[Association of polymorphisms of exon 2 of GOLA-DQA2 gene with blood immune traits in goats].

The polymorphisms of exon 2 of GOLA-DQA2 gene were analyzed by PCR-RFLP technique in Laiwu black goats, Lubo goats, and Boer goats; and the effects of genotypes of GOLA-DQA2 gene on blood immune traits were estimated. The results showed that four genotypes were detected in the three goats. Polymorphic sites were detected at base positions 77, 79, 80, and 169 in exon 2 of GOLA-DQA2 gene. The effects of breed were major effect. In Lubo goats, red blood count (RBC) with genotype AB was significantly higher than that with genotype BB (P<0.05), and white blood count (WBC) with genotype AB was significantly higher than that with genotype BC (P<0.05). Hematocrit (HCT) in Lubo goats with genotype AB was significantly higher than that with genotypes BB and BC (P<0.05). WBC-large cell ratio (W-LCR) in Lubo goats with genotype BC was significantly higher than that with genotype BB (P<0.05). In Laiwu black goats and Boer goats, there was certain degree of association between genotypes and blood immune traits, but it was not significant. Genotype AB and BC was an important factor affecting RBC, WBC, W-LCR, and so on. It was concluded from these results that GOLA-DQA2 was the gene affecting the blood immune traits, which provides a basis for disease resistance breeding of goats.

[The epidemiological features of blast injury of lungs caused by gas explosion].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical epidemiological features. of blast injury of lungs caused by gas explosion. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 132 cases of blast injury of lungs caused by gas explosion injuries in our hospital from 1990 to 2010 were made, including the information of lung injury, associated injuries, treatment and mortality. RESULTS: 56 patients were conscious on admission, during 1 ∼ 5 days, 30 patients got cough, hemoptysis and other pulmonary symptoms, 7 patients had hemothorax, 11 cases combined with pneumothorax, 86 cases of patients with burns, 96 cases with pulmonary aspiration compound injury, 41 cases with abdominal organs blast injuries, 76 cases with pulmonary infection, 31 cases with shock, Seven patients died of respiratory failure, two patients died of respiratory failure. CONCLUSION: Blast injury of lung featured with serious internal injuries, combined with many injuries, The incidence of compound injury was high, and it was difficult to diagnose. Chest X-ray were varied. The mortality was high, and the predominant causes of death were respiratory failure, shock, sepsis. Most patients with blast injury of lung need tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation. Timely tracheotomy, mechanical ventilation were the major prognostic measures.

[The surface biomarkers of sputum cells in coal mine workers and patients with pneumoconiosis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of intercellular adhesion molecule -1 (CD54 or ICAM-1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived factor (PDGF) in sputum cells of workers exposed to dust and patients with pneumoconiosis for the early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis. METHODS: The subjects included 62 workers exposed to dusts, 51 workers not exposed to dusts, 22 patients with pneumoconiosis and 10 healthy controls. The respiratory sputum technique was used to collect the sputum samples and the biomarkers (ICAM-1, EGFR and PDGF) of the sputum samples were detected with the sputum samples. RESULTS: When the exposure group was compared with non-exposure group, there were no significant differences of surface biomarkers (ICAM-1, EGFR and PDGF) in sputum cells (neutrophil leucocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and acidophilic/basophil leucocytes). As compared with other workers exposed to dusts, the surface CD54 and EGFR expression levels increased significantly and the surface PDGF expression level decreased significantly in workers exposed to dusts for 10 years (P<0.05). As compared with controls, the CD54 and EGFR expression levels of sputum cells increased significantly and the PDGF expression level of sputum cells decreased significantly in patients with pneumoconiosis at the stages of I and II + mI (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression levels of the surface CD54, EGFR and PDGF of sputum cells in workers exposed to dusts and patients with pneumoconiosis changed, which may be useful for early detecting pneumoconiosis.and patients is changed, which may be meaningful for early detection of pneumoconiosis.

