Reduced thiamine binding is a novel mechanism for TPK deficiency disorder.

Thiamine pyrophosphokinase (TPK) converts thiamine (vitamin B1) into thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), an essential cofactor for many important enzymes. TPK1 mutations lead to a rare disorder: episodic encephalopathy type thiamine metabolism dysfunction. Yet, the molecular mechanism of the disease is not entirely clear. Here we report an individual case of episodic encephalopathy, with familial history carrying a novel homozygous TPK1 mutation (p.L28S). The L28S mutation leads to reduced enzymatic activity, both in vitro and in vivo, without impairing thiamine binding and protein stability. Thiamine supplementation averted encephalopathic episodes and restored the patient's developmental progression. Biochemical characterization of reported TPK1 missense mutations suggested reduced thiamine binding as a new disease mechanism. Importantly, many disease mutants are directly or indirectly involved in thiamine binding. Thus, our study provided a novel rationale for thiamine supplementation, so far the major therapeutic intervention in TPK deficiency.

[Clinical features of Enterococcus faecium meningitis in children].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical features of Enterococcus faecium meningitis in children. METHODS: The clinical data of nine children with Enterococcus faecium meningitis were analyzed. RESULTS: In all the nine children, Enterococcus faecium was isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or peripherally inserted central catheters; 6 (67%) patients were neonates, 2 (22%) patients were younger than 6 months, and 1 (11%) patient was three years and four months of age. In those patients, 56% had high-risk factors before onset, which included intestinal infection, resettlement of drainage tube after surgery for hydrocephalus, skull fracture, perinatal maternal infection history, and catheter-related infection. The main symptoms were fever and poor response. In those patients, 22% had seizures; no child had meningeal irritation sign or disturbance of consciousness. The white blood cell count and level of C-reactive protein were normal or increased; the nucleated cell count in cerebrospinal fluid was normal or mildly elevated; the protein level was substantially elevated; the glucose level was decreased. The drug sensitivity test showed that bacteria were all sensitive to vancomycin and the vancomycin treatment was effective. Only one child had the complication of hydrocephalus. CONCLUSIONS: Enterococcus faecium meningitis occurs mainly in neonates and infants. The patients have atypical clinical features. A high proportion of patients with Enterococcus faecium meningitis have high-risk factors. Enterococcus faecium is sensitive to vancomycin.

[Risk Factors and Prognosis of Secondary Epilepsy in Children with Viral Encephalitis].

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical features of viral encephalitis in children at acute stage, and the relationship of these clinical features with post viral encephalitic epilepsy. METHODS: The children with viral encephalitis treated in West China Second University Hospital between January 2010 and January 2014 were enrolled. The clinical features included general conditions, clinical manifestations, video electroencephalogram (VEEG), neuroimaging, virology, prognosis and antiepileptic drugs. The logistic regression model analysis was utilized to analyze the risk factors for the occurrence, bad control, and poor prognosis of post viral encephalitic epilepsy. RESULTS: Total 506 children with viral encephalitis were enrolled. Of these, 58(11.46%)developed epilepsy with a follow-up period more than 1.5 years. The logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors were repetitive seizures (SB =3.602), detection of clinical seizures in EEG (SB =3.061), status epilepticus (SB =2.711) and mental/behavior disorder (SB =1.850). Among 58 epilepsy cases, 40(74.07%) had favorable seizure control, including 37 cases (92.5%) using no more than two kinds of antiepileptic drugs. With Glasgow Outcome Scale, 24 patients (41.38%) had poor prognosis, including 20 cases of intellectual and psychomotor retardation (83.33%), 3 cases of language disorders (12.50%), 1 case of hearing impairment (4.17%), 3 cases of limb dysfunction (12.50%), 3 cases of mortalities (12.50%). Single factor analysis suggested status epilepticus in acute phase had more chance to poor prognosis, but this was not confirmed by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: The risk factors of post viral encephalitic epilepsy in pediatric patients comprise the mental/behavior disorder, repetitive seizures, status epilepticus, and detection of clinical seizures during VEEG monitoring. The risk factors of poor prognosis remain unclear.

[Clinical Feature in Infants of Breast Feeding Allergy and Its Possible Relation with Gastrointestinal Peptide Change in Breast Milk].

