Endothelial Chromatin-Remodeling Enzymes Regulate the Production of Critical ECM Components During Murine Lung Development.

BACKGROUND: The chromatin-remodeling enzymes BRG1 (brahma-related gene 1) and CHD4 (chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 4) independently regulate the transcription of genes critical for vascular development, but their coordinated impact on vessels in late-stage embryos has not been explored. METHODS: In this study, we genetically deleted endothelial Brg1 and Chd4 in mixed background mice (Brg1fl/fl;Chd4fl/fl;VE-Cadherin-Cre), and littermates that were negative for Cre recombinase were used as controls. Tissues were analyzed by immunostaining, immunoblot, and flow cytometry. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to determine gene expression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed gene targets of BRG1 and CHD4 in cultured endothelial cells. RESULTS: We found Brg1/Chd4 double mutants grew normally but died soon after birth with small and compact lungs. Despite having normal cellular composition, distal air sacs of the mutant lungs displayed diminished ECM (extracellular matrix) components and TGFß (transforming growth factor-ß) signaling, which typically promotes ECM synthesis. Transcripts for collagen- and elastin-related genes and the TGFß ligand Tgfb1 were decreased in mutant lung endothelial cells, but genetic deletion of endothelial Tgfb1 failed to recapitulate the small lungs and ECM defects seen in Brg1/Chd4 mutants. We instead found several ECM genes to be direct targets of BRG1 and CHD4 in cultured endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data highlight essential roles for endothelial chromatin-remodeling enzymes in promoting ECM deposition in the distal lung tissue during the saccular stage of embryonic lung development.

Cytokine-Mediated Degradation of the Transcription Factor ERG Impacts the Pulmonary Vascular Response to Systemic Inflammatory Challenge.

BACKGROUND: During infectious diseases, proinflammatory cytokines transiently destabilize interactions between adjacent vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to facilitate the passage of immune molecules and cells into tissues. However, in the lung, the resulting vascular hyperpermeability can lead to organ dysfunction. Previous work identified the transcription factor ERG (erythroblast transformation-specific-related gene) as a master regulator of endothelial homeostasis. Here we investigate whether the sensitivity of pulmonary blood vessels to cytokine-induced destabilization is due to organotypic mechanisms affecting the ability of endothelial ERG to protect lung ECs from inflammatory injury. METHODS: Cytokine-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ERG were analyzed in cultured HUVECs (human umbilical vein ECs). Systemic administration of TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) or the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide was used to cause a widespread inflammatory challenge in mice; ERG protein levels were assessed by immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. Murine Erg deletion was genetically induced in ECs (Ergfl/fl;Cdh5[PAC]-CreERT2), and multiple organs were analyzed by histology, immunostaining, and electron microscopy. RESULTS: In vitro, TNFα promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of ERG in HUVECs, which was blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. In vivo, systemic administration of TNFα or lipopolysaccharide resulted in a rapid and substantial degradation of ERG within lung ECs but not ECs of the retina, heart, liver, or kidney. Pulmonary ERG was also downregulated in a murine model of influenza infection. Ergfl/fl;Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2 mice spontaneously recapitulated aspects of inflammatory challenges, including lung-predominant vascular hyperpermeability, immune cell recruitment, and fibrosis. These phenotypes were associated with a lung-specific decrease in the expression of Tek-a gene target of ERG previously implicated in maintaining pulmonary vascular stability during inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data highlight a unique role for ERG in pulmonary vascular function. We propose that cytokine-induced ERG degradation and subsequent transcriptional changes in lung ECs play critical roles in the destabilization of pulmonary blood vessels during infectious diseases.

Navigating chronic pain: how taking a few wrong turns can miss sinister pathology.