[The effectiveness of different respiration models to the amplitude of waveform information in arterial blood gas].

Objective: The objective is to find the characteristics of arterial blood sample waveform in different respiration models. Methods: Six post-operative patients with normal heart function and negative Allen test, were 4 male and 2 female, (59.00±16.64)year, (71.67±0.37)kg, left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) (61.33±2.16)%, had been placed the arterial catheterization and central venous catheterization for continuous collecting arterial in 3 different kinds of respiration models: normal breathing, no breathing and deep breathing. We selected two breaths cycles of waveform from each patient for data calculations of magnitudes and time interval. Compare the adjacent highest and lowest values of patients to verify whether there are periodic wave-like signal changes in arterial and venous blood gas in the three breathing states. In addition, statistical t-test analysis was performed on the change amplitude of the periodic wave-like signal of the patient's arterial and venous blood gas to compare whether there is a difference. Results: The heart beat numbers for drawing blood into pipe were 15-16, and all covered more than 2 breathing cycles. There were significant changes of arterial PaO2 (i.e. the highest high values compare to the next lowest values, P<0.05) in three different breathing models(normal, no breathing and high breathing), the magnitudes of which were (9.96±5.18)mmHg, (5.33±1.55)mmHg and (13.13±7.55)mmHg, with (8.09±2.43)%, (5.29±2.19)% and (10.40±2.68)% from their mean respectively. PO2 in venous blood gas did not show wavy changes under normal breathing, 20 s breath holding and high tidal volume ventilation. The amplitudes were (1.63 ± 0.41) mmHg, (1.13 ± 0.41) mmHg and (1.31 ± 0.67) mmHg, which were (3.91 ± 1.22)%, (2.92 ± 1.12)%, (3.33 ± 1.81)%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of arterial blood gas under the same state, but there was no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: With continuous beat-by-beat arterial blood sampling and ABG analyzing method in three different breathing models, We obtain a clear evidence of the biggest periodic parameters ABG waveform in high breathing models, which followed by normal breathing models, no breathing was the smallest, and the wave variation amplitude of venous oxygen partial pressure was not obvious in the three respiratory states, which implies the oscillatory information of the arterial blood with comes from the gas exchanging in the lung.

[The experimental evidence of waveform information in arterial blood gas by beat-by-beat sampling method in human body-the differences of waveform information between arterial and venous blood samples].

Objective: The arterial blood with the oscillatory information comes from the right heart system after gas exchanging in the lung. However, the evidence of the waveform of venous ABG is lack. The objectives of this article are to compare the different information between arterial and venous beat-by-beat blood sample at the same time. Methods: Six post-operative patients with normal heart function and negative Allen test, had been placed the arterial catheterization and central venous catheterization directly connected to pre-heparin plasticpipes for continuous collecting arterial and venous blood. We twisted the 2 pipes into helix formation. After drawing arterial and venous blood with syringes in one heart beat with one helix at the same time, totally 15 heart beats, clipping the pipes with forceps, we put the helix pipe into icedwater at once and analyses PaO2, PaCO2, pH and SaO2 as soon as possible. We selected two breathscycles of waveform from each patient for data calculations of magnitudes and time interval. Results: The heart beat numbers for drawing blood into pipe were 15~16, and all covered more than 2 breathing cycles. There were significant changes of arterial PaO2(i.e. the highest high values compare to the next lowestvalues, P<0.05), but no significant changes in venous blood(P>0.05). The magnitudes of changing PaO2 in arterial and venous blood sample were (9.96±5.18)mmHg and (1.63±0.41)mmHg with significant variance(P=0.010), and they were (8.09±2.43)% and (3.91±1.22)%from their mean with significant variance(P=0.009) respectively. Conclusion: With continuous beat-by-beat arterial and venous blood sampling and ABG analyzing method at the same time, we obtain a clear evidence of periodic parameters ABG waveform, which following breathing cycle, but no clear ABG waveform of the periodic parameters in the venous blood samples, which implies the oscillatory information of the arterial blood with comes from the gas exchanging in the lung.

