Relationship Between Pericarotid Fat Density and Pathology-Based Carotid Plaque Risk Characteristics.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the relationship between pericarotid fat density (PFD) and pathologic carotid plaque risk characteristics. METHODS: The authors retrospectively evaluated 58 patients (mean age: 66.66 ± 7.26 y, 44 males) who were subjected to both carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery computed tomography angiography (CTA) at the authors' institution. The computed tomography values of the adipose tissue around the most severe stenosis carotid artery were measured, and the removed plaques were sent to the Department of Pathology for American Heart Association (AHA) classification. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to detect the difference in PFD values between the operative and nonoperative sides. According to carotid plaque risk characteristics, the associations between PFD and 4 different risk characteristic subgroups were analyzed. The Student t test and χ2 test were used to compare differences between different risk subgroups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of PFD for carotid plaque risk characteristics. RESULTS: The operative side had higher mean Hounsfield units (HU) values compared with the nonoperative side (P < 0.001). The AHA VI and the intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) subgroups had higher mean HU values compared with the non-AHA VI and the non-IPH subgroups (P < 0.05). Male patients presented with IPH more than female patients (P = 0.047). The results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the mean HU value (operative side; area under the curve: 0.729, Sensitivity (SE): 59.26%, Specificity (SP): 80.65%, P = 0.003) had a certain predictive value for diagnosing high-risk VI plaques. Pericarotid fat density ≥ -68.167 HU is expected to serve as a potential cutoff value to identify AHA VI and non-AHA VI subgroups. CONCLUSION: PFD was significantly associated with vulnerable plaques, high-risk AHA VI plaques, and IPH, which could be an indirect clinical marker for vulnerable plaques.

Design and Synthesis of Matrine Derivatives as Novel Anti-Pulmonary Fibrotic Agents via Repression of the TGFß/Smad Pathway.

A total of 18 matrine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory effect against TGF-ß1-induced total collagen accumulation in human fetal lung fibroblast MRC-5 cell lines. Among them, compound 3f displayed the most potent anti-fibrotic activity (IC50 = 3.3 ± 0.3 µM) which was 266-fold more potent than matrine. 3f significantly inhibited the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and extracellular matrix production of MRC-5 cells. The TGF-ß/small mothers against decapentaplegic homologs (Smad) signaling was also inhibited by 3f, as evidenced by inhibition of cytoplasm-to-nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and suppression of TGF-ß1-induced upregulation of TGF-ß receptor type I (TGFßRI). Additionally, 3f exhibited potent inhibitory effects against TGF-ß1-induced fibroblasts migration. These data suggested that 3f might be a potential agent for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via repression of the TGFß/Smad signaling pathway.

Multi-substituted N-phenyl-2, 2-dichloroacetamide analogues as anti-cancer drugs: design, synthesis and biological evaluation.

Our earlier research has shown that mono-substituted N-phenyl-2, 2-dichloroacetamide exhibited much higher anti-cancer activity than the lead compound sodium dichloroacetate (DCA). In this paper, a variety of multi-substituted N-phenyl-2, 2-dichloroacetamides were synthesized and biologically evaluated. The results showed that 3, 5-disubstituted N-phenyl-2, 2-dichloroacetamide analogues had satisfactory potency. Among them, N-(3, 5-diiodophenyl)-2, 2-dichloroacetamide had an IC50 of 2.84 micromol x L(-1) against non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 and could induce cancer cell apoptosis.

MicroRNA-433-3p enhances chemosensitivity of glioma to cisplatin by downregulating NR5A2.

OBJECTIVE: We attempted to investigate influence of microRNA-433-3p on malignant progression of glioma and identify its molecular mechanism, thus laying groundwork for glioma management. METHODS: Expression data along with clinical data of glioma were accessed from the TCGA database for differential and survival analyses to look for the target differentially expressed genes. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were utilized to assess NR5A2 mRNA and protein expression in different glioma cell lines, respectively. MTT, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were carried out to assay the impact of NR5A2 on behaviors of glioma cells in vitro. Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify the upstream microRNA of NR5A2 in glioma, while dual-luciferase and western blot assays were used to detect binding of microRNA and NR5A2. Chemosensitivity of glioma cells was evaluated by cisplatin cytotoxicity test. RESULTS: NR5A2 was upregulated in both glioma tissues and cell lines. Dual-luciferase assay result showed binding site of microRNA-433-3p on NR5A2 mRNA 3'UTR, and microRNA-433-3p reduced NR5A2 expression. Cell assays revealed that silencing NR5A2 could hamper proliferation, invasion, and migration and enhance chemosensitivity to cisplatin while promoting glioma cell apoptosis and blocking glioma cells in G0/G1 phase. Rescue experiments also indicated that microRNA-433-3p suppressed glioma malignant progression via inhibiting NR5A2. CONCLUSION: MicroRNA-433-3p which is significantly poorly expressed in glioma targets NR5A2 to suppress glioma malignant progression and enhance chemosensitivity to cisplatin.

