Carboplatin dosage: prospective evaluation of a simple formula based on renal function.

A dosage formula has been derived from a retrospective analysis of carboplatin pharmacokinetics in 18 patients with pretreatment glomerular filtration rates (GFR) in the range of 33 to 136 mL/min. Carboplatin plasma clearance was linearly related to GFR (r = 0.85, P less than .00001) and rearrangements of the equation describing the correlation gave the dosage formula dose (mg) = target area under the free carboplatin plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) x (1.2 x GFR + 20). In a prospective clinical and pharmacokinetic study the formula was used to determine the dose required to treat 31 patients (GFR range, 33 to 135 mL/min) with 40 courses of carboplatin. The target AUC was escalated from 3 to 8 mg carboplatin/mL/min. Over this AUC range the formula accurately predicted the observed AUC (observed/predicted ratio 1.24 +/- 0.11, r = 0.886) and using these additional data, the formula was refined. Dose (mg) = target AUC x (GFR + 25) is now the recommended formula. AUC values of 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 mg/mL. min gave rise to manageable hematological toxicity in previously treated and untreated patients, respectively, and hence target AUC values of 5 and 7 mg/mL min are recommended for single-agent carboplatin in these patient groups. Pharmacokinetic modeling demonstrated that the formula was reasonably accurate regardless of whether a one- or two-compartment model most accurately described carboplatin pharmacokinetics, assuming that body size did not influence nonrenal clearance. The validity of this assumption was demonstrated in 13 patients where no correlation between surface area and nonrenal clearance was found (r = .31, P = .30). Therefore, the formula provides a simple and consistent method of determining carboplatin dose in adults. Since the measure of carboplatin exposure in the formula is AUC, and not toxicity, it will not be influenced by previous or concurrent myelosuppressive therapy or supportive measures. The formula is therefore applicable to combination and high-dose studies as well as conventional single-agent therapy, although the target AUC for carboplatin will need to be redefined for combination chemotherapy.

Long-term follow-up of the first randomized study of cisplatin versus carboplatin for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: A phase III trial was performed between October 1981 and June 1984 to compare the efficacy of single-agent cisplatin and single-agent carboplatin in previously untreated patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage III or IV carcinoma of the ovary following surgery. This report describes the survival rates of patients in this study after a minimum follow-up duration of 8 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients were randomized to receive cisplatin and 67 patients to receive carboplatin. Cisplatin was administered every 4 weeks for a total of 10 courses, courses 1 to 5 at a dosage of 100 mg/m2 and courses 6 to 10 at 30 mg/m2. Carboplatin was administered at a dosage of 400 mg/m2 every 4 weeks for 10 courses. Patients who had clinical or radiologic evidence of response after five courses of chemotherapy underwent second-look surgery. The study was designed to allow crossover between the two arms. Thirteen patients were excluded from response analyses because they were incorrectly randomized. Patients were crossed over to the other arm of the study because of progressive disease (PD), nonresponse, or toxicity. RESULTS: The overall response rate for patients randomized to the cisplatin arm was 53.8% (28 of 52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 39% to 68%) and for those randomized to the carboplatin arm, 38.4% (20 of 52; 95% CI, 25% to 53%). There were 16 (30.8%) and 14 (26.9%) complete remissions (CRs) in the cisplatin and carboplatin arms, respectively. None of these differences were statistically significant. The median duration of response for the cisplatin and carboplatin arms was 21 months and 17 months, and the 5-year relapse-free survival rates were 22% and 25%, respectively. The median survival durations for the cisplatin and carboplatin arms were 19.5 and 13 months, and the 5-year survival rates were 15% (95% CI, 8% to 26%) and 19% (95% CI, 11% to 30%), respectively. None of these differences was statistically significant. The median follow-up duration of patients is 9 years. Crossover due to toxicity was more frequent in the cisplatin than the carboplatin arm, occurring in 50% and 3.3% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: The mature data from this study of patients with advanced ovarian cancer show that cisplatin and carboplatin have similar long-term survival results.

A prospective randomized trial comparing high-dose cisplatin with low-dose cisplatin and chlorambucil in advanced ovarian carcinoma.