[Preliminary experimental study on the influence of different tidal volume and frequency of normal minute ventilation on the dynamic changes of carotid blood oxygen in living goats].

Objective: On the basis of preliminarily verifying the use of ultra-fast reaction polymer matrix optical fiber oxygen sensor and its measuring system to record the continuous and dynamic changes of carotid artery oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), in order to analyze and discuss the influence of lung ventilation on the continuous and dynamic changes of PaO2, we designed a whole animal experimental study in vivo. Methods: Four hybrid goats were selected, and the skin was cut and exposed directly under general anesthesia and tracheal intubation. The oxygen sensor, connected with the measuring system, was inserted directly into the left carotid artery to continuously record the dynamic changes of PaO2. With normal minute ventilation,mechanical ventilation is implemented through three tidal volumes: normal tidal volume (VT=15 ml/kg, Rf=20 bpm), half tidal volume (halved VT, doubled Rf) and double tidal volume (doubled VT, halved Rf). Each tidal volume was stable for 10~15 min respectively. We analyzed and calculated the average values of PaO2, the fluctuation magnitudes of PaO2 changes between breaths of last 180 s and the delay times of lung-carotid artery were. We analyzed the effects of different tidal volumes. Results: The heart rate and blood pressure of living goats were maintained stable during the mechanical ventilation experiment with normal ventilation volume Lung-carotid artery delay time is 1.4~1.8 s (about 3 heartbeats at this time). Under normal tidal volume of mechanical ventilation, the average value of PaO2 was (102.94±2.40, 99.38~106.16) mmHg, and the fluctuation range was (21.43±1.65, 19.21~23.59) mmHg, accounting for (20.80± 1.34, 18.65~22.22)% of the average value. Under the condition of halving tidal volume, the average value of PaO2 was maintained at (101.01±4.25, 94.09~105.66) mmHg, which was slightly decreased but not significant (P>0.05 compared with normal mechanical ventilation), but the fluctuation range of PaO2 was significantly reduced to (18.14±1.43, 16.46~20.05) mmHg, accounting for 17.5% of the average value. Under double tidal volume mechanical ventilation, although the average value of PaO2 increased slightly remained at (106.42±4.74, 101.19~114.08) mmHg (P>0.05 compared with normal mechanical ventilation and P<0.05 compared with half tidal volume mechanical ventilation), the fluctuation magnitude of PaO2 increased significantly to (26.58±1.88, 23.46~28.46)mmHg. Conclusion: Inspiration and expiration of normal lung ventilation are the initial factors for the increase and decrease of PaO2 in carotid artery. Under normal ventilation, halving tidal volume and doubling tidal volume significantly changed the fluctuation magnitude of PaO2, but the average value of PaO2 changed only slightly, while the lung-carotid delay time was similar.

[Ultra-fast response polymer optical fiber oxygen measurement device and its preliminary experimental report on continuous dynamic change of arterial oxygen partial pressure under mechanical ventilation in living animals].