OBJECTIVES: To investigate clinical features in infants of breast milk allergy(BMA), and the possible relationship with the changes of somatostatin (SST) and motilin (MTL) in breast milk. METHODS: Twenty three cases of pure breast feeding infants with allergic gastroenteritis were collected, while another 23 normal infants with pure breast feeding were enrolled as normal controls. Samples of infant stools and breast milk were collected for the measurement of SST and MTL levels detected by by radioimmunity. RESULTS: The levels of SST and MTL in stool samples (pg/mg) were 32.6±8.9, 2.3±3.7 in BMA group and 56.2±12.7, 21.6±4.7 in normal control group, respectively. Those in breast milk (pg/mg) were 236.7±28.9, 159.4±36.7 in BMA group and 412.6±36.7, 216.8±59.7 in normal control group, respectively. All the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). In BMA infants, the clinical features were 91.3% (20/23) of diarrhea, 86.9% (21/23) of vomiting, 69.6% (16/23) of hematochezia, 95.7% (22/23) of C-reactive protein (CRP) increasing, 87.0% (20/23) of occult blood in stools, 73.9% (17/23) of neutrophil increasing, 39.1% (9/23) of WBC in stools. CONCLUSIONS: For those infants of breast feeding with persisting and repeated gastrointestinal symptoms, allergy for breast milk should be considered. Deficiency of SST and MTL in breast milk may be a possible cause for food allergy.

[Effect of ingested immunoglobulin on sIgA expression in pediatric rotavirus enteritis].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of ingested anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin on enteric expressions of SIgA in pediatric rotavirus enteritis. METHODS: In this randomized, placebo controlled clinic trial, 100 patients of pediatric rotavirus enteritis who simultaneously received fluid replacement as basic therapy, were randomly divided into control and immunoglobulin treated groups. The patients in experimental group were given "ingested antirotavirus IgY". Stool sample was collected at day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11, the level of fecal SIgA was quantifies by radioimmunoassay kit, and fecal rotavirus shedding was detected by double-sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: The frequency of diarrhea in immunoglobulin group was obviously less than that in control group (P<0.05). The mean course of diarrhea was (4.5 +/- 0.92) d in immunoglobulin group, and (5.8 +/- 1.68) d in control group (P=0.015). The fecal SIgA level in immunoglobulin group was higher than that in control group(P<0.05). The doubling time of SIgA level was the 3rd d in immunoglobulin group, and the 5th d in control group. The fecal rotavirus shedding in immunoglobulin group was obviously lower than that in control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ingested anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin could promote the expression of enteric SIgA to remove rotavirus, achieving the benefit to release diarrhea in pediatric rotavirus enteritis.

[The Relationship Between Serum CysC, ß2-MG and the Efficacy of Demethylation Therapy in Patients with Acute Myeloid leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between serum cystatin C (CysC), ß2-microglobulin (ß2-MG) and the efficacy of demethylation therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 98 AML patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from February 2019 to January 2022. All patients were treated with decitabine (DAC) + HAG regimen, 28 days as a course and treated for 3-4 courses. At the end of each course of treatment, the treatment effect of the patients was evaluated, and the patients who achieved complete remission (CR) transferred to consolidation therapy, while the patients who did not reach CR at the end of the course of treatment were considered as treatment failure. The examination items before treatment include routine blood parameters, serum CysC, and ß2-MG, and general clinical data of the patients were collected. According to the statistical results, logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between serum CysC, ß2-MG and the efficacy of demethylation therapy in AML patients. The ROC curves were drawn, and the predictive efficacy of serum CysC, ß2-MG on demethylation therapy in AML patients was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Of the 98 AML patients enrolled in the study, 5 cases were excluded during the treatment period, and 93 cases finally completed the chemotherapy courses. Among them, 23 patients achieved CR after the initial induction chemotherapy (course 1-2), and 11 patients achieved CR after the re-induction chemotherapy (course 3-4). The success rate of demethylation therapy was 36.56 % (34/93). Compared with the patients in treatment success group, patients in treatment failure group had a higher proportion of intermediate- and adverse-risk, lower levels of platelet (PLT) and hemoglobin (Hb), and higher expression levels of serum CysC and ß2-MG, all of which were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that high expression of serum CysC, ß2-MG and adverse-risk were independent risk factors for failure of demethylation treatment in AML patients (OR >1, P < 0.05). The ROC curves showed that the AUC values of serum CysC, ß2-MG alone and combined in predicting the efficacy of demethylation therapy in AML patients were 0.788, 0.785 and 0.834, respectively. CONCLUSION: The failure of demethylation therapy in AML patients is related to the high expression of serum CysC and ß2-MG, and detection of serum CysC and ß2-MG before treatment can predict the risk of demethylation therapy failure in AML patients.

