RESUMO
This report suggests a strong association between coagulase-negative Staphylococcus simulans and endocarditis in broiler chickens of a single flock. Clinical signs included increased mortality and lameness, and some dead chickens were found on their backs. Lesions included cauliflower-like, fibrinous vegetative lesions on the left atrioventricular valve; cream-coloured, necrotic foci of varying size in the liver; and necrosis of the femoral head. Histopathological examination of the heart revealed multifocal conglomerates of bacterial colonies attached to the valvular endocardium, threads of fibrin, and inflammatory cells with the presence of heterophils. S. simulans strains were first identified by API ID32, and then confirmed with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and by partial sequencing of the rpoB and dnaJ genes. These bacteria were resistant to methicillin but sensitive to vancomycin and characterized by slime production and protease activity.
Assuntos
Galinhas/microbiologia , Endocardite/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Endocardite/microbiologia , Endocardite/patologia , Fibrina/metabolismo , Meticilina/farmacologia , Necrose/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologia , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus/enzimologia , Staphylococcus/patogenicidade , Vancomicina/farmacologia , Fatores de VirulênciaRESUMO
The KIR2DL4 gene is characterized by alleles with either 9 or 10 consecutive adenines in exon 7, which encodes the transmembrane domain. The 9A variant produces either a protein with a truncated cytoplasmic tail or one lacking the transmembrane region. This causes a lack of KIR2DL4 expression. In contrast, 10A alleles encode receptors that may be expressed at the cell surface. We tested 438 healthy individuals for polymorphism of the KIR2DL4 gene. KIR2DL4 9A/10A alleles were distinguished by the high resolution melting (HRM) method, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used for genotyping of three other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the near vicinity of the poly-adenine fragment. We found a weak difference between males and females in 9769 C/A genotypes and alleles. In addition, we observed complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) between 9A insertion/deletion in the 9620 position and the 9571T/C position of the gene (r(2) = 1) both in females and males and almost complete LD with the 9797G/A position (r(2) = 0.963 for females and r(2) = 0.892 for males). Most importantly, we detected, in a group of fertile women, a high frequency (30.2%) of homozygosity for the defective 9A variant, which suggests that KIR2DL4 as a functional cell surface receptor is not absolutely necessary for reproduction. On the other hand, lower representation of 10A/10A homozygotes and high frequency of 10A/9A heterozygotes indicates a need for both cell membrane-anchored and soluble KIR2DL4 molecules. Finally, cost-reducing RFLP instead of HRM is proposed for typing 9A and 10A variants.
Assuntos
Receptores KIR2DL4/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Alelos , Antígenos de Superfície/genética , Sequência de Bases , Éxons/genética , Feminino , Fertilidade/genética , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Técnicas de Genotipagem/economia , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Desnaturação de Ácido Nucleico , Polônia , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Receptores KIR2DL4/fisiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The purpose of this investigation was the determination of the distribution of genotypes at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in fetuses and newborns congenitally infected with Toxoplasma gondii and the identification of genetic changes predisposing to infection development. The study involved 20 fetuses and newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis and 50 uninfected controls. The levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii, as well as IgG avidity, were estimated by enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) tests. T. gondii DNA loads in amniotic fluids were assayed by the real-time (RT) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q PCR) technique for parasitic B1 gene. TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs were identified using a self-designed multiplex nested PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Randomly selected genotypes at SNPs were confirmed by sequencing. All the genotypes were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and TLR4 genotypes were analyzed for linkage disequilibrium. A correlation was studied between the genotypes or haplotypes and the development of congenital toxoplasmosis using a logistic regression model. Single SNP analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the distribution of distinct genotypes at the analyzed TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs between T. gondii-infected fetuses and newborns and the controls. Taking into account the prevalence of alleles residing within polymorphic sites, similar prevalence rates were observed in both of the studied groups. The multiple SNP analysis indicated GTG variants at the TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs to be significantly less frequent in offspring with congenital toxoplasmosis than in uninfected offspring (p ≤ 0.0001). TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs seem to be involved in protection against congenital toxoplasmosis.