Objective: We tried to implant the ultra-fast polymer optical fiber chemical oxygen sensor （POFCOS） into arterial blood vessel,connect with photoelectric conversion measurement system to record the continuous dynamic rapid changes of arterial PO2(PaO2) in whole living animals. It should be the experimental evidence for the new theory of holistic integrative physiology and medicine(HIPM) forexplain the mechanism of respiratory control and regulation in whole circusof respiration-circulation-metabolism. Methods: ①Fabrication of ultrafast POFCOS, calibration and its measuring system: The distal part of 2 m optical fiber was heated and pulled until it became a tapered tip. After cleaning and drying, the tip of 1 mm tapered optical fiber was dip-coated into the luminophore doped polymer solution, then was slowly pumped out while solvent was quickly evaporated to form an oxygen sensing tip, which was dried at room temperature for 24 hours. ②Animal experiments: Under general anesthesia and intubation, goatwas mechanically ventilated with 40%~60% oxygen. We exposed both right and left carotid arteries and the left femoral artery by skin cutting, and inserted the POFCOS directly into the arteries via indwelling catheter. The end of POFCOS were connected to the personal computer through optical fiber, excitation and detection Y-type optical fiber coupler through photoelectric conversion, so as we can realize the continuous dynamic response of living goat carotid PaO2 under mechanical ventilation. We mainly analyzed the intra-breath wave-form alternate increase and decrease of PaO2 and their time delay between lung and carotid arteries.We completes breathing control whole loop to explain the mechanism of mutual breathing and the switching of inspiration and exhalation. Results: The POFCOS has a very fast T90 response time was set 100 ms for liquid. When the heart rate of 40%~60% oxygen mechanical ventilated living goat was ~110 bpm, the PaO2 of left and right carotid artery showed a same wave-sizeup and down following with the inspiration and expiration of ventilator, with a range of up to 15 mmHg. There weresignificant noises of PaO2 change recorded in the left femoral artery. The lung-carotid artery time delay is 1.5~1.7 s after inhalation and exhalation, PaO2 at both left and right carotid arteries starts toincrease and decrease. After two-three heartbeats after the start of lung ventilation, thealternate up-down wave-form information of the arterialized pulmonary vein blood after pulmonary capillaries waspumpedby left ventricle to the position of peripheral chemoreceptors,thus realizing the whole cycle of inhalation and exhalation. It alternately interrupted inhalation, i.e. switching inhalation to exhalation, and then interrupted exhalation,i.e. switching exhalation to inhalation. Conclusion: The ultra-fast reactive implantableoxygen sensor and its measuring system can measure the physiological waveform changes of PaO2 in living animals, which can provide experimental evidence for explaining the mechanism of switching of inspiration-expiration in HIPM.

[Preliminary report on partial pressure changes of oxygen and carbon dioxide in umbilical artery and vein before and after the first breath in Chinese neonates II-The personalized analysis of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide difference between umbilical artery and vein at same time in same newborn].

Objective: In order to explore the mechanism of neonatal spontaneous breathing, the difference of oxygen and carbon dioxide between umbilical cord arteries and veins before the start of spontaneous breathing after birth has been analyzed among people. In this part, the related information is analyzed individually. Methods: After all fetal parents signed the informed consent before birth, and before the newborn was born and did not breathe, the umbilical cord was exposed as quickly as possible, and the heparinized arterial indwelling needle was inserted into the umbilical artery and umbilical vein in the direction of newborn and placenta, and then blood was taken continuously. Although dozens of mothers were selected,but only 3 cases were collected from Pua and Puv blood samplers at the same time for blood gas analysis and determination, and the differences and dynamic changes of umbilical vein and umbilical artery were calculated and analyzed. Results: In all 3 none spontaneous breathing newborns,PuvO2 was significantly higher than PuaO2 at the same time (P<0.01), with an average difference of (24.17±7.09) mmHg; while PuvCO2 was significantly lower than PuaCO2 (all P<0.01), with an average difference of (-7.67±3.70) mmHg.The difference of Puv-uaO2 was significantly higher than those of Puv-uaCO2 (P<0.05). Conclusion: PuaO2 decreases gradually with time (heartbeat frequency) before spontaneous breathing after the delivered fetus as a newborn, and it induces the first inhalation to start spontaneous breathing when it reaches the threshold of triggering breathing.

[Preliminary report on partial pressure changes of oxygen and carbon dioxide in umbilical artery and vein before and after the first breath in Chinese neonates I-The group difference of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide between umbilical artery and vein in newborns].