Application of enhanced recovery after surgery based on multiphase optimization strategy in the nursing management of children with snoring disease day surgery.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of applying a multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) to enhance recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols within the nursing management of children undergoing day surgery for snoring disease. BACKGROUND: While MOST has been applied to behavioral intervention research in smoking cessation, AIDS management, and weight loss by international scholars, its application in constructing nursing intervention projects remains relatively unexplored. DESIGN: Using convenience sampling, randomised controlled trial. METHODS: A convenience sampling method was employed. The study recruited 200 preschool children diagnosed with snoring who underwent day surgery at a specific hospital between January 2023 and January 2024. The participants were divided into two groups: a control group receiving standard nursing care and an experimental group receiving MOST-guided, integrated high-quality nursing plans specifically designed for children with snoring undergoing day surgery, adhering to established ERAS guidelines. RESULTS: Children in the experimental group exhibited significantly lower anxiety levels compared to the control group, both in the preoperative waiting area and upon returning to the ward (p < 0.01). While the quality of discharge teaching scale (QDTS) scores did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.01), the content of discharge instructions and the perceived effectiveness and skill of nurse guidance differed significantly between the control and experimental groups(p < 0.01). Notably, the experimental group experienced a demonstrably lower incidence of thirst, hunger, crying, aspiration, pain, and conversion of day ward to routine hospitalization mode compared to the control group (all p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting between the groups after rehydration (p > 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of ERAS protocols enhanced by MOST within the nursing management of children with snoring undergoing day surgery demonstrates significant efficacy. This approach can effectively reduce preoperative anxiety in children, improve the quality of discharge guidance provided to parents, and demonstrably decrease the occurrence of postoperative thirst, hunger, crying, aspiration, pain, and the need for unplanned hospitalization transitions within 6 h after surgery. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is necessary to provide fast rehabilitation nursing for children with snoring during daytime operation. Nurses should adopt the theory of fast rehabilitation based on multi-stage optimization strategy to promote children's fast rehabilitation after operation.

Evaluation of the protein requirement in Chinese young adults using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique.

OBJECTIVE: To accurately calculate the protein requirements in Chinese young adults using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. METHODS: Nine women and ten men received a restricted daily level of protein intake (0.75, 0.82, 0.89, 0.97, and 1.05 g/kg), along with L-[1-13C]-leucine. Subjects' protein requirement was determined by a biphasic linear regression crossover analysis of F13CO2 data. In doing so, a breakpoint at the minimal rate of appearance of 13CO2 expiration specific to each level of dietary protein was identified. This trial was registered with the Chinese clinical trial registry as ChiCTR-ONC-11001407. RESULTS: The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of protein for healthy Chinese young adults were determined to be 0.87 and 0.98 g/(kg•d), respectively, based on the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. CONCLUSION: The EAR and RNI of mixed protein are 5% and 16% that are lower than the current proposed EAR and RNI (0.92 and 1.16 g/(kg•d), respectively), as determined by the nitrogen balance method. The respective EAR and RNI recommendations of 0.87 and 0.98 g/(kg•d) of mixed protein are estimated to be reasonable and suitable for Chinese young adults.