Bone sarcomas are rare in childhood, and their presentation can often mimic more benign complaints or chronic musculoskeletal pain. Ewing sarcomas in particular are often diagnosed after a significant delay from the onset of symptoms. At a population level, a long diagnostic delay is not necessarily associated with worse survival , as tumours that display slow growth also tend to be less aggressive. For any specific individual however, a delayed diagnosis can result in a larger tumour that is more difficult to treat. We explore a case of Ewing sarcoma and discuss how the presenting features, approach to imaging and the role of clinician cognitive bias may have led to diagnostic delay.Ewing sarcoma is treated with chemotherapy and surgery and/or radiotherapy based on the initial site of disease, size of tumour and response to initial treatment. With current UK treatments, overall survival is approximately 70% for localised tumours and up to 20% in those with metastatic disease. Bone sarcomas usually present with deep-seated mechanical bone pain akin to toothache. The pain can be intermittent over the course of days or weeks, but pain occurring at night should be considered a red flag. Swelling may also present. On plain X-ray, bone sarcomas can demonstrate areas of bone destruction, new bone formation, periosteal inflammation and soft tissue swelling, but in some cases the changes are very subtle. Persistent unexplained symptoms require MRI to exclude tumours and detect potential benign causes that are amenable to treatment.

The UK Experience of a Treatment Strategy for Pediatric Metastatic Medulloblastoma Comprising Intensive Induction Chemotherapy, Hyperfractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy and Response Directed High Dose Myeloablative Chemotherapy or Maintenance Chemotherapy (Milan Strategy).

BACKGROUND: Historically, the 5-year overall survival (OS) for metastatic medulloblastoma (MMB) was less than 40%. The strategy of post-operative induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) and response directed high dose chemotherapy (HDC) was reported in a single center study to improve 5-year OS to 73%. We report outcomes of this strategy in UK. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to all 20 UK pediatric oncology primary treatment centers to collect retrospective data on delivered treatment, toxicity and survival with this strategy in children aged 3-19 years with MMB. RESULTS: Between February 2009 and October 2011, 34 patients fulfilled the entry criteria of the original study. The median age was 7 years (range 3-15). Median interval from surgery to HART was 109 versus 85 days in the original series. The incidence of grade 3 or 4 hematological toxicities with IC and HDC was 83-100%. All 16 patients who achieved complete response by the end of the regimen remain in remission but only three of 18 patients with lesser responses are still alive (P < 0.0001). With a median follow-up of 45 months for survivors, the estimated 3-year OS is 56% (95% CI 38, 71). This result is outside the 95% CI of the original study results and encompasses the historical survival result of 40%. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of statistical significance, we did not replicate the improved survival results reported in the original series. The reasons include differences in patient sub-groups and protocol administration. International randomized phase III studies are needed.

Localized cardiac metabolic trajectories and post-infectious metabolic sequelae in experimental Chagas disease.

Post-infectious conditions, where clinical symptoms fail to resolve even after pathogen clearance, present major health burdens. However, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. In Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, antiparasitic agents can clear T. cruzi but late-stage treatment does not improve clinical cardiac outcomes. In this study, we revealed differential metabolic trajectories of cardiac regions during T. cruzi infection, matching sites of clinical symptoms. Incomplete, region-specific, cardiac metabolic restoration was observed in animals treated with the antiparasitic benznidazole, even though parasites were successfully cleared. In contrast, superior metabolic restoration was observed for a combination treatment of reduced-dose benznidazole plus an immunotherapy (Tc24-C4 T. cruzi flagellar protein and TLR4 agonist adjuvant), even though parasite burden reduction was lower. Overall, these results provide a mechanism to explain prior clinical treatment failures in CD and to test novel candidate treatment regimens. More broadly, our results demonstrate a link between persistent metabolic perturbation and post-infectious conditions, with broad implications for our understanding of post-infectious disease sequelae.

Localized cardiac small molecule trajectories and persistent chemical sequelae in experimental Chagas disease.