Objective: The fetus has no actual respiration, and the newborn begins to breathe after birth. We assume that the first breath dominantly generated by hypoxia. In this study, the changes and lowest limit of blood oxygen partial pressureof umbilical artery (PuaO2) after chemoreceptor were analyzed to explore the mechanism of neonatal spontaneous breathing. Methods: With signed consent form by all fetal parents before birth, 14 newborns successfully completed the umbilical artery or vein catheterization and drawn blood according to the heartbeat. All blood samples analyzed by blood gas analyzer,calculated and analyzed the similarities and differences between umbilical vein(Puv) and umbilical artery(Pua). Results: Although we completed 14 newborns, there were only 9 cases of umbilical artery samples and 8 cases of umbilical vein samples were collected. Only 3 cases collected both Pua and Puv blood samples at the same time (see serial paper II). PuaO2 in gradually decreased with time (heartbeat frequency), until Pua contracted after spontaneous breathing produced about 8~10 heartbeats, and then could not get enough blood samples. Only 3 newborns were able to take blood samples after spontaneous breathing for 8~10 heartbeats, and their PuaO2 were jumped to 186.0, 137.0 and 93.8 mmHg respectively. The mean value of PuaO2 was (25.94±6.79, 18.04~37.51)mmHg, the highest value was (29.11±6.46, 23.00~45.90)mmHg, and the lowest value was (21.34±5.54, 14.00~33.60)mmHg. Although PuvO2 decreased gradually with time (heartbeat) too, most of them also showed the tendency of alternately rising and falling with the regularity of mother's respiration. The mean value of PuvO2 was (53.35±21.35, 32.56~100.73)mmHg, the highest value was (90.38±48.44, 43.40~153.00)mmHg, and the lowest value was (36.96±14.90, 24.80~73.80)mmHg. Although there were large individual differences, the mean, highest and lowest values of PuvO2 were significantly higher than those of PuaO2 (P<0.05); although PuvCO2 slightly lower than PuaCO2, it was no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: PuaO2 decreases gradually with time before spontaneous breathing after the delivered fetus as a newborn, and it induces the first inhalation to start spontaneous breathing when it reaches the threshold of triggering breathing.

Burn Wound Bacteriological Profiles, Patient Outcomes, and Tangential Excision Timing: A Prospective, Observational Study.

PURPOSE: Because infection can thwart burn healing, microorganisms, their susceptibility patterns, and the effect of tangential excision timing on outcomes of burn patients were examined. METHODS: A prospective, observational study was conducted that involved 318 patients with deep second-degree burns from a gas explosion treated in Xinxiang, Henan, China between January 2009 and December 2016. Patient demographic data, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test results, and outcome variables (resuscitation fluid volume, signs of shock, body temperature, heart rate, and time to wound healing) were analyzed. Outcomes were compared among patients who had early (<24 hours), middle (2 to 7 days), and late (> 7 days) post burn excision. RESULTS: Bacterial culture and drug sensitivity data were available for 314 of the 318 persons with burns >10% of total body surface area (TBSA). Of the 486 bacterial isolates, 330 (67.9%) were gram-negative and 156 (32.1%) were gram-positive. The number of isolates and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins increased over time. Patients having early tangential excision had significantly lower heart rate (P <.05) and reduced time to healing (P <.01) than patients in the middle or late excision group. CONCLUSION: Early tangential excision was found to be safe and to facilitate healing.