[Therapeutic effect of probiotics and oral IgY as supplementary drugs in the treatment of pediatric rotavirus enteritis: a comparative study].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect of probiotics and oral immunoglobulin on pediatric rotavirus enteritis. METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in 150 children with rotavirus enteritis who were randomly divided into control, probiotic and immunoglobulin groups (n=50 each). In addition to basic treatment, the control group was given placebo, the probiotic group was given live combined bifidobacterium and lactobacillus tablets, and the immunoglobulin group was orally given anti-rotavirus egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY). Clinical symptoms such as stool frequency and stool properties were recorded every day. Fresh stool samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 of treatment. Intestinal flora imbalance was detected and divided into three degrees by microscopic examination of stool. Fecal SIgA level and fecal rotavirus shedding were measured by radioimmunoassay and double-antibody sandwich ELISA respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the probiotic group had reduced intestinal flora imbalance, decreased stool frequency, and reduced incidence of secondary intestinal bacterial infection after 3 days of treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in disease course between the probiotic and control groups. Compared with the control group, the immunoglobulin group had a significantly increased fecal SIgA level after 1 day of treatment (P<0.05), significantly decreased frequency of diarrhea and fecal rotavirus shedding after 3 days of treatment (P<0.05), and a significantly shorter disease course (4.5±1.0 vs 5.8±1.7 days; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For children with rotavirus enteritis, probiotics can reduce intestinal flora imbalance and prevent secondary intestinal bacterial infection, but probiotics take a long time to relieve clinical symptoms and cannot shorten the course of disease. Oral immunoglobulin takes effect quickly and can rapidly eliminate rotavirus, promote the production of SIgA, and shorten the course of disease.

Delayed diagnosis of abdominal Henoch-Schonlein purpura in children: A case report.

BACKGROUND: For children with abdominal Henoch-Schonlein purpura presenting abdominal pain as an initial symptom and severe clinical manifestations, but without purpura appearance on the skin, the diagnosis and treatment are relatively difficult. This study summarized the characteristics of this group of patients by literature review and provided additional references for further refinement of glucocorticoid therapy in this vasculitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 6-year-old girl presented mainly with repeated abdominal pain and had received short-term out-of-hospital treatment with hydrocortisone. On day 7 after onset, gastroscopy revealed chronic non-atrophic gastritis and erosive duodenitis without purpuric rash, and no obvious resolution of the abdominal pain was found after treatment against infection and for protection of gastric mucosa. On day 14 the inflammatory indices continued to rise and the pain was relieved after enhanced anti-infective therapy, but without complete resolution. On day 19, the patient presented with aggravated abdominal pain with purplish-red dots on the lower limbs, by which Henoch-Schonlein purpura was confirmed. After 5 d of sequential treatment with methylprednisolone and prednisone, abdominal pain disappeared and she was discharged. CONCLUSION: Henoch-Schonlein purpura-related rash may appear after long-term abdominal pain, and should be distinguished from acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases at the early stage without typical rash. For bacterial infection-induced Henoch-Schonlein purpura, glucocorticoid therapy alone without clearing the infection may not relieve symptoms.

Trans-Rotator Cuff Approach for Spinoglenoid Cysts: Tips and Traps.

In this study, we introduce an arthroscopic technique for posterior-superior capsular fenestration and spinoglenoid cyst resection completely via a trans-rotator cuff approach. This approach can provide a full field of view and allow evaluation of the scope of the cyst under direct vision, which reduces the risk of recurrence and injury to the suprascapular neurovascular bundle.

Electroacupuncture of Weizhong (BL-40) Acupoint Inspires Muscular Satellite Cell Regeneration and Promotes Muscle Repair Capacity after Back Muscle Injury in Sprague-Dawley Rat Model.