Post-infectious conditions present major health burdens but remain poorly understood. In Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasites, antiparasitic agents that successfully clear T. cruzi do not always improve clinical outcomes. In this study, we reveal differential small molecule trajectories between cardiac regions during chronic T. cruzi infection, matching with characteristic CD apical aneurysm sites. Incomplete, region-specific, cardiac small molecule restoration is observed in animals treated with the antiparasitic benznidazole. In contrast, superior restoration of the cardiac small molecule profile is observed for a combination treatment of reduced-dose benznidazole plus an immunotherapy, even with less parasite burden reduction. Overall, these results reveal molecular mechanisms of CD treatment based on simultaneous effects on the pathogen and on host small molecule responses, and expand our understanding of clinical treatment failure in CD. This link between infection and subsequent persistent small molecule perturbation broadens our understanding of infectious disease sequelae.

Persistent biofluid small molecule alterations induced by Trypanosoma cruzi infection are not restored by antiparasitic treatment.

Chagas Disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) protozoa, is a complicated parasitic illness with inadequate medical measures for diagnosing infection and monitoring treatment success. To address this gap, we analyzed changes in the metabolome of T. cruzi-infected mice via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of clinically-accessible biofluids: saliva, urine, and plasma. Urine was the most indicative of infection status, across mouse and parasite genotypes. Metabolites perturbed by infection in the urine include kynurenate, acylcarnitines, and threonylcarbamoyladenosine. Based on these results, we sought to implement urine as a tool for assessment of CD treatment success. Strikingly, it was found that mice with parasite clearance following benznidazole antiparasitic treatment had comparable overall urine metabolome to mice that failed to clear parasites. These results match with clinical trial data in which benznidazole treatment did not improve patient outcomes in late-stage disease. Overall, this study provides insights into new small molecule-based CD diagnostic methods and a new approach to assess functional treatment response.

Persistent Biofluid Small-Molecule Alterations Induced by Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Are Not Restored by Parasite Elimination.

Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) protozoa, is a complicated parasitic illness with inadequate medical measures for diagnosing infection and monitoring treatment success. To address this gap, we analyzed changes in the metabolome of T. cruzi-infected mice via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of clinically accessible biofluids: saliva, urine, and plasma. Urine was the most indicative of infection status across mouse and parasite genotypes. Metabolites perturbed by infection in urine include kynurenate, acylcarnitines, and threonylcarbamoyladenosine. Based on these results, we sought to implement urine as a tool for the assessment of CD treatment success. Strikingly, it was found that mice with parasite clearance following benznidazole antiparasitic treatment had an overall urine metabolome comparable to that of mice that failed to clear parasites. These results provide a complementary hypothesis to explain clinical trial data in which benznidazole treatment did not improve patient outcomes in late-stage disease, even in patients with successful parasite clearance. Overall, this study provides insights into new small-molecule-based CD diagnostic methods and a new approach to assess functional responses to treatment.

Cytokine-Mediated Degradation of the Transcription Factor ERG Impacts the Pulmonary Vascular Response to Systemic Inflammatory Challenge.

Background: During infectious diseases, pro-inflammatory cytokines transiently destabilize interactions between adjacent vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to facilitate the passage of immune molecules and cells into tissues. However, in the lung the resulting vascular hyperpermeability can lead to organ dysfunction. Previous work identified the transcription factor ERG as a master regulator of endothelial homeostasis. Here we investigate whether the sensitivity of pulmonary blood vessels to cytokine-induced destabilization is due to organotypic mechanisms affecting the ability of endothelial ERG to protect lung ECs from inflammatory injury. Methods: Cytokine-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ERG was analyzed in cultured Human Umbilical Vein ECs (HUVECs). Systemic administration of TNFα or the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to cause a widespread inflammatory challenge in mice; ERG protein levels were assessed by immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. Murine Erg deletion was genetically induced in ECs ( Erg fl/fl ;Cdh5(PAC)Cre ERT2 ), and multiple organs were analyzed by histology, immunostaining, and electron microscopy. Results: In vitro, TNFα promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of ERG in HUVECs, which was blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. In vivo, systemic administration of TNFα or LPS resulted in a rapid and substantial degradation of ERG within lung ECs, but not ECs of the retina, heart, liver, or kidney. Pulmonary ERG was also downregulated in a murine model of influenza infection. Erg fl/fl ;Cdh5(PAC)-Cre ERT2 mice spontaneously recapitulated aspects of inflammatory challenges, including lung-predominant vascular hyperpermeability, immune cell recruitment, and fibrosis. These phenotypes were associated with a lung-specific decrease in the expression of Tek , a gene target of ERG previously implicated in maintaining pulmonary vascular stability during inflammation. Conclusions: Collectively, our data highlight a unique role for ERG in pulmonary vascular function. We propose that cytokine-induced ERG degradation and subsequent transcriptional changes in lung ECs play critical roles in the destabilization of pulmonary blood vessels during infectious diseases.

