Simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein by using flexible electrochemical and Raman enhancing biochip.

Flexible laser-scribed graphene (LSG) substrates with gold nanoislands have been developed as biochips for in situ electrochemical (EC) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biodetection (biomolecules and viral proteins). A flexible biochip was fabricated using CO2 laser engraving polyimide (PI) films to form a 3D porous graphene-like nanostructure. Gold nanoislands were deposited on the LSG substrates to enhance the intensity of the Raman signals. Moreover, the addition of auxiliary and reference electrodes induced a dual-function EC-SERS biochip with significantly enhanced detection sensitivity. The biochip could selectively and easily capture SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein through the SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibody immobilized on EC-SERS substrates using 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The grafted antibody specifically bound to SARS-CoV-2, resulting in a significant increase in the SERS signal of the target analyte. The limit of detection (LOD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein was 5 and 100 ng/mL by using EC and SERS detection, respectively. Although the LOD of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein detected using SERS is only 100 ng/mL, it can provide fingerprint information for identification. To improve the LOD, EC detection was integrated with SERS detection. The three-electrode detection chip enables the simultaneous detection of SERS and EC signals, which provides complementary information for target identification. The dual-functional detection technology demonstrated in this study has great potential for biomedical applications, such as the rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2.

Construction of dual Z-scheme Ag3VO4-BiVO4/InVO4 photocatalysts using vanadium source from spent catalysts for contaminated water treatment and bacterial inactivation.

Vanadate-based photocatalysts have recently attracted substantial attention owing to their outstanding photocatalytic activity for degrading organic pollutants and generating energy via photocatalytic processes. However, the relatively high price of vanadium has hindered the development of vanadate-based photocatalysts for various applications. Spent catalysts obtained from oil refineries typically contain a significant quantity of vanadium, making them valuable for recovery and utilization as precursors for the production of high-value-added photocatalysts. In this study, we transformed the V present in spent catalysts produced by the petrochemical industry into ternary vanadate-based photocatalysts [BiVO4/InVO4/Ag3VO4 (BVO/IVO/AVO, respectively)] designed for water remediation. The ternary composites revealed an enhanced photocatalytic capability, which was 1.42 and 5.1 times higher than those of the binary BVO/IVO and pristine AVO due to the facilitated charge separation. The ternary photocatalysts not only effectively treated wastewater containing various organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), rhodamine 6G (R6G), and brilliant green (BG), but also exhibited remarkable photocatalytic performance in the degradation of antibiotics, reduction of Cr(VI), and bacterial inactivation. This paper proposes a feasible route for recycling industrial waste as a source of vanadium to produce highly efficient vanadate-based photocatalysts.

Surface Modification of Li3VO4 with PEDOT:PSS Conductive Polymer as an Anode Material for Li-Ion Capacitors.

Li3VO4 (LVO) is a highly promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries, owing to its high capacity and stable discharge plateau. However, LVO faces a significant challenge due to its poor rate capability, which is mainly attributed to its low electronic conductivity. To enhance the kinetics of lithium ion insertion and extraction in LVO anode materials, a conductive polymer called poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is applied to coat the surface of LVO. This uniform coating of PEDOT:PSS improves the electronic conductivity of LVO, thereby enhancing the corresponding electrochemical properties of the resulting PEDOT:PSS-decorated LVO (P-LVO) half-cell. The charge/discharge curves between 0.2 and 3.0 V (vs. Li+/Li) indicate that the P-LVO electrode displays a capacity of 191.9 mAh/g at 8 C, while the LVO only delivers a capacity of 111.3 mAh/g at the same current density. To evaluate the practical application of P-LVO, lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are constructed with P-LVO composite as the negative electrode and active carbon (AC) as the positive electrode. The P-LVO//AC LIC demonstrates an energy density of 107.0 Wh/kg at a power density of 125 W/kg, along with superior cycling stability and 97.4% retention after 2000 cycles. These results highlight the great potential of P-LVO for energy storage applications.