Sixty-one patients with FIGO stage III ovarian carcinoma and 30 patients with stage IV ovarian carcinoma were randomized to receive either high-dose cisplatin (100 mg/m2) or low-dose cisplatin (20 mg/m2) and chlorambucil. Overall response rates were similar in both arms, with 68% and 49% of stage III patients and 61% and 72% of stage IV patients responding to high-dose cisplatin and the combination, respectively. There was a strong trend for better survival in stage III (P less than .05) but not in stage IV patients treated with cisplatin alone. The toxicity suffered by patients treated with high-dose cisplatin was severe, and in 15 patients cisplatin therapy was stopped because of unacceptable toxicity.

Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor in adults: are they different from Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor in children?

PURPOSE: To determine whether age at diagnosis influences the behavior of Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of 59 consecutive patients with Ewing's sarcoma and PNET treated on the Adult Sarcoma Unit at our institution from 1980 to 1995. RESULTS: The 37 male and 22 female patients had a median age of 24 years. Lower limb was the most common primary tumor site. Fifteen patients had nonmetastatic tumor less than 100-mL volume, 27 had nonmetastatic disease greater than 100-mL volume, and 17 had evidence of metastatic disease at presentation. The origin of the primary tumor was soft tissue in 28 cases, bone in 30, and uncertain in one. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of 5-year overall survival (OS) in all patients was 38% and of progression-free survival (PFS), 27%. When patients with metastatic disease at presentation were excluded, these figures increased to 52% and 34%, respectively. Bulk of disease at presentation and response to primary treatment were statistically highly significant predictors of both PFS and OS. Age and tissue of origin of the tumor did not influence outcome. CONCLUSION: The behavior of Ewing's sarcoma and PNET in adults is no different from its behavior in children. We feel the way forward in the treatment of adults with Ewing's sarcoma and PNET is for them to be included in the current multicenter trials of multidisciplinary treatment directed at children.

Relationships between carboplatin exposure and tumor response and toxicity in patients with ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: The study was undertaken to define the relationship between tumor response and carboplatin area under the curve (AUC) in patients with ovarian cancer; to study the relationship between carboplatin AUC and myelosuppression in the same population; to establish the true impact of carboplatin AUC, prior therapy, and pretreatment platelet and WBC counts on toxicity; and to define an optimal carboplatin exposure for treating patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: With the equation AUC = dose/(glomerular filtration rate [GFR]+25), carboplatin AUC (course 1) was calculated for 1,028 patients (450 previously untreated) who received single-agent carboplatin (40 to 1,000 mg/m2) for advanced ovarian cancer. GFR was measured (chromium-51-edathamil [51Cr-EDTA] or creatinine clearance) in all patients. RESULTS: Regression analysis showed that carboplatin AUC, prior treatment, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group grade performance status (PS) are predictors of tumor response, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Pretreatment platelet and WBC counts are additional predictors of thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, respectively. Although the likelihood of tumor response increased with increasing carboplatin AUC, this relationship was nonlinear. In all patient subsets, the likelihood of complete response (CR) or overall response did not increase significantly above a carboplatin AUC of 5 to 7 mg/mL x minutes. At any given carboplatin AUC, thrombocytopenia occurred more frequently than leukopenia, although both approached 100% as carboplatin AUC increased. Both thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were more frequent in pretreated than in untreated patients regardless of pretreatment count. At any carboplatin AUC, the influence of PS on likelihood of response and toxicity was profound. CONCLUSION: Carboplatin dosing by AUC will lead to more predictable toxicity, and increasing carboplatin AUC above 5 to 7 mg/mL x minutes does not improve the likelihood of response but does increase myelotoxicity. Therefore, careful evaluation of high-dose carboplatin therapy in a prospective, randomized trial is needed before such treatment becomes accepted practice.