MiR-137 targets and regulates E2F7 to suppress progression of glioma cells.

INTRODUCTION: The paper aimed to explore the mechanism of miR-137 in modulating glioma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: qRT-PCR detected miR-137 and E2F7 mRNA expression in cells. The protein expression of E2F7 was measured using Western blot assay. Cell proliferation, scratch healing, transwell and programmed cell death assays were conducted to examine the influences of the genes on the biological function of glioma cells. The dual-luciferase assay verified the interaction between miR-137 and E2F7. RESULTS: MiR-137 was lowly expressed in glioma cells, and E2F7 was highly expressed. MiR-137 suppressed progression and promoted programmed cell death of glioma cells. MiR-137 could target and negatively regulate E2F7 expression to further accelerate programmed cell death of glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that miR-137 could target E2F7 to restrain cell progression and accelerate programmed cell death of glioma cells, which is helpful to search for new molecular therapeutic targets for glioma.

miR-218-5p inhibits the malignant progression of glioma via targeting TCF12.

Several studies have shown the ability of transcription factor 12 (TCF12) to promote tumor malignant progression, but its function in glioma cells has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the data from TCGA by bioinformatics and found that in glioma tissue, TCF12 was conspicuously highly expressed while miR-218-5p was significantly low-expressed. The downregulation of miR-218-5p was correlated with adverse prognosis in patients with glioma. miR-218-5p was found to be negatively associated with TCF12 by Pearson correlation analysis, and dual luciferase assay was employed to verify that miR-218-5p and TCF12 had a targeting relationship. qRT-PCR and Western blot assays were used to verify that the expression of TCF12 was regulated by its upstream regulator miR-218-5p. Moreover, cell experiments validated that overexpressed TCF12 could promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells and inhibit their apoptosis, whereas overexpressing miR-218-5p at the same time could reverse this phenomenon. Our study demonstrates the regulatory mechanism of the miR-218-5p/TCF12 axis in gliomas, which lays a foundation for searching for new therapeutic approaches for glioma.

Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of D-isomer of 4-borono-2-[18F]fluoro-phenylalanine: A comparative PET/CT study with L-isomer in healthy human volunteers.

INTRODUCTION: L-isomer of 4-borono-2-18F-fluoro-phenylalanine (L-[18F]FBPA) was generally applied in clinic for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). With radiotracer validation, D-isomer of [18F]FBPA (D-[18F]FBPA) was found a higher tumor to normal brain tissue ratio (TBR) than its L-isomer on positron emission tomography (PET) in rat brain glioma. The present study was conducted as a first-in-human study to explore the biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of D-[18F]FBPA in healthy human volunteers, compared with L-[18F]FBPA. METHODS: D-[18F]FBPA or L-[18F]FBPA was injected intravenously. Five whole-body PET scans were performed for each subject in the next 2 h. Organ time-activity curves were drawn by measuring SUVmean in volumes of interest. Absorbed dose coefficient of target organs and effective dose (ED) were estimated on OLINDA/EXM. RESULTS: Two healthy volunteers (both males) and three healthy volunteers (2 males, 1 female) were intravenously injected with D-[18F]FBPA (5.5-7.2 MBq/kg) and L-[18F]FBPA (3.9-6.8 MBq/kg) respectively. Only limited accumulation of D-[18F]FBPA was observed in healthy human brain, pancreas, liver, spleen and skeleton. The ED was calculated to be 0.026 mSv/MBq. Urinary bladder wall received the highest dose of 0.28 mGy/MBq, followed by kidneys (0.06 mGy/MBq), and all the other organs received less than 0.03 mGy/MBq. For L-[18F]FBPA, higher uptake in brain, pancreas, liver, spleen and skeleton could be visualized, compared with D-[18F]FBPA. The ED of L-[18F]FBPA was 0.020 ± 0.001 mSv/MBq. Urinary bladder wall and kidneys still received the highest dose among organs but with lower values than those of D-[18F]FBPA. CONCLUSIONS: D-[18F]FBPA had lower activity in normal brain, liver, spleen, pancreas and skeleton, compared with its L-isomer. D-[18F]FBPA is safe from a radiological standpoint. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE: D-[18F]FBPA was safe from a radiological standpoint, and had lower activity in normal brain, liver, spleen, pancreas and skeleton than its L-isomer. This study ensures the safety and validity of D-[18F]FBPA for further clinical trials in patients with cancer.