Reproducible SERS substrates manipulated by interparticle spacing and particle diameter of gold nano-island array using in-situ thermal evaporation.

Gold (Au) nano-island arrays were deposited on the glass substrate to fabricate surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates by in-situ thermal evaporation (deposited and annealed samples at the same time). The optimal SERS intensity deposited by various thicknesses and in-situ annealing temperatures of Au nano-island arrays would be investigated. The biomolecules (adenine) were dropped on the well-designed SERS substrate for precise and quantitative SERS detection. The characterization of Au nano-island arrays SERS substrate would be evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the optimal deposition thickness and annealing temperature of Au nano-island arrays SERS substrate is about 14 nm and 200 °C respectively, which can construct the smallest interparticle spacing (W)/ particle diameter (D) ratio and the lowest reflection (%) and transmittance (%) to form the strongest SERS intensity. Moreover, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation of the electromagnetic field distributions on Au nano-island arrays displays the similar trend with the experimental results. The 14 nm deposition with 200 °C in-situ annealing temperature would display the highest density of hot-spots by FDTD simulation. The reproducible Au nano-island arrays SERS substrates with tunable surface roughness, W/D ratio, and lower reflection and transmittance show promising potential for SERS detection of biomolecules, bacteria, and viruses.

Flexible PDMS-Based SERS Substrates Replicated from Beetle Wings for Water Pollutant Detection.

The flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor, which has the bionic 3D nanoarray structure of a beetle-wing substrate (BWS), was successfully prepared by replicated technology and thermal evaporation. The bionic structure was replicated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and then silver (Ag) nanoisland thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation. The deposition times and thicknesses (25-40 nm) of the Ag thin films were manipulated to find the optimal SERS detection capability. The Ag nanoisland arrays on the surface of the bionic replicated PDMS were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and contact angle, which can generate strong and reproducible three-dimensional hotspots (3D hotspots) to enhance Raman signals. The water pollutant, rhodamine 6G (R6G), was used as a model molecule for SERS detection. The results show that 35 nm Ag deposited on a PDMS-BWS SERS substrate displays the strongest SERS intensity, which is 10 times higher than that of the pristine BWS with 35 nm Ag coating, due to the excellent 3D bionic structure. Our results demonstrate that bionic 3D SERS sensors have the potential to be applied in wearable devices and sensors to detect biomolecules and environmental pollutants, such as industrial wastewater, in the future.

Intelligent and thermo-responsive Au-pluronic® F127 nanocapsules for Raman-enhancing detection of biomolecules.

Thermo-responsive Raman-enhanced nanocapsules were successfully fabricated by Pluronic® F127 (F127) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of biomolecules. F127 nanocapsules changes from hydrophilicity (swelling) to hydrophobicity (de-swelling) when the temperature increases from 15 °C to 37 °C, owing to the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of F127 is about 26.5 °C. The size of nanocapsules would be enormous shrinking from 160 nm to 20 nm, resulting in a significant decrease in the distance between AuNPs to enhance hot spot effect, which increases the sensitivity of SERS detection. Based on the thermo-sensitive behavior, the ratio of AuNPs and F127 would be manipulated to find the optimal SERS enhancement effect. SERS nanocapsules can rapidly detect biomolecules (adenine and R6G) with limit of detection (LOD) lower than 10-6 M. In addition, the relatively difficult to detect clinical samples, carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone fragments (C-PTH), can also be measured by the thermo-responsive SERS nanocapsules developed in this work. It is expected the biomolecules can be adsorbed at low temperature (15 °C), as well as collected and concentrated at high temperature (37 °C) for SERS detection, to increase the sensitivity and stability of SERS detection.

Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with core-shell of Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles for rapid SERS detection and hyperthermia treatment of bacteria.