Natural history and prognosis of untreated stage I epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the independent significance of prognostic factors in stage I invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1980 and 1994, all patients with stage I EOC (borderline tumors excluded) following surgical resection were entered onto this study. No patient received adjuvant therapy and patients were monitored as follows: years 1 to 2-physical examination and serum CA125 every 3 months and computed tomographic (CT) scan every 6 months; years 3 to 5-physical examination and serum CA125 every 6 months and CT scan yearly; years 5 to 10-annual physical examination and serum CA125, with CT scan if clinically indicated. RESULTS: A total of 194 patients entered the study. The median patient age was 54 years (range, 15 to 83), and the median follow-up duration 54 months (range, 7 to 157). Five-year survival rates were as follows: stage IA, 93.7%; stage IB, 92%; and stage IC, 84%. Multivariate analysis using Cox's regression identified grade (P < .001), presence of ascites (P = .05), and surface tumor (P < .01) as independent poor prognostic factors. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) substage did not appear to have independent prognostic significance. Intraoperative capsule rupture was not found to be prognostically significant. The impact of pre-operative rupture remains unclear. CONCLUSION: This is an important series, as no patient received adjuvant therapy, and represents the natural history of surgically resected stage I EOC.

Randomized trial of dose-intensity with single-agent carboplatin in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. London Gynaecological Oncology Group.

PURPOSE: We have examined the role of an increase in cisplatin dose-intensity in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer by means of single-agent carboplatin therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred twenty-seven patients were randomized to treatment and eligible for analysis. The dose of carboplatin was calculated according to the Calvert formula. One hundred seventeen patients received carboplatin at an area under the concentration time curve (AUC) of 6 for six courses, administered every 28 days, and 110 patients received carboplatin at an AUC of 12 for four courses, administered every 28 days. Patients were eligible provided they had not received prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy and had International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages II to IV or relapsed stage I epithelial ovarian cancer. RESULTS: The planned total-dose increase was 33% for the patients treated with carboplatin AUC 12, but the received percentage total-dose increase was 20%. There were no differences in progression-free or overall survival between the two treatment arms; the overall survival rate at 5 years was 31% and 34% of patients treated at AUCs 6 and 12, respectively. There was significantly more toxicity associated with carboplatin AUC 12, which resulted in more treatment delays and/or dose reductions (52% v 18%; P < .001). CONCLUSION: We have shown that carboplatin can be delivered at an AUC of 12 for four courses without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support, although significant hematologic toxicity occurs. Nonhematologic toxicities were not clinically significant. Carboplatin offers an opportunity to intensify cisplatin therapy, but a greater than two-fold increase in dose-intensity probably needs to be achieved before significant effects on survival will be produced and hematologic support will be required.

Carboplatin dosage: prospective evaluation of a simple formula based on renal function.

A dosage formula has been derived from a retrospective analysis of carboplatin pharmacokinetics in 18 patients with pretreatment glomerular filtration rates (GFR) in the range of 33 to 136 mL/min. Carboplatin plasma clearance was linearly related to GFR (r = 0.85, P less than .00001) and rearrangements of the equation describing the correlation gave the dosage formula dose (mg) = target area under the free carboplatin plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) x (1.2 x GFR + 20). In a prospective clinical and pharmacokinetic study the formula was used to determine the dose required to treat 31 patients (GFR range, 33 to 135 mL/min) with 40 courses of carboplatin. The target AUC was escalated from 3 to 8 mg carboplatin/mL/min. Over this AUC range the formula accurately predicted the observed AUC (observed/predicted ratio 1.24 +/- 0.11, r = 0.886) and using these additional data, the formula was refined. Dose (mg) = target AUC x (GFR + 25) is now the recommended formula. AUC values of 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 mg/mL. min gave rise to manageable hematological toxicity in previously treated and untreated patients, respectively, and hence target AUC values of 5 and 7 mg/mL min are recommended for single-agent carboplatin in these patient groups. Pharmacokinetic modeling demonstrated that the formula was reasonably accurate regardless of whether a one- or two-compartment model most accurately described carboplatin pharmacokinetics, assuming that body size did not influence nonrenal clearance. The validity of this assumption was demonstrated in 13 patients where no correlation between surface area and nonrenal clearance was found (r = .31, P = .30). Therefore, the formula provides a simple and consistent method of determining carboplatin dose in adults. Since the measure of carboplatin exposure in the formula is AUC, and not toxicity, it will not be influenced by previous or concurrent myelosuppressive therapy or supportive measures. The formula is therefore applicable to combination and high-dose studies as well as conventional single-agent therapy, although the target AUC for carboplatin will need to be redefined for combination chemotherapy.