[Effect of Electroacupuncture Intervention on ß-endorphin Levels of Hypothalamus and Spinal Cord Tissues in Rats with Pelmatic Incisional Pain].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention on pain thresholds (PT) and contents of ß-endorphin (EP) in the hypothalamus and spinal cord, and the expression of 5-HT in the dorsal raphe nucleus(DRN)in rats with pelmatic incisional pain, so as to investigate the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in reducing post-operative pain. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomized into normal control, model, EA and non-acupoint groups (n=8/group). The pelmatic pain model was induced by making an incision (about 1 cm in length, to the fascia and muscle layers) from the heel towards the toes. EA (2 Hz, 1.5-2 V) was applied to "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Kunlun" (BL 60) or non-acupoint (about 3 mm beside the ST 36 and BL 60) on the affected side for 20 min, once daily for three days. The thermal PT and mechanical PT were measured before and after operation and after EA. The contents of ß-EP in hypothalamus and L3-S4 spinal cord were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the expressions of ß-EP in hypothalamus and 5-HT in DRN were measured with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: After EA intervention, the markedly decreased mechanical and thermal pain thresholds on day 1 and 3 after paw incision were significantly increased in the EA group (P<0.05), but not in the non-acupoint group (P>0.05). The hypothalamic ß-EP content was significantly higher in the model group than in the normal group (P<0.05), and further up-regulated in the EA group (not the non-acupoint group) than in the model group (P<0.05). In addition, the hypothalamic ß-EP immunoreactive (IR)-positive cell number and 5-HT immunoactivity level in DRN were also considerably up-regulated in the EA group (P<0.05) but not in the non-acupoint group (P>0.05). No significant changes were found in the lumbar spinal ß-EP contents in the model, EA and non-acupoint groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: EA stimulation of "Zusanli"(ST 36) and "Kunlun" (BL 60) has an analgesic effect in pelmatic incision pain rats, which may be related to its effects in raising the level of hypothalamic ß-EP and the expression of 5-HT in DRN.

[A study on relationship between rat brain tissues hurts of the gas explosion and the expression of protein kinase CamRNA and c-fos gene.].

OBJECTIVES: To explore relationship between rat brain tissues hurts of gas explosion and the expression of Protein Kinase C alpha mRNA. METHODS: Build up rat hurt model of gas explosion. In Situ Hybridization (IDH) technique was used to test Protein Kinase C alpha mRNA. Immunohistochemical Assays (IHA) was used to determine c-fos gene protein. RESULTS: Only a little a mount expression of PKC alpha mRNA and c-fos of the control group was detected. The expression of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of PKC alpha mRNA 24 h, 48 h and the 48 h increased obviously, and the 48 h reached the peak of expression; (t = 4.12 P < 0.01). The expression of c-fos protein of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus started to increase obviously at 0.5 h and the 4 h reached the peak, then the strength lowered gradually and the expression level came back normal level on fifth day. CONCLUSION: The anoxia of brain tissues due to the gas explosion may promote the expression of PKCamRNA, and PKCamRNA could regulate the expression of the gene of c-fos. Both PKCamRNA and the gene of c-fos are involved in harmful processes to the nerve cells.

Better parameters of ventilation-CO2output relationship predict death in CHF patients.

OBJECTIVE: Measures of ventilation-CO2output relationship have been shown to be more prognostic than peak O2uptake in assessing life expectancy in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Because both the ratios (VE/Vco2) and slopes (VE-vs-Vco2) of ventilation-co2 output of differing durations can be used, we aim to ascertain which measurements best predicted CHF life expectancy. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-one CHF patients with NYHA class II-IV underwent incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and were followed-up for a median duration of 479 days. Four different linear regression VE-vs- Vco2 slopes were calculated from warm-up exercise onset to: 180 s, anaerobic threshold (AT), ventilatory compensation point (VCP); and peak exercise. Five VE/Vco2 ratios were calculated for the following durations: rest (120 s), warm-up (30 s), AT (60 s), lowest value (90 s), and peak exercise (30 s). Death or heart transplant were considered end-points. Multiple statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: CHF patients had high lowest VE/Vco2 (41.0 ± 9.2, 141 ± 30%pred), high VE/Vco2 at AT (42.5 ± 10.4, 145 ± 35%pred), and high VE-vs-Vco2 slope to VCP (37.6 ± 12.1, 126 ± 41%pred). The best predictor of death was a higher lowest VE/Vco2 (≥ 42, ≥ 141%pred), whereas the VE-vs-Vco2slope to VCP was less variable than other slopes. For death prognosis in 6 months, %pred values were superior: for longer times, absolute values were superior. CONCLUSION: The increased lowest VE/Vco2 ratio easily identifiable and simply measured during exercise, is the best measurement to assess the ventilation-co2output relationship in prognosticating death in CHF patients.

[Human experiments of metabolism, blood alkalization and oxygen effect on control and regulation of breathing. I: room air exercise test].