Background: Back muscle injury is the most common illness involved in aged people. Muscular satellite cells, playing a key role in the muscle repairing process, are gradually losing their regenerative ability with aging, which attenuates the injured muscle repairing process. Electroacupuncture at Weizhong acupoint has been widely used in the treatment of young and aged patients with back muscle damage. Its efficacy has been proven by a randomized double-blind placebo clinical trial. However, the rehabilitation mechanisms are largely unknown. This study will explore the possible mechanisms associated with electroacupuncture at the Weizhong acupoint (BL 40) promoting muscle repairing ability. Method: A total of 58 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a younger group (4-month-old) and an aged group (16-month-old), younger and aged rats were further divided as a sham, injured, injured rats treated with electroacupuncture at Weizhong point or treated with Non-Weizhong point groups. The back muscle injury model was produced in rats as a previously described method with modification. Furthermore, Weizhong acupoints underwent electroacupuncture treatment with 15 V magnitude, 2 Hz/10 Hz frequency density, 1.0 mA current intensity, and 10 min each day for 10 consecutive days using HANS's electroacupuncture apparatus. After the last treatment, the paravertebral muscles and serum of all animals were undergone histological, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry analysis. Serum levels of Creatine Kinase (CK) and proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL-6), were measured separately by using ELISA kit. Results: Electroacupuncture of Weizhong (BL 40) acupoints significantly attenuated back muscle damage in both young and aged rats, increasing PAX7 (a marker of muscle satellite cells) and MYOD (major marker of myoblasts) cells, simultaneously, reducing serum proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, and downregulation of p38 MAPK signaling in aged muscular satellite cells. Conclusion: Our studies suggest that electroacupuncture of Weizhong (BL 40) acupoints can restore aged back muscular satellite cells and their regeneration capacity. These suggested electroacupuncture may be a potential means of promoting rehabilitation for muscular injury in aged patients.

SEM study on filum terminale with tethered cord syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the understanding in pathology and provide steady proof for diagnosis and treatment of tethered cord syndrome (TCS), the ultrastructure of filum terminale (FT) with TCS will be researched, respectively. METHODS: Thirty-one fila were sectioned and divided into two groups according to diameter. Twenty-two fila thicker than 2 mm were placed into group 1; nine no thicker than 2 mm were placed into group 2. Their transverse and longitudinal sections were respectively submitted for scanning electron microscopy analysis. RESULTS: For the FTs with TCS, ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence of abundant collagen bundles and adipocytes, sparse or invisible elastic and reticular fibers inside the FT, but the latter two fibers were still visible in the relative normal areas of FT; some abnormalities, such as thickening, distortion, adhesion or fusion to piece, relatively dense and disorderly arrangement at a different degree, were quite common for collagen fiber. Some areas looked blurry, and some crystallization appeared occasionally on their surface. For the FTs with TFTS, those changes as mentioned above were still exhibited, but slightly relatively. All the changes mentioned inside all the FTs may exist alone or concomitantly, rarely simultaneously. Moreover, they can be often seen focally or diffusely occasionally. CONCLUSIONS: Low elasticity resulting from the destruction of the three-dimensional structure of FT is involved in TCS. Early FT severing is a treatment of choice no matter whether its appearance looks normal.

Collagenous colitis in a child induced by chronic respiratory allergy: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Collagen colitis (CC) is a microscopic colitis diagnosed by mucosal biopsy and is extremely rare in children. PATIENT CONCERNS: We reported a child with severe persistent diarrhea that could not be relieved with traditional diarrheal treatment. No abnormalities were found after multiple colonoscopies. DIAGNOSES: A significant increase in total IgE levels was found in the patient's blood. He had a history of mild chronic allergic rhinitis and slightly intermittent wheezing. However, we found that the child had a hyperallergic reaction to multiple respiratory antigens and had mild pulmonary dysfunction. Finally, colonoscopy with biopsy identified the diagnosis of CC. INTERVENTION: Considering that a respiratory allergic reaction was one of the causes of diarrhea, anti-allergic treatment was given to the child, and his severe diarrhea was soon relieved. Corticosteroid treatment was suggested to the patient, but his parents firmly refused steroid therapy. According to the patient's specific allergic reaction to mites, desensitization treatment was finally chosen for him. OUTCOMES: After 1 year of desensitization for dust mites, the patient's respiratory symptoms improved, total IgE levels decreased, autoantibodies declined, and diarrhea did not reoccur. Colonoscopy with biopsy showed a significant improvement in pathology. CONCLUSION: CC in children is rare, and childhood CC induced by a respiratory allergic reaction has not been previously reported. Therefore, this is a special case of CC in a patient who was cured with anti-allergy treatments and desensitization instead of steroid therapy.

