The European experience: public education with regards to AIDS prevention.

This article is based on information provided by participants at an International Consultation on "Public Education and AIDS Prevention", 18-20 October 1987. The meeting was convened by the Federal Centre for Health Education, in collaboration with the World Health Organization, in Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany. Thirty-two participants from seventeen European countries and the United States attended, as did representatives of the World Health Organization and the Council of Europe.

Interventions to improve the use of antimalarials in south-east Asia: an overview.

There are few drugs for malaria, and those which are available for use are subject to rapid development of resistance. Curiously, little effort has been made to improve drug use in malaria-endemic countries and to assess the benefits of such improvements. Advances can be made in public understanding of the value of ingesting a full regimen of antimalarials, in order to achieve complete cure, and in improving simple technologies (blister packaging) to achieve the same result. Better efforts can be made to reduce the availability of fake or substandard drugs in the marketplace. In this article, we describe the outcome of a concerted effort to improve drug compliance and drug quality in an area of multidrug resistance for malaria. These research efforts, guided by the Task Force for Improved Use of Antimalarials, characterized the problems in drug compliance in South-East Asia, and developed interventions to improve drug use in the various countries. Interventions involved drug packaging, public information campaigns, and assessments of drug quality. Results show that blister packaging worked best to improve drug compliance and that the increased cost of packaged medication did not limit its use. Drug quality was a major problem in unregulated countries and should be improved.

PIP: Except for the artemisinin derivatives recently deployed in southeast Asia, resistance has emerged to all antimalarial drugs. The Task Force for Improved Use of Antimalarials was created within the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) in 1993, with the purpose of establishing, through research, measures to take to protect the few existing antimalarials in the southeast Asian region. Research was conducted in China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Viet Nam. The task force characterized the problems in drug compliance in southeast Asia, and developed interventions to improve drug use in the various countries. Interventions involved drug packaging, public information campaigns, and assessments of drug quality. It was found that blister packaging worked best in improving drug compliance and that the increased cost of packaged medication did not limit its use. Poor drug quality is a major problem in unregulated countries which should be improved.

Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with aminosidine (paromomycin) ointment: double-blind, randomized trial in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the parasitological and clinical efficacy of four weeks versus two weeks of treatment with aminosidine (paromomycin) ointment in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in the Islamic Republic of Iran. METHODS: Double-blind, randomized trial of four weeks of aminosidine ointment (n = 108) vs two weeks of aminosidine ointment and two weeks of placebo (n = 108). Patients were assessed on days 15, 29, 45, and 105 for clinical cures and clinical and parasitological cures. FINDINGS: Four weeks' treatment gave significantly better cure rates than two weeks' treatment: on day 29, there were 80/108 (74%) vs 64/108 (59%) clinical cures (P = 0.05) and 47 (44%) vs 26 (24%) clinical and parasitological cures (P = 0.005). By day 45, fewer patients who received four weeks' treatment had required rescue treatment with antimonials than those who received two weeks' treatment: 20 (19%) vs 36 (33%) (P = 0.02). On day 105, the results still favoured those who had been allocated four weeks of active treatment, but the differences were no longer as clearly significant. No side-effects were observed or reported. CONCLUSION: Approximately two-thirds of patients given ointment for four weeks were cured clinically. Although about half of those cured might have recovered spontaneously even without treatment, four weeks of aminosidine ointment could become the first-line treatment for uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major, with antimonials needed in only the one-third of patients not cured by the end of treatment with aminosidine. This would considerably reduce the costs and side-effects associated with antimonial drugs.