OBJECTIVE: Under the guidance of the holistic integrative physiology medicine, we reanalyzed the data during symptom-limited maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in order to investigate control and regulatory mechanism of breathing. METHODS: This study investigated 5 normal volunteers who accepted artery catheter, performed CPET room air. Continuous measured pulmonary ventilation parameters and per minute arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis sample parameters during exercise. All CPET and ABG data changes were standard analyzed and calculated. RESULTS: With gradually increasing power, minute oxygen uptake(every breath oxygen uptake x respiratory rate = O2 paulse x heart rate) and minute ventilation (tidal volume x respiratory rate) showed nearly linear progressive increase during the CPET(compared with the rest stage, P < 0.05 - 0.001); Minute ventilation increased even more significant after the anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point. PaO2 was increased at recovery 2 minutes (P < 0.05); PaCO2 was decreased after anaerobic threshold 2 minutes (P < 0.05); [H+]a was increased from AT (P < 0.05), and rapidly raised at last 2 minutes, remained high at recovery. Lactate was increased rapidly from AT (compared with resting, P < 0.05); bicarbonate decreased rapidly from AT (compared with resting, P < 0.05) and it's changed direction was contrary to lactic acid. CONCLUSION: In order to overcome the resistance of the power during exercise, metabolic rate othe body increased, respiratory change depend upon the change metabolism, and the accumulation of acidic products exacerbated respiratory reactions at high intensity exercise.

[Human experiments of metabolism, blood alkalization and oxygen effect on control and regulation of breathing. II: room air exercise test after blood alkalization].

OBJECTIVE: Basis on the dynamic changes of the ventilation and arterial blood gas parameters to symptom-limited maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), we further investigate the effect of alkalized blood by drinking 5% NaHCO3 on ventilation during exercise. METHODS: After drinking 5% NaHCO3 75 ml (3.75 g) every 5 min, total dosage of 0.3 g/Kg, 5 volunteers repeated CPET. All CPET and ABG data changes were analyzed and calculated. At the same time, CPET and ABG parameters after alkalized blood were compared with those before alkalized blood (control) used paired t test. RESULTS: After alkalized blood, CPET response patterns of parameters of ventilation, gas exchange and arterial blood gas were very similar (P > 0.05). All minute ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory rate, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination were gradually increased from resting stage (P < 0.05-0.001), according to the increase of power loading. During CPET after alkalized blood, ABG parameters were compared with those of control: hemoglobin concentrations were lower, CaCO2 and pHa were increased at all stages (P < 0.05). The PaCO2 increased trend was clear, however only significantly at warm-up from 42 to 45 mmHg (P < 0.05). Compared with those of control, only the minute ventilation was decreased from 13 to 11 L/min at resting (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Even with higher mean CaCO2, PaCO2 and pHa, lower Hba and [H+]a, the CPET response patterns of ventilatory parameters after alkalized blood were similar.

[Human experiments of metabolism, blood alkalization and oxygen effect on control and regulation of breathing. III: pure oxygen exercise test after blood alkalization].

OBJECTIVE: After performed symptom-limited maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) before and after acute alkalized blood, we repeated CPET with pure oxygen. METHODS: Five volunteers, 3hr after alkalizing blood room air CPET, re-performed CPET inhaling from Douglas bag connected with pure oxygen tank. We compared with those of room air CPETs before and after alkalized blood. RESULTS: After alkalized blood oxygen CPET had a similar response pattern as those of CPETs before and after blood alkalization. During the CPET, all breath frequency, minute ventilation and tidal volume at each stage were similar to those of CPETs before and after alkalized blood (P > 0.05),except there was a lower peak tidal volume than those of both CPETs and a slightly higher resting minute ventilation only than CPET after alkalized blood (P > 0.05). After alkalized blood, oxygen CPET, all PaO2 and SaO2 and most Hb were lower than those of both CPETs (P < 0.05). The pHa and [HCO3-]a were higher than those of CPET before alkalized blood (P < 0.05); but were not CPET after alkalized blood (P > 0.05). PaCO2 was similar to that of CPET before alkalized blood (P > 0.05), but was lower than that of CPET after alkalized blood at resting and warm-up (P < 0.05); then was similar to both CPETs at anaerobic threshold (P > 0.05); but was higher at peak exercise higher than those of both CPETs (P < 0.01). Oxygen increased 2,3 volunteers' workload and time at AT and peak exercises. CONCLUSION: Respiratory response pattern to oxygen CPET after alkalized blood is similar to those of both CPETs before and after alkalized blood. The CPET response is dominantly depended upon metabolic rate, but not levels of pHa, PaCO2 and PaO2.