Assuntos
Doenças Fetais/genética , Doenças Fetais/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Imunoglobulina M/análise , Recém-Nascido/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/genética , Toxoplasmose Congênita/imunologia , Feminino , Feto , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/genética , Imunoglobulina M/genética , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Toxoplasma/imunologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this investigation was the determination of the distribution of genotypes and alleles, residing within interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 1 (IL1) polymorphisms, among fetuses and neonates, congenitally infected with Toxoplasma gondii, and among uninfected control cases. The study included 22 fetuses and newborns infected with T. gondii and 49 control cases. Screening for IgG and IgM antibodies against the parasite and IgG avidity was performed by enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) tests. Quantitation of T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluids was assayed by the real-time Q PCR technique for the parasitic B1 gene. Genotypes at IL6 and IL1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined by a self-designed, nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Representative genotypes at the studied loci were confirmed by sequencing. All the genotypes were estimated for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and IL1 genotypes were tested for linkage disequilibrium. Genotypes and haplotypes at the studied SNPs were investigated for their possible association with the occurrence of congenital T. gondii infection, using a logistic regression model. GC heterozygotes at the IL6 -174 G>C SNP were significantly associated with toxoplasmosis and increased the risk of T. gondii infection [odds ratio (OR) 4.24, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.24-14.50 in the codominant model, p ≤ 0.050]. In case of IL1 SNPs, similar prevalence rates were observed between T. gondii-infected and -uninfected offspring. Regarding allelic variability, the C alleles at both IL6 and IL1B SNPs were significantly more frequent in the infected than in the uninfected cases (p ≤ 0.050). It is concluded that IL6 -174 G>C and IL1B +3954 C>T SNPs might be involved in the development of congenital T. gondii infection.
Assuntos
Predisposição Genética para Doença , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Toxoplasmose Congênita/genética , Líquido Amniótico/parasitologia , Afinidade de Anticorpos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , DNA de Protozoário/análise , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Recém-Nascido , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Toxoplasma/imunologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this investigation was to describe a distribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV) single and multiple genotypes among infected pregnant women, their fetuses, and newborns coming from Central Poland, as well as congenital cytomegaly outcome. The study involved 278 CMV-seropositive pregnant women, of whom 192 were tested for viral DNAemia. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genotyping was performed for 18 of 34 pregnant women carrying the viral DNA and for 12 of their 15 offspring with confirmed HCMV infections. Anti-HCMV antibodies levels were assessed by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and enzyme-linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) tests. Viral DNA loads and genotypes were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the UL55 gene. In the pregnant women, we identified HCMV gB1, gB2, gB3, and gB4 genotypes. Single gB2, gB3, or gB4 genotypes were observed in 14 (77.8 %) women, while multiple gB1-gB2 or gB2-gB3 genotypes were observed in four (22.2 %). Maternal HCMV genotypes determined the genotypes identified in their fetuses and newborns (p ≤ 0.050). Half of them were infected with single HCMV gB1, gB2, or gB3 genotypes and the other half with multiple gB1-gB2 or gB2-gB3 genotypes. Single and multiple genotypes were observed in both asymptomatic and symptomatic congenital cytomegaly, although no gB3 genotype was identified among asymptomatic cases. In Central Poland, infections with single and multiple HCMV strains occur in pregnant women, as well as in their fetuses and neonates, with both asymptomatic and symptomatic infections. HCMV infections identified in mothers seem to be associated with the viral genotypes in their children.