MiR-137 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma via targeting to regulate EZH2.

BACKGROUND: Gliomas are common malignant tumors in the nervous system, known for poor prognosis and low survival rate. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore functions of miR-137 in glioma progression and identify messenger RNAs (mRNA) regulated by miR-137, which provides new ideas for further exploration of glioma therapeutic targets. METHODS: Gene expression data were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas database, and abnormally expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in glioma were analyzed. The expression of genes in 20 pairs of clinical tissue samples and glioma cell lines were detected through qRT-PCR, and the expression of proteins was detected through Western blot. Changes in cell proliferative level after transfection were detected via CCK8 assay, and changes in cell migratory and invasive abilities were detected by Transwell assay. Besides, dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to testify binding relationship between two genes. RESULTS: Our study found that miR-137 was significantly and lowly expressed in glioma tissue and cell lines, and the prognoses of glioma patients with highly expressed miR-137 were more optimistic. Overexpressed miR-137 could remarkably inhibit proliferative, invasive and migratory abilities of glioma cells U87, while transfection of miR-137 inhibitor presented an opposite effect. Additionally, EZH2 was a direct target of miR-137 and overexpressed EZH2 effectively reversed the effect of miR-137 on glioma proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that miR-137 could suppress the proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma cells through regulating the expression of EZH2. So far, we have found a novel regulatory pair that influences glioma progression, providing a basis for further development of new therapeutic strategies.

MiR-433-3p restrains the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells via targeting SMC4.

OBJECTIVE: Glioma is a common primary malignant brain tumor characterized by high mortality and poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to explore the molecular mechanism underlying glioma, aiming to provide a new target for the treatment of glioma to improve the prognosis of patients. METHODS: The differentially expressed genes and regulatory axis affecting the prognosis of glioma were identified with bioinformatics analysis, and the expression of miR-433-3p and SMC4 mRNA was detected with qRT-PCR. The expression of SMC4 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins were detected with western blot. The targeting relationship between miR-433-3p and SMC4 was verified with dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The proliferative ability of glioma cells was detected with CCK-8 assay, while the migration and invasion of glioma cells were detected with Transwell assay. RESULTS: We found that the expression of SMC4 was significantly up-regulated in glioma, showing that SMC4 was an unfavorable factor for prognosis and could promote the progression of cancer cells. Its upstream regulator miR-433-3p was significantly down-regulated in glioma, which inhibited the development of cancer cells. Moreover, miR-433-3p could target to inhibit the expression of SMC4. Rescue assay showed that miR-433-3p could affect the development of glioma by regulating the expression of SMC4. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate for the first time that SMC4 is a direct target of miR-433-3p, and elucidate the molecular mechanism by which miR-433-3p inhibits the malignant progression of glioma by targeting and down-regulating the expression of SMC4.

HAS2-AS1 Acts as a Molecular Sponge for miR-137 and Promotes the Invasion and Migration of Glioma Cells by Targeting EZH2.

This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism by which HAS2-AS1 acts as a ceRNA to promote the invasion and migration of glioma cells, which will provide a novel potential target for the targeted therapy of glioma. Gene expression profiles and corresponding clinical data were accessed from the TCGA_LGG and TCGA_GBM databases and then differential analysis was conducted using the "edgeR" package. miRDB, miRTarBase and TargetScan databases were employed to predict target genes and sequentially a ceRNA network was constructed. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect gene expression in glioma cells. Transwell assay was operated to assess cell migratory and invasive abilities. Western blot was conducted to evaluate the protein expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation experiment were performed to validate the targeting relationship between genes. HAS2-AS1 was markedly upregulated in glioma, and the overall survival time of patients with high HAS2-AS1 expression was significantly shorter than that of patients with low one. Silencing HAS2-AS1 inhibited the migration and invasion of glioma cells, while overexpressing HAS2-AS1 produced opposite results. miR-137 was validated as a direct target of and negatively regulated by HAS2-AS1. Further exploration of the downstream target gene indicated that EZH2 competed with HAS2-AS1 to interact with miR-137. Suppressing miR-137 or up-regulating EZH2 reversed the impact of HAS2-AS1 knockdown on glioma cell invasion and migration. HAS2-AS1 regulates EZH2 by sponging miR-137 for the migratory and invasive abilities of glioma cells, which provides a new idea for exploring metastasis mechanism of glioma.

