quantified the relation between subcortical volume development and clinical correlates. Nineteen individuals with ASD (16 males; age: 12.53 ± 2.34 years at baseline; interval: 2.33 years) and 14 typically developing controls (TDC; 12 males; age: 13.50 ± 1.77 years at baseline; interval: 2.31 years) underwent T1-weighted MRI at two time points. Bilaterally, hippocampus volume increased from baseline to follow-up in both ASD and TDC, with no difference between groups. Left caudate and right thalamus volume decreased in ASD, but did not change in TDC. The decreases in left caudate and right thalamus volume were related to ASD social score. Right amygdala volume was larger in ASD than in TDC at baseline but not at follow-up. These results confirm previous cross-sectional findings regarding the development of subcortical structures in ASD. The association between developmental changes in left caudate and right thalamus volume and ASD social score offers an explanation for the social deficits in ASD. Results also captured the different abnormality of amygdala volume between childhood and late adolescence.

Teacher Support and Mental Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotions and Resilience.

Teacher support has been shown to enhance adolescent mental health. However, the effects of negative emotions and resilience in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being in adolescents are still unknown. This study investigated (a) the mediating role of negative emotions in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being, (b) the mediating role of resilience in the association between teacher support and mental well-being, (c) the serial mediating role of negative emotions and then resilience in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being, and (d) the parallel mediating role of the five dimensions of resilience and the three factors of negative emotions in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being. Participants were 1228 Chinese adolescents (age, M = 15.43 years; 53.09% male). Participants filled out questionnaires regarding teacher support, negative emotions, resilience, and mental well-being. After controlling for age and gender, we found that teacher support, negative emotions, and resilience were significantly linked with mental well-being. Moreover, negative emotions and resilience were found to mediate the relationship between teacher support and adolescent mental well-being, accounting for 5.45 and 30.00% of the total effect, respectively. We also found that teacher support enhances mental well-being by decreasing negative emotions and then increasing resilience. This serial mediating effect accounted for 8.48% of the total effect. Finally, the mediating effect of resilience between teacher support and mental well-being was significantly greater than the mediating effects of the other two indirect effects (negative emotions in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being, negative emotions and then resilience in the relationship between teacher support and mental well-being). And the parallel mediation model showed that teacher support can promote adolescent mental well-being by increasing goal planning, affect control, and help-seeking behavior, and decreasing depression. These findings suggest a process through which negative emotions can decrease resilience and identify the mediating effects of negative emotions (including the three dimensions of negative emotions) and resilience (including the five factors of resilience) in the relationship between teacher support and adolescent mental well-being.

Disrupted Resting Frontal-Parietal Attention Network Topology Is Associated With a Clinical Measure in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Purpose: Although alterations in resting-state functional connectivity between brain regions have been reported in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the spatial organization of these changes remains largely unknown. Here, we studied frontal-parietal attention network topology in children with ADHD, and related topology to a clinical measure of disease progression. Methods: Resting-state fMRI scans were obtained from New York University Child Study Center, including 119 children with ADHD (male n = 89; female n = 30) and 69 typically developing controls (male n = 33; female n = 36). We characterized frontal-parietal functional networks using standard graph analysis (clustering coefficient and shortest path length) and the construction of a minimum spanning tree, a novel approach that allows a unique and unbiased characterization of brain networks. Results: Clustering coefficient and path length in the frontal-parietal attention network were similar in children with ADHD and typically developing controls; however, diameter was greater and leaf number, tree hierarchy, and kappa were lower in children with ADHD, and were significantly correlated with ADHD symptom score. There were significant alterations in nodal eccentricity in children with ADHD, involving prefrontal and occipital cortex regions, which are compatible with the results of previous ADHD studies. Conclusions: Our results indicate the tendency to deviate from a more centralized organization (star-like topology) towards a more decentralized organization (line-like topology) in the frontal-parietal attention network of children with ADHD. This represents a more random network that is associated with impaired global efficiency and network decentralization. These changes appear to reflect clinically relevant phenomena and hold promise as markers of disease progression.