In this study, the core-shell of Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by seeding AuNPs onto Fe3O4 NPs modified with poly-ethylenimine (PEI). Later, Fe3O4-Au NPs were attached to cationic poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA)-modified graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets through in situ self-assembly behaviors, termed as Fe3O4-Au@RGO nanocomposites, for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection and hyperthermia treatment of bacteria. The resulting Fe3O4-Au@RGO nanocomposites were evaluated systematically by transmission electron microscope, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. It revealed that the core-shell structured Fe3O4-Au NPs were dispersed homogeneously on the surface of the GO nanosheets. Furthermore, the rapid SERS detection for small biomolecules and bacteria was conducted by Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the greatest SERS intensity was fne tuned at the weight ratio of Fe3O4-Au/RGO nanosheets was 20/1, displaying the optimal interparticle gap of AuNPs to induce the huge hot-spots effect. The magnetic inductive heating capability of Fe3O4-Au@RGO nanocomposites was produced under high frequency magnetic field exposure and can kill high than 90% of the bacteria at 10 min. Hence, the newly developed Fe3O4-Au@RGO nanocomposites were demonstrated to be viable for SERS detection of biomolecules and microbes and potential applications for magnetically capturing and hyperthermia treatment of bacteria.

Synthesis and Properties of Cyclopentyl Cardo-Type Polyimides Based on Dicyclopentadiene.

A crucial polymer intermediate, 4-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopentyl]-phenol (bisphenol CP), was developed from dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), a key byproduct of the C5 fraction in petrochemicals. On the basis of bisphenol CP, a diamine, 4,4'-((cyclopentane-1,1-diylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))-dianiline (cyclopentyl diamine; CPDA) was subsequently obtained through a nucleophilic substitution of bisphenol CP, followed by the hydrogenation process. By using the CPDA diamine, a series of polyimides with cyclopentyl (cardo) units on the backbone were prepared along with a reference polyimide (API-6F) based on 4,4'-(4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy)dianiline (BPAA), and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)-diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) for the exploration of structure-properties relationship. Thanks to the presence of cyclopentyl units, this type of cardo polyimides exhibited comparable tensile properties, especially a large elongation (25.4%). It is also worth noting that CPI-6F exhibited better solubility in organic solvents, such as NMP, DMAc, THF, and chloroform, than the other PIs. Gas separation properties were also evaluated for these cardo-type polyimides.

Magnetic and Thermal-sensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based Microgels for Magnetically Triggered Controlled Release.

Magnetically and thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)/Fe3O4-NH2 microgels with the encapsulated anti-cancer drug curcumin (Cur) were designed and fabricated for magnetically triggered release. PNIPAAm-based magnetic microgels with a spherical structure were produced via a temperature-induced emulsion followed with physical-crosslinking by mixing PNIPAAm, polyethylenimine (PEI), and Fe3O4-NH2 magnetic nanoparticles. Because of their dispersity, the Fe3O4-NH2 nanoparticles were embedded inside the polymer matrix. The amine groups exposed on the Fe3O4-NH2 and PEI surface supported the spherical structure by physically crosslinking with the amide groups of the PNIPAAm. The hydrophobic anti-cancer drug curcumin can be dispersed in water after encapsulation into the microgels. The microgels were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-Vis spectral analysis. Furthermore, magnetically triggered release was studied under an external high frequency magnetic field (HFMF). A significant "burst release" of curcumin was observed after applying the HFMF to the microgels due to the magnetic inductive heating (hyperthermia) effect. This manuscript describes the magnetically triggered controlled release of Cur-PNIPAAm/Fe3O4-NH2 encapsulated curcumin, which can be potentially applied for tumor therapy.

SERS Detection of Biomolecules by Highly Sensitive and Reproducible Raman-Enhancing Nanoparticle Array.