The transcription factor USF1 promotes glioma cell invasion and migration by activating lncRNA HAS2-AS1.

OBJECTIVE: The role of lncRNAs in tumor has been widely concerned. The present study took HAS2-AS1 (the antisense RNA 1 of HAS2) as a starting point to explore its expression in glioma and its role in the process of migration and invasion, providing a strong theoretical basis for mining potential therapeutic targets of glioma. METHODS: Clinical data of glioma were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and differentially expressed lncRNAs were analyzed by edgeR. The hTFtarget database was used to predict the upstream transcription factors of HAS2-AS1 and the JASPAR website was used to predict the binding sites of human upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) and HAS2-AS1. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of HAS2-AS1 and USF1 in glioma tissues and cell lines. The effects of silencing HAS2-AS1 on the migration and invasion of cancer cells were verified by wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were applied to demonstrate the binding of USF1 and HAS2-AS1 promoter region. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins. RESULTS: HAS2-AS1 was highly expressed in glioma tissues and cells, and was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Silencing HAS2-AS1 expression inhibited glioma cell migration, invasion and EMT. USF1 was highly expressed in glioma and positively correlated with HAS2-AS1. The transcription of HAS2-AS1 was activated by USF1 via binding to HAS2-AS1 promoter region, consequently potentiating the invasion and migration abilities of glioma cells. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the transcription factor USF1 induced up-regulation of lncRNA HAS2-AS1 and promoted glioma cell invasion and migration.

Analysis of volatile organic compounds released from SW480 colorectal cancer cells and the blood of tumor-bearing mice.

BACKGROUND: Volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis provides an elegant approach for colorectal cancer screening. An organic compound with a high vapor pressure or volatility can be detected in the headspace of cancer cells or blood samples. Therefore, analyzing VOCs in the blood of rats inoculated with colorectal cancer tissue and in SW480 medium from cultured colorectal cancer cells may provide accurate results. METHODS: After collecting venous blood from rats inoculated with cancer cells at different times, the cancer tissue was removed from the inoculated rats, and the medium was harvested from the cancer cells and cultured in the presence or absence of a chemotherapy drug of intestinal epithelial cells. We used solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) to analyze the headspace of the blood and media to evaluate the VOC profiles. Statistical analysis was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares analysis (OP-LSDA). RESULTS: The in vivo and in vitro analyses of the colorectal cancer samples revealed a variety of compounds, such as cyclohexanone, 1-hexanol, 2-ethyl-, butylated hydroxytoluene, cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-, pentanoic acid, 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxy-isobutyl ester and acetone. Butylated hydroxytoluene is unique with regard to its presence during tumor growth and resection; it is also present during tumor cell growth and necrosis. Acetone showed unique trends in the in vivo experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing VOC fingerprints related to colorectal cancer (CRC), we found that butylated hydroxytoluene and acetone have unique signatures that may provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and disease assessment.

[Curative effect of Xianling Qianggu koufuye on postmenopausal osteoporosis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the curative effects of Xianling Qianggu koufuye (XLQG) on postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomized female rats. METHOD: Sixty female Sprague-dawley rats aged 12-months were used, 50 of them were ovariectomized and randomly divided into 5 groups: ovariectomized (OVX), OVX + Nylestriol, OVX + XLQG (high dose, middle dose, low dose), and the others were sham-operated group. Rats were treated with drugs starting at the 45 day after the operation for 90 days. Double in vivo fluorochrome labeling was administered to all rats. At the end-point of study, the blood was collected to detecte the contents of ALP and StrACP in serum, and the fourth lumar vertebra (LV4) and femur bone sections were cut and stained for bone histomorphometric analyses, biomechanical analyses and BMP analyses. RESULT: XLQGKFY decreased greatly the StrACP content, increased BMP and bone stiffness, and improved the bone biomechanical property. CONCLUSION: Xianling Qianggu koufuye has a curative effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis, which provides for clinical use.