Suprarenal Masses in Very Young Infants: Is It Safe to Watch and Wait? Report of a SIOPEN Observational Study Results.

Background: To assess whether expectant observation of infants ≤ 90 days old with small suprarenal masses (sSRMs) could avoid unnecessary surgery without impacting outcome. Methods: Infants ≤ 90 days with a ≤ 5 cm mass, without midline extension or lymph node or distant spread were registered (ClinicalTrials.org:NCT01728155). Once staging was completed, they were followed with ultrasound, MRI and urinary catecholamines. Surgical resection was only planned if there was a ≥40% mass volume increase or for a mass persisting after 48 weeks of the planned observation. Results: Over a 5-year period, 128 infants were registered. No infant had detectable MYCN amplification in the peripheral blood. Surgery was performed in 39 (30.5%) patients, in 18 during and in 21 after the planned 48-week observation, and 74% were confirmed to be neuroblastomas. Non-life-threatening surgical complications occurred in two cases. The 3-year overall survival and event-free survival were 100% and 87.1%, respectively. The 16 events observed were volume increase (N = 11) and progression to neuroblastoma stage MS (N = 5). Patients with solid masses or MIBG-positive masses had lower EFS. Conclusions: Expectant observation for infants with sSRMs with clinical follow-up and timely imaging (including MRI scan) is safe and effective, allowing surgery to be avoided in the majority of them.

Inpatient to outpatient transfer of diabetes care: perceptions of barriers to postdischarge followup in urban African American patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine potential obstacles to postdischarge followup of hospitalized diabetes patients and to inform planning to better ensure continuity of service when care is transferred from inpatient to outpatient settings. DESIGN: Surveys of hospital inpatients. SETTING: Urban hospital PATIENTS: Inpatients with diabetes mellitus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Identification of barriers to postdischarge followup in relation to age, sex, race, marital status, employment status, educational level, health insurance status, date of admission, date of diagnosis, admission and discharge glucose values, and hyperglycemia medications at discharge. RESULTS: Of 303 respondents (average age 50 years, 46% women, 91% African American), 95% indicated that they planned to use follow-up services. Fifty percent of these patients anticipated encountering barriers to keeping outpatient appointments. The primary reasons were transportation problems (59%), inability to afford the visit (34%), and lack of health insurance (24%). Among persons expecting difficulty with follow-up care, significantly more were uninsured (P=.025), and a greater proportion had prior trouble accessing medical care (P<.0001). The odds of anticipating a barrier to postdischarge followup were higher for persons without health insurance (odds ratio [OR] 2.62, P=.040) and for persons with prior healthcare access problems (OR 5.94, P<.0001). Women also had a greater chance of reporting an obstacle (OR 2.30, P=.024). CONCLUSION: New discharge planning programs that emphasize the need for long-term followup and that assist persons with access to postdischarge medical services should be developed, particularly for minority populations at particular risk for diabetes and its complications.

Hepatoblastoma in a mosaic trisomy 18 child with hemihypertrophy.