Steroid withdrawal or avoidance is safe in high-risk kidney transplants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The present study is aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of steroid withdrawal or avoidance (SWA) in high-risk kidney transplant (HRKT). We performed a systematic review of the literature and pooled analysis of the available data concerning SWA following HRKT. HRKT is associated with patients undergoing repeat kidney transplantation, in African American recipients, or in patients with panel-reactive antibody levels >20%. Seven cohort studies and one randomized controlled trial, involving a total of 22 075 patients, were included. Pooled analysis to estimate the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) demonstrated comparable graft loss (RR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.76-1.09) between the SWA and corticosteroid maintenance groups, but with reduced mortality in the SWA group (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.98). A subanalysis suggested that SWA was not associated with increased graft loss in patients undergoing steroid withdrawal within 1 week of transplantation, in African American recipients, or in patients with follow-up >5 years. Additionally, SWA was associated with reduced death in those undergoing withdrawal within 1 week (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.98), in African Americans (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.98), and in those with follow-up extended to >5 years (RR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.98). SWA was not associated with an increased risk of acute rejection (RR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.21) or cytomegalovirus infection (RR = 1.86, 95% CI 1-3.47); however, it was associated with a reduced risk of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (RR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.37-0.97). SWA following HRKT is safe in terms of graft survival and rejection, and patients undergoing an SWA regimen had a lower risk of death and posttransplant diabetes mellitus. Future prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

The risk factors of residual lesions and recurrence of the high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) patients with positive-margin after conization.

The aim of this study was to illuminate risks factors of residual lesions, and recurrence of the high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) patients with positive margin who underwent cervical conization.A retrospective cohort study of 218 patients with positive margin after conization, including cold knife conization (CKC) and loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP), and follow-up from 2013 through 2016. The diagnosis of residual disease and recurrence were established and confirmed by biopsy. We evaluate the correlations among residual rate, recurrence rate, and clinical parameters, such as age, menopausal status, gravity, parity, glandular involvement, thinprep cytologic test (TCT), and human papillomavirus (HPV) results. We also detect the difference between CKC and LEEP.There was statistical difference between the positive margin rate of CKC group and LEEP regarding the surgery methods (5.8% and 12.09% separately, P < .001). Residual disease was found in 53.66% cases where 41 patients received second surgery after conization. Besides, age (P = .027), menopausal status (P = .006), and HPV infection (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with residual lesion. Among 177 cases with histopathologic follow-up, 15.91% women relapsed from 4 to 27 months. As for recurrence we found it was more frequent with HPV infection and glandular involvement (P < .001). TCT was also an independent factor in patients with recurrence of lesion. No evidence shows difference between CKC and LEEP for recurrence rate (P = .918).The factors related to rate of residual lesion were age, menopausal status, and HPV infection. HPV infection, TCT, and glandular involvement were associated with HSIL recurrence. LEEP was as effective as CKC with regard to recurrence rate. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Effect of Clostridium butyricum supplementation on the development of intestinal flora and the immune system of neonatal mice.

The objective of the present study was to examine whether Clostridium butyricum supplementation has a role in the regulation of the intestinal flora and the development of the immune system of neonatal mice. A total of 30 pregnant BALB/c mice, including their offspring, were randomly divided into three groups: In the maternal intervention group (Ba), maternal mice were treated with Clostridium butyricum from birth until weaning at postnatal day 21 (PD21) followed by administration of saline to the offspring at PD21-28; in the offspring intervention group (Ab), breast-feeding maternal mice were supplemented with saline and offspring were directly supplemented with Clostridium butyricum from PD21-28; in the both maternal and offspring intervention group (Bb), both maternal mice and offspring were supplemented with Clostridium butyricum at PD 0-21 and at PD21-28. While mice in the control group were given the same volume of normal saline. Stool samples from the offspring were collected at PD14, -21 and -28 to observe the intestinal flora by colony counts of Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Detection of intestinal secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels and serum cytokine (interferon-γ, and interleukin-12, -4 and -10) levels in offspring was performed to evaluate the effect on their immune system. The results revealed that compared with the control group, offspring in the Ba group displayed significantly decreased stool colony counts of Enterococcus spp. (t=3.123, P<0.01) at PD14 and significantly decreased counts of Enterobacter spp. at PD14 and -21 (t=2.563, P<0.05 and t=2.292, P<0.05, respectively). Compared with the control group, the stool colony counts of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were significantly increased in the Ba group at PD21 (t=3.085, P<0.01 and t=2.8508, P<0.05, respectively). The Ab group had significantly higher stool colony counts of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. at PD28, compared with the control group (Q=7.679, P<0.01 and Q=6.149, P<0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences identified in the sIgA levels of the intestinal fluid and serum cytokine levels between the control group and the intervention groups. In conclusion, Clostridium butyricum administered to breast-feeding maternal mice was able to regulate the intestinal flora balance in their offspring. However, due to insignificant effects on sIgA level and the associated cytokines, Clostridium butyricum had a limited influence on the balance of type 1 vs. type 2 T-helper cells. However, using Clostridium butyricum as an invention may be a safe method for improving the balance of intestinal flora and associated processes in offspring.