Assuntos
Coinfecção/virologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/virologia , Citomegalovirus/classificação , Citomegalovirus/genética , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Feto , Genótipo , Humanos , Imunoensaio , Recém-Nascido , Epidemiologia Molecular , Polônia/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
In the literature the renal-ovarian axis has been demonstrated. Although, kidney and ovary are in a very distant anatomic position, they are supposed to have a lot of in common. This unusual connection begins from embryology, vascularization, and metastasizing tumors to each other. In the present systemic review the authors showed 24 case reports published in the literature, describing the metastases of primary renal cancer to ovary and only four cases reporting primary ovarian cancer metastases to kidney. Finding primary origin of the tumor is crucial in diagnostic process and subsequent therapy. The present case is a 25th case of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastasizing to ovary. The authors report the case of 51-year old woman with a four-year history of metastatic renal clear cell carcinoma (MRCC) presented in the present hospital with contralateral metastasis in right ovary.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/secundário , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii has a highly clonal genetic structure classified into three major genetic types, I, II, and III, plus additional recombinant and atypical strains. In humans, type I and atypical strains usually associate with severe toxoplasmosis. Type II strains, predominantly identified in European countries and the United States, correlate with a differential course of toxoplasmosis. During pregnancy, the important protective role of the placenta against maternal-fetal T. gondii transmission has been reported. T. gondii preferentially colonizes extravillous trophoblasts as compared to syncytiotrophoblasts. The latter compartment was suggested to act as the real barrier to the fetal dissemination of T. gondii. Alterations in immune response to particular T. gondii strains were observed. Higher transcription levels of IP-10, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 cytokines, and NF-κB translocation to the nucleus were more often documented for type II strains than type I strains. Since the induction of IL-12 during type II infection was Myd88-dependent, the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immunity against these strains was suggested. Differential expression of TLRs depends on placental cell types and gestational age. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the first trimester of pregnancy was reported only for villous cytotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts, but not for syncytiotrophoblasts. The involvement of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR genes in infectious pathogenicity, including toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, points at a possible involvement of TLR alterations in immunity against T. gondii. We conclude that studies on TLR contributions in the maternal-fetal transmission of particular parasite strains and congenital toxoplasmosis are warranted.
Assuntos
Placenta/imunologia , Placenta/parasitologia , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose/transmissão , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Gravidez , Gestantes , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologia , Toxoplasma/classificação , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/patologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The purpose of this investigation was to perform an evaluation of the prevalence and socioeconomic risk factors for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections in a cohort of Polish pregnant women between 2010 and 2011. HCMV-specific IgG and IgM antibody levels were assayed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests in serum samples collected from 1,250 pregnant women attending outpatient obstetric clinics and hospitalized at two hospitals in Lodz. The seroprevalence of anti-HCMV IgG and IgM antibodies was 62.4 and 2.2 %, respectively, and differed significantly between age-stratified groups (p ≤ 0.05). The highest IgG prevalence was observed in women above 36 years of age (76.2 %) and IgM in adolescent women aged 16-20 years (6.0 %). Of the various socioeconomic factors, age above 36 years, basic and professional education, and offspring were significantly associated with HCMV IgG prevalence rates (PRs; 1.89, 1.80, and 1.56, respectively). Financial status, occupational risk related to contact with children, and transfusions were not related to the prevalence of IgG antibodies. The IgM prevalence was not associated with any of the analyzed risk factors. A slightly higher prevalence was observed in women who were transfused in the past, but the relationship was not significant. The current data have revealed a decrease in HCMV IgG seroprevalence in our region during recent years (62.4 vs. 76.7 %). Basic and professional education, as well as bringing up offspring, were determined as significant risk factors for HCMV infections in Polish pregnant women [risk ratio (RR) 1.20 and 1.17, respectively], suggesting that the primary and secondary prophylaxis of cytomegaly is necessary during pregnancy, even if screening is not mandatory.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Estudos de Coortes , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study aimed to describe Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in Polish pregnant women and the incidence rates of congenital infections in their neonates observed between 2004 and 2012. Serological tests for T. gondii-specific IgG and IgM antibodies were performed on serum samples of 8281 pregnant women treated at the Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute in Lodz. The yearly seroconversion rate for T. gondii IgG antibodies was estimated using a mathematical model to determine the dependency between age and prevalence. Mean prevalence of IgG antibodies between 2004 and 2012 in pregnant women was 40·6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 39·6-41·7] and increased with age with a yearly seroconversion rate of 0·8% (95% CI 0·6-1·0, P<0·001). Assuming a T. gondii materno-fetal transmission rate of 30% gave an estimate of 1·80/1000 neonates as congenitally infected. The increased mean age (28·7 vs 26·7 years, P<0·001) of pregnant women was probably the most important factor in abolishing the effect of falling prevalence rates.