To date, there are 12 reported cases of hepatoblastoma in trisomy 18 patients, three of whom had a mosaic chromosome pattern. We report on an 18-month-old child who had hemihypertrophy and developmental delay, was found to have hepatoblastoma on surveillance ultrasound scan, and was subsequently diagnosed with mosaic trisomy 18 on array comparative genomic hybridisation from a peripheral blood sample and molecular cytogenetic analysis of the tumour specimen. Although hemihypertrophy has been associated with mosaic trisomies, there are only a couple of published case reports of hemihypertrophy or asymmetry in mosaic trisomy 18 patients and none in the reported cases of hepatoblastoma in a mosaic trisomy 18 setting. We have reviewed the published case reports of hepatoblastoma in trisomy 18 patients and found that they seem to tolerate the intensive treatment very well if there are no significant comorbidities.

Inpatient to outpatient transfer of care in urban patients with diabetes: patterns and determinants of immediate postdischarge follow-up.

BACKGROUND: A key opportunity for continuing diabetes care is to assure outpatient follow-up after hospitalization. To delineate patterns and factors associated with having an ambulatory care visit, we examined immediate postdischarge follow-up among a cohort of urban, hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Retrospective study of 658 inpatients of a municipal hospital. Primary data sources were inpatient surveys and electronic records. RESULTS: Patients were stratified into outpatient follow-up (69%), acute care follow-up (15%), and those with no follow-up (16%); differences between groups were detected for age (P =.02), percentage discharged with insulin (P =.03), and percentage receiving a full discount for care (P<.001). Among patients with a postdischarge visit, 43% were seen in our specialty diabetes clinic, and 26% in a primary care site. Adjusted analyses showed any follow-up visit significantly decreased with having to pay for care. The odds of coming to the Diabetes Clinic increased if patients were discharged with insulin, had new-onset diabetes, or had a direct referral. CONCLUSIONS: In this patient cohort, most individuals accomplished a postdischarge visit, but a substantial percentage had an acute care visit or no documented follow-up. New efforts need to be devised to track patients after discharge to assure care is achieved, especially in this patient population particularly vulnerable to diabetes.

Neuroblastoma Arginase Activity Creates an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment That Impairs Autologous and Engineered Immunity.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, and survival remains poor for patients with advanced disease. Novel immune therapies are currently in development, but clinical outcomes have not matched preclinical results. Here, we describe key mechanisms in which neuroblastoma inhibits the immune response. We show that murine and human neuroblastoma tumor cells suppress T-cell proliferation through increased arginase activity. Arginase II is the predominant isoform expressed and creates an arginine-deplete local and systemic microenvironment. Neuroblastoma arginase activity results in inhibition of myeloid cell activation and suppression of bone marrow CD34(+) progenitor proliferation. Finally, we demonstrate that the arginase activity of neuroblastoma impairs NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell receptor and GD2-specific chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. High arginase II expression correlates with poor survival for patients with neuroblastoma. The results support the hypothesis that neuroblastoma creates an arginase-dependent immunosuppressive microenvironment in both the tumor and blood that leads to impaired immunosurveillance and suboptimal efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches.

Transforming doctoral education through the clinical electronic portfolio.

The DNP is a terminal degree focusing on the preparation of expert clinicians with advanced leadership, evidence-based practice, and systems management skills. An electronic clinical portfolio (e-portfolio) allows students to showcase their individual experiences, provides an objective measure of their achievement, and demonstrates integration of the core doctoral competencies within each specialty. The purpose of this article was to describe the development of an e-portfolio and provide general guidelines for successful implementation and evaluation.

Clinical, biologic, and prognostic differences on the basis of primary tumor site in neuroblastoma: a report from the international neuroblastoma risk group project.