A phase I evaluation of the quinazoline antifolate thymidylate synthase inhibitor, N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid, CB3717.

CB3717 is a quinazoline antifolate whose cytotoxic activity is mediated by inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS). A phase I clinical trial commenced in September 1981 and 99 patients have received 296 treatments. Doses were dissolved in 0.15 mol/L NaHCO3 (pH 9.0) at a concentration of 4 mg/mL infused over one hour or in a total volume of 1 L infused over 12 hours. Doses were repeated every 3 weeks. The starting dose of 140 mg/m2 was escalated to 600 mg/m2. Renal toxicity, detected by a decrease in the 51Cr EDTA clearance, was dose-related and occurred in seven of ten patients receiving greater than 450 mg/m2. Reversible hepatic toxicity often associated with malaise occurred in 223 of 288 assessable courses (77%). Fifty-nine courses (20%) were associated with increases in alanine transaminase (ALT) levels to greater than 2.5 times the upper limit of the normal laboratory range. Increases in alkaline phosphatase levels also occurred, but were less marked. The severity and prevalence of these elevations were unaffected by the duration of the infusion. A self-limiting rash appeared in 12 patients and a radiation recall reaction was seen in two. Leukopenia developed in 17 patients (WBC less than 3 X 10(9)/L), and thrombocytopenia occurred in six patients (platelets less than 100 X 10(9)/L). The mean leucocyte nadir occurred on day 10 and was followed by recovery at 11 to 19 days. Neither the incidence nor the severity of any of these latter toxicities was dose related. The maximum tolerated dose was in the region of 600 mg/m2 with renal toxicity being dose limiting, although the inter-patient variation did not allow a precise definition. Seventy-six patients were evaluable for response. Responses occurred at doses greater than or equal to 200 mg/m2 and were ovary, one complete response (CR), one partial response (PR), seven minor responses (MR) in 30 cases; breast, two PRs and one MR in eight cases; adenocarcinoma of the lung, one MR in 5 cases; mesothelioma, one PR in five cases; and colon, two MRs in four cases. CB3717 has activity in heavily pretreated patients. The recommended phase II dose for good-risk patients is 400 mg/m2 using the one-hour infusion schedule of administration.

The natural history of extramedullary plasmacytoma and its relation to solitary myeloma of bone and myelomatosis.

From this study I suggest that extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) shows several important differences from myelomatosis and solitary myeloma of bone (SMB) which can be summarized as follows: 1. A marked preference for the primary tumor to present in a particular site, namely the upper air passages. 2. A high incidence of metastatic spread to soft tissues. 3. Spread to bone occurs frequently but shows no preference for bones containing active hematopoietic tissue and widespread bone-marrow involvement occurs only occasionally. 4. Prolonged survival may be achieved with therapy for local disease. 5. Vigorous treatment for disseminated disease can be given and may result in longer remissions than those usually seen in myelomatosis. Healing of bone lesions has been observed on several occasions. It is concluded also that SMB constitutes a rather unusual presentation of myelomatosis but is essentially the same disease process.

Steroid hormone profile in postmenopausal women with ovarian cancer.

Raised levels of steroid hormones are not expected in postmenopausal women. Therefore, if detected in postmenopausal women with ovarian cancer, they must be assumed to be related to the presence of the tumour and, therefore, may be of use as tumour markers. Serum levels of CA125, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, sex hormone binding globulin and oestradiol were measured in 44 postmenopausal women with ovarian cancer, postsurgery and prior to chemotherapy. The relationship between the four hormone levels, CA125, patient age, stage, residual disease after surgery and differentiation were tested using the Spearman and Kendall rank coefficients. A significant inverse association was found between CA125 and progesterone levels, and CA125 and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. A positive association between 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone was also found, and positive correlations between stage and CA125, and residual disease and CA125 were confirmed.