Assuntos
Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Incidência , Recém-Nascido , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Prevalência , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Assessing maternal dietary habits across Europe during pregnancy in relation to their national pregnancy recommendations. A collaborative, multi-centre, birth cohort study in nine European countries was conducted as part of European Union funded EuroPrevall project. Standardised baseline questionnaire data included details of food intake, nutritional supplement use, exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy and socio-demographic data. Pregnancy recommendations were collected from all nine countries from the appropriate national organisations. The most commonly taken supplement in pregnancy was folic acid (55.6 % Lithuania-97.8 % Spain) and was favoured by older, well-educated mothers. Vitamin D supplementation across the cohort was very poor (0.3 % Spain-5.1 % Lithuania). There were significant differences in foods consumed in different countries during pregnancy e.g. only 2.7 % Dutch mothers avoided eating peanut, while 44.4 % of British mothers avoided it. Some countries have minimal pregnancy recommendations i.e. Lithuania, Poland and Spain while others have similar, very specific recommendations i.e. UK, the Netherlands, Iceland, Greece. Allergy specific recommendations were associated with food avoidance during pregnancy [relative rate (RR) 1.18 95 % CI 0.02-1.37]. Nutritional supplement recommendations were also associated with avoidance (RR 1.08, 1.00-1.16). Maternal dietary habits and the use of dietary supplements during pregnancy vary significantly across Europe and in some instances may be influenced by national recommendations.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Congênitas/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Comportamento Alimentar , Ácido Fólico/administração & dosagem , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Comparação Transcultural , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Política Nutricional , Necessidades Nutricionais , Cuidado Pré-Concepcional , Gravidez , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess oxidative stress in pregnant women infected with cytomegalovirus on the basis of 3-nitrotyrosine levels in amniotic fluid (AF). The 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) level in AF was measured using the competitive ELISA method. The study groups were as follows: group I consisted of women with IgM and/or IgA; group II were women with only IgG anti-CMV antibodies and group III were seronegative women, used as the control group. Age, gestational age and socioeconomic status were also assessed. The average level of 3-nitrotyrosine in group II and the control group was similar: 53.14 nM 3-NT and 49.78 nM 3-NT, respectively. However, in group I, the lowest level 3-NT in AF was observed - 39.17 nM 3-NT and statistical analysis showed significant differences in levels of 3-NT between group I and the control group (p < 0.01). We conclude that significantly lower levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in pregnant women with CMV infection may indicate an increase in the antioxidant defence mechanisms in these patients.
Assuntos
Líquido Amniótico/metabolismo , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/metabolismo , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/metabolismo , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Estresse Oxidativo , Gravidez , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
Nearly 40 % of pregnant women are infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Primary infections in pregnant women result, in approximately 30-50 % of patients, in transmission of T. gondii through the placenta to the fetus and then in congenital infections with severe, sometimes fatal course. Studies still do not provide sufficient data on the genetic bases of the immunity in fetuses, newborns, and infants with congenital toxoplasmosis. Previous research showed the contribution of toll-like receptors (TLRs) to non-specific immunity against T. gondii invasion, observed in T. gondii-infected animals, especially mice. So far, the activity of TLRs in defense against T. gondii infections was observed particularly for TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 molecules. Differential TLR activity associates with both cell types, including a variety of placental cells and stage of pregnancy. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) residing in three genes encoding these receptors were reported as significant genetic modifications of TLRs associated with different pregnancy disorders. Despite those data, genetic alterations of TLRs which have contributed to innate immune response against T. gondii infections are still not precisely described. In this article, we present reasons for the research of the plausible role of SNPs residing in TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 genes in congenital toxoplasmosis development.