PURPOSE: Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous tumor arising from sympathetic tissues. The impact of primary tumor site in influencing the heterogeneity of NB remains unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children younger than age 21 years diagnosed with NB or ganglioneuroblastoma between 1990 and 2002 and with known primary site were identified from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group database. Data were compared between sites with respect to clinical and biologic features, as well as event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Among 8,369 children, 47% had adrenal tumors. All evaluated clinical and biologic variables differed statistically between primary sites. The features that were > 10% discrepant between sites were stage 4 disease, MYCN amplification, elevated ferritin, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and segmental chromosomal aberrations, all of which were more frequent in adrenal versus nonadrenal tumors (P < .001). Adrenal tumors were more likely than nonadrenal tumors (adjusted odds ratio, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.67 to 2.63; P < .001) and thoracic tumors were less likely than nonthoracic tumors (adjusted odds ratio, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.39; P < .001) to have MYCN amplification after controlling for age, stage, and histologic grade. EFS and OS differed significantly according to the primary site (P < .001 for both comparisons). After controlling for age, MYCN status, and stage, patients with adrenal tumors had higher risk for events (hazard ratio, 1.13 compared with nonadrenal tumors; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.23; P = .008), and patients with thoracic tumors had lower risk for events (HR, 0.79 compared with nonthoracic; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.92; P = .003). CONCLUSION: Clinical and biologic features show important differences by NB primary site, with adrenal and thoracic sites associated with inferior and superior survival, respectively. Future studies will need to investigate the biologic origin of these differences.

Aneurysmal bone cyst as a rare cause of spinal cord compression in a young child.

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVES: To report: 1) one of the youngest cases of aneurysmal bone cysts presenting with cord compression at the cervicothoracic junction with 7-year follow-up; and 2) the technique we used to stabilize such a small spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Aneurysmal bone cyst is an uncommon but well-recognized tumor affecting the spine of children. The mean age of presentation is 16 years. It has hardly been reported below the age of 4 years. All data are in the form of case reports or series. Surgical or nonoperative management can be used. Spinal implant systems are not designed for use in very small children. METHODS: Clinical data analysis. RESULTS: A girl presented at age 2 years and 3 months with cord compression at the cervicothoracic junction. After an inconclusive biopsy, a formal excision and reconstruction of the C7 and T1 were performed anteriorly and posteriorly. We used a fibular graft, internal fixation with crossed plates from the maxillofacial implant tray and a Cervifix rod contoured into a rectangle with sublaminar titanium cables. Postsurgery, she had a left Horner syndrome that has never recovered and motor weakness of the right arm that improved but did not fully recover. She developed a staphylococcal infection 6 months postsurgery that was managed by removal of the rectangle. She developed a posterior recurrence 10 months postsurgery, which was managed surgically. Follow-up has been for 7 years without further evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Both surgical and nonsurgical management has been advocated for these tumors. The cord compression at presentation forced us toward surgical management. It is likely that observational data are the only evidence available for clinical decision-making. In this case, we were able to obtain good access to the front of the upper thoracic spine by a supraclavicular approach. Tiny plates are available to maxillofacial surgeons that can be adapted for use in the spines of small children.

Central cord syndrome after total hip arthroplasty: a patient report.

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: To present a patient with central cord syndrome injury after total hip arthroplasty performed under general endotracheal anesthesia. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Central cord syndrome, a common injury usually sustained as a result of an extension injury to the cervical spine, often occurs in geriatric patients with underlying spondylotic changes. The injury results in weakness and sensory changes, which are more pronounced in the upper than in the lower extremities. Patients with this syndrome experience variable return of function, but some degree of residual deficit and spasticity is likely. METHODS: The medical record, including the intraoperative anesthesia records, operative notes, progress notes, discharge summary, clinic notes, and radiology studies and reports, was reviewed. RESULTS: The patient developed signs of central cord syndrome after total hip arthroplasty. Despite nonoperative intervention, including physiotherapy, the patient's upper and lower extremity weakness continued. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed evidence of cervical cord compression, and the patient underwent a cervical laminectomy, which produced mild improvement in his symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid life-altering complications, it is important to evaluate the cervical spine (especially in the elderly), avoid neck extension during intubation, and use careful airway management in patients with suspected stenosis/spondylosis.