Cisplatin (P), vinblastine (V) and bleomycin (B) combination chemotherapy in recurrent or advanced granulosa(-theca) cell tumours of the ovary. An EORTC Gynaecological Cancer Cooperative Group study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical activity and toxicity of a modified PVB regimen (cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin) in patients with advanced or recurrent, pure granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) or mixed granulosa-theca cell tumours (GTCTs). The PVB regimen consisted of cisplatin (P) 20 mg/m2 intravenous (i.v.) days 1-5, vinblastine (V) 0.15 mg/kg i.v. days 1-2 and bleomycin (B) 30 mg i.v. on day 2, and 15 mg on day 15, for 28 days. 38 eligible patients were entered in this trial. Prior to PVB all patients underwent surgery and 13 received postoperative radio- or other prior chemotherapy. The median number of PVB cycles was 4 in both groups. In the group of 25 patients who had received prior surgery only, 7 and 6 patients had complete and partial responses, respectively (response rate: 52%, 95% confidence limits: 31.3-72.2%). At a median follow-up of 39 months, 6 patients were alive with no evidence of disease, 6 were alive with disease, 12 died due to malignant disease and 1 died due to intercurrent disease. The median time to progression was 13.9 months. The median survival was 25.4 months. 3-year survival was 49% (95% confidence limits: 29-69%). In the group of 13 patients who had previously received postoperative radio- or chemotherapy, 5 complete and 5 partial responses were observed on PVB (response rate: 77%, 95% confidence limit: 46.2-95.0%). At a median follow-up of 50 months, 6 patients were still alive, only 1 without evidence of disease, 6 died due to malignant disease and 1 died due to intercurrent disease. The median time to progression was 19.3 months. The median duration of survival was 41.1 months. Accompanying toxicity was distributed in a similar pattern for both groups. Severe toxicity was mainly documented as haematological toxicity, nausea/vomiting and alopecia. Furthermore cisplatin-related peripheral neurotoxicity and mild/moderate signs of bleomycin-related pulmonary toxicity were observed. The present data confirm the therapeutic activity of the PVB regimen in advanced/recurrent GCTs. The response rate was moderately high compared with previous studies, with a median duration of response of 20 months for both groups.

Treatment of extremity soft tissue sarcomas with surgery and radiotherapy.

The results of treatment with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy of 102 patients with nonmetastatic extremity soft tissue sarcoma are reported. Seventy-nine patients were previously untreated and 23 had locally recurrent disease. Sixty-six tumours were situated in the lower limb and 16 in the limb girdles. Fifty-nine were high grade lesions, and 64 were over 5 cm in length. Surgical clearance was "good" (wide or radical) in only 34 cases. Sixty-eight patients received post-operative irradiation, 23 pre-operative irradiation and 11 both pre- and post-operative radiotherapy. Seventeen patients subsequently developed local recurrence and 9 of these remain disease-free after further surgery. Actuarial 5 year local control and disease-free survival rates for new cases were 87 and 65.4%; and for previously recurrent cases these figures fell to 75 and 54.8%. Following a univariate analysis of patient, tumour, surgical and radiotherapeutic factors only previous local recurrence (p less than 0.1 greater than 0.05) was found to significantly increase the risk of further local relapse. Multivariate analysis found high tumour grade [relative risk (RR) 8.4], tumour size greater than 15 cm (RR 3.66), previous local recurrence (RR 6.47) and proximal site (RR 12.7) to be independent poor risk factors for survival.

Necropsy findings in a case of progressive vaccinia.

A case of progressive vaccinia complicating chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is reported. At necropsy a vaccinial pneumonia, focal pancreatitis, and evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation were found. Epithelial proliferation was noted in sweat glands, bronchi, and pancreatic ducts associated with lesions in these sites. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Immunological studies in a case of T-cell leukaemia.

The blood lymphocytes from a case of prolymphocytic leukaemia were subjected to a battery of different tests in order to establish as certainly as possible their T or B cell type of origin. The results of the tests for surface markers indicated the T-cell origin of the leukaemic cells in this patient, and this provided a good opportunity to determine the participation of T cells in the various tests proposed for measuring human lymphocyte function.