Assuntos
Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/genética , Toxoplasmose Congênita/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Biológicos , GravidezRESUMO
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection. HCMV strains display genetic variability in different regions. Distribution of HCMV genotypes in the population of congenitally infected newborns from Central Poland and viral load in newborns' blood is described and discussed. HCMV isolates were analysed by sequencing at three sites on the genome: the UL144 tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-like receptor gene, the US28 beta-chemokine receptor gene and the UL55 envelope glycoprotein B (gB) gene. The newborns' blood was examined for HCMV DNA with a nested (UL144, UL55) or heminested (US28) polymerase chain reaction, and the genotypes were determined by sequence analysis. HCMV DNA was detectable in 25 out of 55 examined newborns born by HCMV-infected mothers (45.5%). The blood viral load in mother-infant pairs was determined. Most of the newborns had identical virus genotype, gB2 (96%), UL144 B1 (88%) and US28 A2 (84%). These genotypes were detected in all newborns with asymptomatic congenital infection. The occurrence of UL144 B1 or US28 A2 genotypes in the babies examined was significant in comparison to other genotypes (p=0.0002 and p=0.040 respectively). There was no association between specific gB subtypes in all patients groups (p=0.463). There was no correlation between HCMV genotypes and the outcome.
Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus/congênito , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/virologia , Citomegalovirus/classificação , Citomegalovirus/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Receptores de Quimiocinas/genética , Proteínas Virais/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Análise por Conglomerados , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , DNA Viral/química , DNA Viral/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Polônia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Gravidez , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Proteínas do Envelope Viral , Carga ViralRESUMO
A search for compounds which have previously unrecognized antiviral activity led to the discovery that rhodanine inhibits the multiplication of echovirus 12 and also the development of virus-induced morphologic changes. Eighteen derivatives and analogs of rhodanine were synthesized and tested against echovirus 12. These compounds were considerably less active than rhodanine or were inactive, and some of them were more toxic to the host cells than rhodanine.
Assuntos
Antivirais/síntese química , Enterovirus Humano B/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura , Haplorrinos , Rim , Leucina/metabolismo , Trítio , Cultura de VírusRESUMO
Natural killer (NK) cells are the most abundant lymphocyte population in the decidua. These cells express killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), which upon recognition of HLA class I molecules on trophoblasts may either stimulate NK cells (activating KIRs) or inhibit them (inhibitory KIRs) to produce soluble factors necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy. KIR genes exhibit extensive haplotype polymorphism; individuals differ in both the number and kind (activating vs. inhibitory) of KIR genes. This polymorphism affects NK cell reactivity and susceptibility to diseases, including gynecological disorders. Therefore we KIR-genotyped 149 spontaneously aborting women and 117 control multiparae (at least 2 healthy-born children). Several genotypes (i.e. combinations of various KIR genes) were differently distributed among the patients and control subjects. Differences were observed in the numbers and the ratios of activating to inhibitory KIRs between patients and healthy women: (i) genotypes containing 6 activating KIR genes were less frequent and those containing 6 inhibitory KIR genes were more frequent in patients than in control subjects, and (ii) an excess of inhibitory KIRs (activating-to-inhibitory KIR gene ratios of 0.33 to 0.83) was associated with miscarriage, whereas ratios close to equilibrium (0.86-1.25) seemed to be protective. In addition, the results suggest for the first time that sporadic and recurrent spontaneous abortions as well as miscarriage in the presence or absence of autoantibodies may have different KIR genotypic backgrounds.