Plasmon analysis of Triticum (wheat) and Aegilops. 2. Characterization and classification of 47 plasmons based on their effects on common wheat phenotype.

This article comprises our final remarks on the phenotypic effects of alien plasmons on common wheat. Twenty-one vegetative, reproductive, and seed characters of 551 alloplasmic lines of 12 common wheat genotypes with 46 alloplasmons, and as the control, their euplasmic lines were investigated. Effects of genotype, plasmon, and their interaction had high statistical significance for all the characters investigated, whereas phenotypic variations attributable to the alien plasmons were relatively small. Individual plasmon types are characterized by their primary effects on 21 characters. Genotype x plasmon effects on two representative characters, heading date and plant height, are described in detail. Cluster and principal component analyses of the phenotypic effects of the 47 plasmons yielded 22 groups. The relationships between these phenotype-based groups and those defined by molecular differences in organellar genomes were examined. A significant correlation was found with some explainable discrepancies. For efficient plasmon identification, use of six of the present 12 genotypes is proposed. The key for plasmon classification is provided. Our findings indicate that alien plasmons may be of limited value in future wheat breeding, but that the plasmon diversity that exists in Triticum and Aegilops species is of great significance for understanding the evolution of these genera.

Target Gene and Function Prediction of Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs in Lactating Mammary Glands of Dairy Goats.

MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that can regulate gene expression, and they can be involved in the regulation of mammary gland development. The differential expression of miRNAs during mammary gland development is expected to provide insight into their roles in regulating the homeostasis of mammary gland tissues. To screen out miRNAs that should have important regulatory function in the development of mammary gland from miRNA expression profiles and to predict their function, in this study, the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in the lactating mammary glands of Laoshan dairy goats are predicted, and then the functions of these miRNAs are analyzed via bioinformatics. First, we screen the expression patterns of 25 miRNAs that had shown significant differences during the different lactation stages in the mammary gland. Then, these miRNAs are clustered according to their expression patterns. Computational methods were used to obtain 215 target genes for 22 of these miRNAs. Combining gene ontology annotation, Fisher's exact test, and KEGG analysis with the target prediction for these miRNAs, the regulatory functions of miRNAs belonging to different clusters are predicted.

[Risk factors on human cystic echinococcosis in Hobukesar Mongolian Autonomous County in Xinjiang].

OBJECTIVE: To study the risk factors of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Hobukesar Mongolian Autonomous County of Xinjiang (HMACX) and to discuss the related strategies for prevention and control. METHODS: A randomized sampling method was used to screen local residents for human CE in HMACX. CE related risk factors including ethnicity, age, sex, occupation and personal status on hygiene etc. were analyzed under multi-factor logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of CE and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) were 3.7% (23/627) and 0.16% (1/627) respectively, with the seropositive rate as 12.4% (76/613). The main risk factors that significantly associated with CE were age (OR = 7.6, 95%CI: 2.481 - 23.579) and slaughtering livestock in the households (OR = 3.2, 95%CI: 1.297 - 7.809). Herdsmen had the highest prevalence of CE in all of the occupations in this study. CONCLUSION: HMACX had been a highly endemic area for human CE, with age and family slaughtering-livestock-behavior appeared to be the main possible risk factors.