[Comparative study on effects of rutin and quercetin on metabolism in osteoblast cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of rutin and its aglycone (quercetin) in preventing and treating osteoporosis and their effects on stimulating bone formation were studied comparatively in osteoblast cells. METHODS: The effects of rutin and quercetin on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization were studied respectively by using tetrazolium (MTT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and mineralized nodules assays in newborn rat calvarial osteoblast (ROB) cells. RESULTS: Quercetin showed significant stimulatory effects on proliferation and mineralization in ROB cells, so it could promote bone formation. However, rutin could not imporve stimulation of bone formation because it increased proliferation and inhibited differentation and had no remarkable influence on ROB cells in vitro. CONCLUSION: Rutin showed less activity than quercetin on bone formation in ROB cells in vitro. Therefore the mechanism that some foods and traditional Chinese medicine containing rutin can prevent and treat osteoporosis is that its metaboite in vivo can promote bone formation in ROB cells.

Urinary volatile organic compounds as potential biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma.

Currently, there is no adequate, sensitive, reproducible, specific and noninvasive biomarker that can reliably be used to detect renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Previous studies have elucidated the urinary non-volatile metabolic profile of RCC. However, whether urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles are able to identify RCC remains to be elucidated. In the present study, urine was collected from 22 patients with RCC and 25 healthy subjects. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis were used to compare the data of patients and healthy subjects, and preoperative and postoperative patients undergoing radical nephrectomy. In total, 11 VOC biomarkers were elevated in the RCC patients compared to the healthy subjects, which were phenol; decanal; 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione; 1-bromo-1-(3-methyl-1-pentenylidene)-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropane; nonanal; 3-ethyl-3-methylheptane; isolongifolene-5-ol; 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl); tetradecane; aniline; and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-pentadecane. Three biomarkers were decreased in RCC patients: styrene, 4-heptanone and dimethylsilanediol. In preoperative patients, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and cyclohexanone were elevated, while 6-t-butyl-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-3,5-decadien-7-yne were decreased when compared to postoperative patients. Compared with the healthy subjects, RCC has a unique VOC profile, suggesting that VOC profiles may be a useful diagnostic assay for RCC.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the ischemic core and penumbra after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice.

The present observations examined the hypothesis that the iNOS expression in the ischemic penumbra after a transient focal ischemic insult is involved in the recruitment of penumbra into infarction. The middle cerebral artery in mice was occluded for 2 h by an intraluminal filament and then recirculated. The measurement of iNOS activity, iNOS protein formation and NO concentration in the ischemic core and penumbra, and the determination of infarct volume were performed at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after reperfusion. iNOS protein and iNOS enzymatic activity appeared at 6 h, peaked at 24 h, and declined at 48 h in the penumbra after reperfusion. iNOS protein was not detectable in contralateral area and in sham-operated brains. The time course of iNOS protein, enzymatic activity and NO concentration in the penumbra but not in the core matched the process of infarct maturation. Treatment with iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (100 mg.kg(-1), i.p.) at 6 and 12 h after reperfusion inhibited iNOS activity by 88.0 +/- 10.4% and reduced NO concentration by 48.5 +/- 8.3% in the penumbra, and lessened infarct size by 48.8 +/- 7.2%. The iNOS activity and NO level in the core were not affected by the administration of aminoguanidine. These results suggest that iNOS expression in the ischemic penumbra is involved in the recruitment of penumbra into infarction and thereby contributing to the enlargement of infarct.

Concurrent and sequential administration of sunitinib malate and docetaxel in human non-small cell lung cancer cells and xenografts.

Optimal scheduling of chemotherapy with molecular-targeted agents is important to maximize clinical benefit. We compared the effects of concurrent and sequential administration of docetaxel and multi-target inhibitor sunitinib malate on tumor cells and xenografts and studied several mechanisms involved in drug interaction to provide experimental data in support of their clinical use in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), NCI-H460 human non-small lung carcinomas cells, and NCI-H460 xenograft were treated with docetaxel and Sunitinib malate, using concurrent and sequential treatment schedules. Cell proliferation was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)- 2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. Cell cycle analysis was conducted using flow cytometry. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) phosphorylation was evaluated by immunoblot analysis. Effects on xenografts were assessed by tumor growth delay. There were no significant difference in the cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution of NCI-H460 cells between concurrent treatment and the first sequential treatment. Both docetaxel and sunitinib malate had no effect on each other in inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation in sequential treatments, while docetaxel eliminated inhibitory activity of sunitinib malate on ERK1/2 phosphorylation in concurrent treatment. For NCI-H460 xenografts, the first sequential treatment showed superior effect to concurrent treatment on inhibiting tumor growth. Combined treatment with sunitinib malate and docetaxel had a greater therapeutic effect than monotherapy, and the first sequential scheduling was more effective than concurrent scheduling, which partly due to the effect of docetaxel on receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway.