Assuntos
Aborto Espontâneo/genética , Aborto Espontâneo/imunologia , Receptores KIR/genética , Aborto Habitual/genética , Aborto Habitual/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This paper reports on the development and validation of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) for rapid and specific identification of Gallibacterium anatis. To design a set of 6 primers using the LAMP technique, the conserved region of the G. anatis sodA gene was selected as a target. To evaluate primer specificity we used 120 field strains, the reference strain G. anatis ATCC 43329, and 9 non-G. anatis bacteria. The results confirmed positive reactions for all G. anatis strains tested by LAMP at 63°C for 60 min, with no cross-reactivity observed for the negative control bacteria, i.e., Haemophilus parainfluenzae (ATCC 51505 and ATCC 33392), Aggregatibacter aphrophilus ATCC 7901, Avibacterium endocarditis, Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and Escherichia coli. The lowest detectable amount of DNA for the LAMP reaction was 0.2561 pg, which was detected in about 34 min, while the highest available concentration of the G. anatis reference strain was detected in about 10 min. The lowest detectable amount of DNA for the real-time PCR reaction was 21.24 pg, which was detected in about 20 min, while the highest available concentration of the G. anatis reference strain was detected in about 7 min. Moreover, using the real-time LAMP assay the reaction could be effectively carried out in a volume of just 13 µL, about half the officially recommended reaction volume (25 µL). The aim of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific G. anatis real-time LAMP assay that is less time-consuming and less costly than quantitative PCR.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/veterinária , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/veterinária , Pasteurellaceae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/diagnóstico , Superóxido Dismutase/isolamento & purificação , Perus , Animais , Feminino , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologiaRESUMO
This study investigated the prevalence of specific Toxoplasma gondii IgG in pregnancy, the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis and the prevalence trend of T. gondii infection among pregnant Polish women between 1998 and 2003. The study population comprised 4916 women who were admitted to the Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute in Lódz. Their sera were tested for specific IgG and IgM antibodies to T. gondii, and the incidence of T. gondii infection was calculated from the increase in prevalence rates of IgG antibodies in various age groups. Specific IgG antibody was found in 41.3% (95% CI 39.9-42.7) of pregnant women, and the prevalence of IgG increased with age. The linear trend was significant (p <0.001), with an annual seroconversion rate of 0.7% (95% CI 0.004-0.010). The risk of primary infection was estimated to be 0.5% for 9 months, i.e., an incidence of 5/1000 pregnancies. Assuming a 30% maternofetal transmission rate, 1.5/1000 neonates were infected in utero. Seroprevalence during the 6-year study period decreased from 45.4% in 1998 to 39.4% in 2003, with a yearly decline in prevalence of 1.0% (p 0.02). The most important contributory factor to this decline was the group of women aged 19-29 years, among whom seroprevalence decreased significantly (p 0.007). Specific IgM was found in 244 (4.9%) women.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/parasitologia , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/parasitologiaRESUMO
It is assumed that 80% of recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) of unknown etiology are of immunological origin. The proposed experimental treatment of those patients could be immunization with paternal lymphocytes, though the exact mechanism through which this therapy exerts its effect is still unknown. Some authors suggest that lymphocyte alloimmunization alters the number and activity of particular subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proliferative O activity of lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the percentage of peripheral lymphocytes carrying CD3+/HLA-DR+ and CD3-/HLA-DR+ markers, present in 32 selected for this study RSA women subjected to paternal lymphocytes' alloimmunization performed prior to conception and in early pregnancy. We conclude that, the post-immunization changes seem to have different quantitative and qualitative character comparing to those seen in normal pregnancy. They seem to avert unfavourable immunological phenomena observed in RSA women, allowing for successful continuation of pregnancy.