This paper describes the preparation of nanoarrays composed of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs: 20-50 nm) for use as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. The AgNPs were grown on porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates by electrochemical plating, and the inter-channel gap of AAO channels is between 10 and 20 nm. The size and interparticle gap of silver particles were adjusted in order to achieve optimal SERS signals and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The fluctuation of SERS intensity is about 10-20% when measuring adenine solutions, showing a great reproducible SERS sensing. The nanoparticle arrays offer a large potential for practical applications as shown by the SERS-based quantitative detection and differentiation of adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), ß-carotene, and malachite green. The respective detection limits are <1 ppb for adenine and <0.63 ppm for ß-carotene and malachite green, respectively. Uniform and reproducible Raman enhancement enabled by Ag nanoparticle array embedded in anodic aluminum oxide differentiates and helps quantify DNA canonical nucleobases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine).

Characterization of Au and Bimetallic PtAu Nanoparticles on PDDA-Graphene Sheets as Electrocatalysts for Formic Acid Oxidation.

Nanocomposite materials of the Au nanoparticles (Au/PDDA-G) and the bimetallic PtAu nanoparticles on poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)-modified graphene sheets (PtAu/PDDA-G) were prepared with hydrothermal method at 90 °C for 24 h. The composite materials Au/PDDA-G and PtAu/PDDA-G were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for exploring the structural characterization for the electrochemical catalysis. According to TEM results, the diameter of Au and bimetallic PtAu nanoparticles is about 20-50 and 5-10 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that both of PtAu and Au nanoparticles exhibit the crystalline plane of (111), (200), (210), and (311). Furthermore, XRD data also show the 2°-3° difference between pristine graphene sheets and the PDDA-modified graphene sheets. For the catalytic activity tests of Au/PDDA-G and PtAu/PDDA-G, the mixture of 0.5 M aqueous H2SO4 and 0.5 M aqueous formic acid was used as model to evaluate the electrochemical characterizations. The catalytic activities of the novel bimetallic PtAu/graphene electrocatalyst would be anticipated to be superior to the previous electrocatalyst of the cubic Pt/graphene.

Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles/Graphene-PDDA Nanohybrids for Bio-detection by SERS Nanotechnology.

In this research, graphene nanosheets were functionalized with cationic poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) bio-detection application. AuNPs were synthesized by the traditional citrate thermal reduction method and then adsorbed onto graphene-PDDA nanohybrid sheets with electrostatic interaction. The nanohybrids were subject to characterization including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the diameter of AuNPs is about 15-20 nm immobilized on the graphene-PDDA sheets, and the zeta potential of various AuNPs/graphene-PDDA ratio is 7.7-38.4 mV. Furthermore, the resulting nanohybrids of AuNPs/graphene-PDDA were used for SERS detection of small molecules (adenine) and microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus), by varying the ratios between AuNPs and graphene-PDDA. AuNPs/graphene-PDDA in the ratio of AuNPs/graphene-PDDA = 4:1 exhibited the strongest SERS signal in SERS detection of adenine and S. aureus. Thus, it is promising in the application of rapid and label-free bio-detection of bacteria or tumor cells.

Synthesis and characterizations of Ni-NiO nanoparticles on PDDA-modified graphene for oxygen reduction reaction.

We are presenting our recent research results about the Ni-NiO nanoparticles on poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-modified graphene sheet (Ni-NiO/PDDA-G) nanocomposites prepared by the hydrothermal method at 90°C for 24 h. The Ni-NiO nanoparticles on PDDA-modified graphene sheets are measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern for exploring the structural evidence to apply in the electrochemical catalysts. The size of Ni-NiO nanoparticles is around 5 nm based on TEM observations. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the Ni in the (012), (110), (110), (200), and (220) crystalline orientations, respectively. Moreover, the crystalline peaks of NiO are found in (111) and (220). The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) result represents the loading content of the Ni metal which is about 34.82 wt%. The electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA/XPS) reveals the Ni(0) to Ni(II) ratio in metal phase. The electrochemical studies with Ni-NiO/PDDA-G in 0.5 M aqueous H2SO4 were studied for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).