P2Y1 receptor antagonists mitigate oxygen and glucose deprivation­induced astrocyte injury.

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of blocking the calcium signaling pathway of astrocytes (ASs) on oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)­induced AS injury. The association between the changes in the concentrations of AS­derived transmitter ATP and glutamic acid, and the changes in calcium signaling under the challenge of OGD were investigated. The cortical ASs of Sprague Dawley rats were cultured to establish the OGD models of ASs. The extracellular concentrations of ATP and glutamic acid in the normal group and the OGD group were detected, and the intracellular concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) was detected. The effects of 2'­deoxy­N6­methyl adenosine 3', 5'­diphosphate diammonium salt (MRS2179), a P2Y1 receptor antagonist, on the release of calcium and glutamic acid of ASs under the condition of OGD were observed. The OGD challenge induced the release of glutamic acid and ATP by ASs in a time­dependent manner, whereas elevation in the concentration of glutamic acid lagged behind that of the ATP and Ca2+. The concentration of Ca2+ inside ASs peaked 16 h after OGD, following which the concentration of Ca2+ was decreased. The effects of elevated release of glutamic acid by ASs when challenged by OGD may be blocked by MRS2179, a P2Y1 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, MRS2179 may significantly mitigate OGD­induced AS injury and increase cell survival. The ASs of rats cultured in vitro expressed P2Y1 receptors, which may inhibit excessive elevation in the concentration of intracellular Ca2+. Avoidance of intracellular calcium overload and the excessive release of glutamic acid may be an important reason why MRS2179 mitigates OGD­induced AS injury.

[Signaling pathway of BDNF protecting embryonic cortical neurons from hypoxia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of TrkB and Ras-MAPK in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protecting the embryonic rat cerebral cortical neurons against hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS: The immunofluorescence technique, laser scanning confocal microscope and half-quantitative analysis were done to explore the changes of the intracellular levels of tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), phosphorylated TrkB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in rat embryonic cortical neurons cultured in different time groups of hypoxia with or without BDNF pretreatment. RESULTS: The fluorescent intensity of TrkB and phosphorylated TrkB in the cytoplasm and the fluorescent intensity of MAPK in both cytoplasm and cell nucleus of the neurons were significantly increased in the presence of BDNF (P < 0.05), the fluorescent intensity of neurons pretreated with BDNF 24 h before the hypoxia culture was stronger than those with BDNF just before the hypoxia culture (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Ras-MAPK approach may be the major signal transferring way of BDNF in protecting the cortical neurons from hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity. The approach of signal transferring begins with tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkB receptors.

Neuroprotective effect of Shenqi Fuzheng injection pretreatment in aged rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Shenqi Fuzheng injection is extracted from the Chinese herbs Radix Astragali and Radix Codonopsis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Shenqi Fuzheng injection in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Aged rats (20-22 months) were divided into three groups: sham, model, and treatment. Shenqi Fuzheng injection or saline (40 mL/kg) was injected into the tail vein daily for 1 week, after which a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established. Compared with model rats that received saline, rats in the treatment group had smaller infarct volumes, lower brain water and malondialdehyde content, lower brain Ca(2+) levels, lower activities of serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase, and higher superoxide dismutase activity. In addition, the treatment group showed less damage to the brain tissue ultrastructure and better neurological function. Our findings indicate that Shenqi Fuzheng injection exerts neuroprotective effects in aged rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and that the underlying mechanism relies on oxygen free radical scavenging and inhibition of brain Ca(2+) accumulation.