Assuntos
Aborto Habitual/imunologia , Aborto Habitual/prevenção & controle , Transferência Adotiva , Complexo CD3/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-DR/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Fito-Hemaglutininas/farmacologia , Adulto , Complexo CD3/metabolismo , Pai , Feminino , Antígenos HLA-DR/metabolismo , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Estimulação QuímicaRESUMO
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an established risk factor for the development of overt diabetes. Since the change in diagnostic criteria for diabetes in 1997, it is unclear whether there should be any preference for fasting or post-glucose challenge blood glucose in diagnosing diabetes after GDM. The study aimed at assessing the usefulness of both diagnostic methods in women after GDM. The study enrolled 193 women with previous GDM. Women who did not have a current diagnosis of diabetes were screened for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and for glucose intolerance with an oral 75-g glucose tolerance test. A total of 45 (23.3%) subjects declared to be already diabetic. Of the 148 non-diabetic subjects, 141 (95.3%) had normal fasting plasma glucose, whereas four (2.8%) had IFG (i.e. FPG> or =6.1 and <7.0 mmol/l) and 3 (2.5%) had FPG> or =7.0 mmol/l. Upon OGTT, among the 141 subjects with normal FPG, 6 (4.3%) were diagnosed with diabetes and 23 (16.3%) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); the remaining 112 (79.5%) had normal glucose tolerance. Three out of four subjects with IFG had IGT. The sensitivities of fasting criteria for diagnosis of diabetes and IFG/IGT were 14.3% (95% CI, 8.0%-37.2%) and 17.1% (95% CI, 8.6%-19.8%), respectively. The specificities were 98.6% (95% CI, 97.9%-99.7%) and 99.1% (95% CI, 96.5%-100%), respectively. The kappa for diabetes diagnosis was 0.177 (95% CI, 0.018-0.507). For women with previous GDM, the sensitivity of the new criteria based upon fasting plasma glucose is unacceptably low. In addition, the two sets of criteria are not interchangeable. Therefore, we suggest full glucose tolerance diagnostic procedures in women after GDM, including assessment of post-glucose challenge values.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Gestacional/sangue , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Jejum , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose/epidemiologia , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Gravidez , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
AIMS: Long-term follow-up of patients with aortic valve stenosis undergoing balloon valvuloplasty was evaluated with respect to survival, the need for repeat intervention and factors predicting late outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-five patients between 3.5 to 23 years old (mean 11.7 +/- 4.5) were followed for 62 +/- 30 months (range 11-122). The transvalvar aortic gradient decreased from 84 +/- 20 to 36 +/- 10 mmHg (p < 0.001) and remained significantly lower (50 +/- 26 mmHg; p < 0.001) at follow-up. At that time, 10 patients (including 4 with significant valve incompetence) had gradients >/= 60 mmHg. The procedure resulted in significant valve incompetence (grade >/= 3) in 8 patients (17.8%). There was a progression of incompetence and 13 patients (28.9%) had significant regurgitation at follow-up. All survived. Fifteen patients (33.3%) required re-intervention 51 +/- 24 months after valvuloplasty. The indications were: aortic stenosis in 5 patients; regurgitation in 6 patients; and stenosis with regurgitation in 4 patients. Actuarial freedom from re-intervention at 2, 4, 6 and 8 years was 96%, 88%, 61% and 56% of patients, respectively. The residual post-valvuloplasty gradient was the only predictor of re-intervention for valve stenosis (odds ratio = 3.2 for every 10 mmHg gradient increase; p = 0.017). A residual post-valvuloplasty gradient >/= 40 mmHg increased the relative risk of re-intervention sixfold. The immediate post-valvuloplasty aortic regurgitation grade was the only risk factor of re-intervention for regurgitation (odds ratio = 34 for every incompetence degree increase; p = 0.0019). Incompetence grade >/= 2 increased the risk of re-intervention tenfold. CONCLUSIONS: Valvuloplasty carries the risk of development of valve incompetence, which progresses with time. Some patients develop restenosis. The = 10 year survival after the procedure is excellent, and 56% of patients are free of re-intervention at 8 years. The immediate post-valvuloplasty incompetence grade and transvalvar gradient are the predictors of late re-intervention.