Serial cytogenetic studies showing persistence of original clone in Hodgkin's disease.

A case of Hodgkin's disease is described in which cytogenetic studies were performed at intervals for 5 years. Clonally related chromosomally rearranged cells persisted during that time, with emergence of more complex karyotypes in the terminal phase of the disease. The chromosome findings are discussed in relation to the limited data available on banded karyotypes in Hodgkin's disease.

Chemotherapy in the management of extramedullary plasmacytoma.

The results of chemotherapy in 24 patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma are reported. Complete regressions, including disappearance of monoclonal paraprotein and healing of bone lesions, were seen in 12 of 20 (60%) patients with disseminated disease. Extramedullary plasmacytoma responds better to chemotherapy than myeloma, and treatment should be pursued with vigour until all signs of disease have disappeared. Sensitivity to single-agent chemotherapy may vary, and if treatment fails with one agent, others should be tried.

Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cis-platinum) and etoposide (VP-16) in malignant lymphoma--an effective salvage regimen.

Response rates in malignant lymphoma after failure of first-line therapy are generally poor. Twenty-five patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) unresponsive to standard combination chemotherapy were treated with cis-platinum/VP-16. All were heavily pretreated, 29% having received three or more different drug regimens. Seventeen patients were evaluable for response. There were five complete remissions (CR) (29%) and four partial remissions (PR) (24%), giving an overall response rate of 53% (36% of all patients treated). The duration of CR was 12-48 weeks. Median survival for responders was 25 weeks (15-95), compared with only 5 weeks (4-17) for non-responders (P = 0.002). Toxicity included nausea and vomiting, alopecia, minor renal impairment, and myelosuppression. This was sometimes severe: WBC less than 1.0 X 10(9)/l in three patients (18%) and platelets less than 50 X 10(9)/l in five patients (29%). The response rate for this combination is superior to that reported for either cisplatinum or VP-16 alone in similar patients (PR only 26% and 20%-30%, respectively). Further investigation is required to define the role of these drugs in the first-line treatment of poor-prognosis NHL.

Ifosfamide with and without adriamycin in advanced uterine leiomyosarcoma.

Uterine leiomyosarcomas are rare tumours and the results of treatment of advanced disease are poor. Ifosfamide and Adriamycin are both known to be active drugs in soft-tissue sarcomas. We present our experience using ifosfamide alone and in combination with Adriamycin in advanced or recurrent uterine leiomyosarcomas. Ifosfamide alone was given as a 24-h infusion at doses ranging from 5 to 7.5 g/m2, with mesna rescue. In the combination regimen, ifosfamide was given at a dose of 5 g/m2 and Adriamycin, at a dose of 40 or 60 mg/m2. Ten patients were treated with ifosfamide alone, with only one partial response lasting 6 months. In all, 11 patients were treated with ifosfamide and Adriamycin, which resulted in 1 complete response that lasted 11 months. Although many of the patients had extensive disease and some had undergone prior treatment with other chemotherapy, ifosfamide would appear to have only modest activity at the dose and schedule used.

Ifosfamide plus mesna with and without adriamycin in soft tissue sarcoma.

Early results with ifosfamide plus mesna in soft tissue sarcoma showed an initial response rate of 38% in 42 patients. All these patients treated at The Royal Marsden Hospital plus 30 more (total 67) have now been analysed. Single doses of 5 or 8 g/m2 ifosfamide were given over 24 h by infusion in dextrose saline together with 400 mg/m2 or 600 mg/m2, respectively, of mesnum every 4 h to give a total of 9 doses. A diuresis of 200 ml/hour was maintained during therapy. Treatment was repeated 3-weekly. CR was seen in 6 and PR in 10 patients. More recently doxorubicin was added to ifosfamide therapy in an attempt to improve on these results. At first only 20 mg/m2 doxorubicin was given but this was escalated to 40 mg/m2 and 60 mg/m2. Mesna has been given in higher dosage (5 g/m2 over 24 h), but otherwise the schedule is as above. In all 60 patients have been treated and most are now evaluable for response. Encephalopathy has been seen with both regimens. The incidence and patient characteristics are reported.