Preclinical anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor activity of SIM010603, an oral, multi-targets receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitor.

OBJECTIVE: SIM010603 is a structurally novel, oral, multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This study investigated the anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects of SIM010603. METHODS: A radiometric protein kinase assay was used for measuring the kinase activity of the 32 protein kinases. Receptor phosphorylation was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell proliferation was measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell chemotaxis was evaluated by modified Boyden chamber assay. Effect of SIM010603 on angiogenesis was examined by mouse cornea angiogenesis assay. Effect of SIM010603 on xenografts was assessed by tumor growth delay. Effects of SIM010603 on tumor microvascular density (MVD), recruitment of pericytes, and pericyte encapsulation of tumor vessels were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining technique. RESULTS: SIM010603 inhibited stem cell factor receptor (Kit), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ß (PDGFR-ß), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor (Rearranged during Transfection; RET), and Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) with IC(50) values between 5.0 and 68.1 nmol/l. SIM010603 inhibited the phosphorylation of PDGFR-ß and VEGFR-2. Moreover, SIM010603 inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, endothelial cells chemotaxis, and corneal angiogenesis. Although SIM010603 exhibited lower activity in regard to proliferation of NCI-H460, MDA-MB-435, and T241-VEGF-A cells (IC(50) > 1 µmol/l), SIM010603 inhibited tumor growth in these xenograft tumor growth models. SIM010603 reduced tumor MVD in T241-VEGF-A tumor xenograft models and decreased positive signals of CD31, NG2 in MDA-MB-435, and LLC-SW-44 xenograft tumor models. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the clinical assessment of SIM010603 as a therapeutic agent for cancer.

A preliminary study on the expression of tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 in human gliomas.

Tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72) is a high molecular weight tumor-associated glycoprotein, which is known to be overexpressed in various human tumors, but its expression in glioma tissues is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether TAG-72 is present in glioma and to evaluate the correlation between TAG-72 expression and the severity of the malignancy of this tumor. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to investigate the expression of TAG-72 protein, respectively, in 152 patients with gliomas. There were 90 men and 62 women (mean age 50.6 ± 11.8 years). Astrocytoma was found in 130 patients and glioblastoma in 22. No TAG-72 expression was found in the non-cancerous brain tissues. TAG-72 protein expression was identified in 80 patients with glioma (52.6%). The expression level of TAG-72 protein was increased from gliomas with low grades to those with high grades. The highest mean value of TAG-72 protein was found in patients with glioblastoma (P < 0.01), whereas the lowest mean values were found in those with grade I astrocytoma (P < 0.01). Our results provide convincing evidence for the first time that the expression of TAG-72 is up-regulated in human gliomas. The expression levels of TAG-72 in gliomas were associated with the severity of the tumor. Whether positive TAG-72 protein expression can be used as a predictor for prognosis of the patients or as a therapeutic target for glioma requires further investigation.

Hyperthermia promotes apoptosis and suppresses invasion in C6 rat glioma cells.

Gliomas are a group of heterogeneous primary central nervous system tumors. Hyperthermia has proven to be a potential therapeutic tool for cancers in the clinic. However, the molecular mechanisms of hyperthermia remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hyperthermia on the invasiveness in C6 glioma cells and related molecular pathways. Here our data show hyperthermia stimulated the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and decreased C6 glioma cell migration and invasive capability at 30, 60, 120 and 180 min; with increased spontaneous apoptosis in C6 glioma cells at 120 min. We also found mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK) protein expression to be increased and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) protein expression decreased. Based on the results, we conclude that hyperthermia alone reduced invasion of C6 glioma cells through stimulating TNF-α signaling to activate apoptosis, enhancing P38 MAPK expression and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, a first report in C6 rat glioma cells.