Fat Hypertrophy as a Complication of Fat Transfer for Hemifacial Atrophy.

Fat hypertrophy is a less commonly known complication of autologous fat transfer. We present a 32-year-old female with left hemifacial atrophy associated with systemic sclerosis, who was treated with 7 fat transfer procedures to correct the facial asymmetry. A total of 236.5 mL of fat was injected to the hemiface over a 4-year period to achieve good symmetry. A progressively enlarging, painless, soft mass over the left parotid region was noted at 3 months after the final fat transfer procedure. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a markedly enlarged bulk of subcutaneous fat over the left cheek with no evidence of necrosis, edema, or pathologic enhancement. Concurrent weight gain was noted secondary to additional nutritional input. The patient's aesthetic, symptomatic, and functional concerns led to the subsequent removal of 115 mL fat by liposuction.

Waiting time for Mohs Micrographic Surgery and the associated increase in lesion size of basal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The first-line treatment for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) involved either surgical excision (SE) or Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). The current waiting time for MMS and whether this is associated with worsening of outcome is unknown. We aim to look at the waiting time for MMS upon review at the Outpatient Specialist Dermatology Clinic and the increase in lesion size during this time period. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent MMS for biopsy-proven BCC over a duration of 5 years was performed. Variables analysed included patient age, sex, location, histologic subtype, lesion size at initial presentation, lesion size during MMS, defect size following MMS, waiting time for MMS, and projected defect size if lesions were treated with SE at earlier time point. RESULTS: A total of 233 patients were included in the final analysis. The mean wait time between referral to MMS was 215.8±125.7 days. The mean maximum diameter of lesions was 9.34±5.23 mm at referral for MMS and 11.91±6.60 mm at presentation for MMS, hence an increase of 3.01±3.03 mm (p=0.001, paired t-test), which equates to 1.41±0.42 times increase. The mean maximum diameter of the actual defect size post-MMS was 18.03±9.45mm, while the projected diameter of defect post SE was 15.29±5.71 mm, hence, smaller by 3.27±5.51 mm (p=0.001, paired t-test) compared with actual defect size post-MMS. CONCLUSION: This study highlights that the lesion grows significantly during the long wait for MMS. Hence, an increase in capacity for MMS is essential to reduce the waiting time for surgery which could lead to a defect which is easier to reconstruct with better outcome for patients.

A model for structuring the donor discussion in emergent transplant procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential for maximizing organ and tissue donation by identifying an empirical basis for structuring donor discussions. DESIGN: Intentions to donate organs and tissues were recorded in 2 separate samples of participants and analyzed separately by using Guttman scaling, the second sample providing a replication of the findings from the first. PARTICIPANTS: 304 participants were recruited from the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition 2004, and 200 health professionals were recruited from the Royal Free Hospital. RESULTD: High coefficients of scalability and reproducibility in both samples indicate a one-dimensional scale for intentions to donate organs and tissues, with solid organs more likely to be donated than corneal, hand, and facial tissue. Thus donor discussions can be structured in a robust order, with the potential for reliable use of cutoff points once donation of a particular organ or tissue has been refused. CONCLUSIONS: This reliable pattern can be used to maximize organ and tissue donation rates and to underpin emergent transplant techniques.

Facilitating shared decision-making with breast augmentation patients: Acceptability of the PEGASUS intervention.

BACKGROUND: PEGASUS is an intervention to facilitate shared decision-making by helping prospective patients consider their expectations of surgery, so that surgeons have a clear understanding of their individual goals. To date, shared decision-making interventions within aesthetic surgery are lacking. The present mixed methods study therefore explored the acceptability of implementing PEGASUS into routine private practice with breast augmentation patients and aesthetic providers. METHOD: Seventeen women presenting for breast augmentation surgery from three practices received the PEGASUS intervention pre-operatively and completed a process evaluation post-operatively. Semi-structured interviews exploring 3 aesthetic providers' experiences of using PEGASUS were subjected to a thematic analysis, whilst a content analysis was conducted on the 77 goals identified by patients. RESULTS: The majority of patients reported that the PEGASUS intervention was relevant, helpful and useful, and they felt comfortable during it. Qualitatively, patients and aesthetic providers found that PEGASUS enabled them to reflect on and discuss about their expectations from surgery. Aesthetic providers discussed some of the issues and barriers associated with implementing PEGASUS in routine private practice, factors that must be considered prior to further evaluation. CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary support for the acceptability of PEGASUS to breast augmentation patients and to aesthetic providers working in the private sector.

Severe gynecomastia in an African boy with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) slows the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and lowers mortality and morbidity in children. Coincident with these advances, an increasing number of side effects are being reported. We describe an adolescent boy with perinatally acquired HIV infection who developed significant bilateral breast enlargement as a result of HAART. He required bilateral mastectomies. Pediatricians need to be aware of less common side effects of HAART.

Facial atrophy in HIV-related fat redistribution syndrome: a plastic surgical perspective on treatment options and a look to the future.

Approximately 50% of patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) develop lipodystrophy with central and visceral fat accumulation and/or facial and limb atrophy. Although the exact mechanisms of this are not fully understood, the facial atrophy encountered is secondary to atrophy of the subcutaneous fat, and not the deeper fat pads, as has been suggested. More recently, the above features in combination with hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance have been described and are referred to as HIV-related fat redistribution syndrome. This review looks at treatment options available for this stigmatizing condition.

Forehead flap method for total nasal reconstruction.

One of the very first recorded methods developed over the ages to correct the mutilating deformity of rhinectomy was the forehead flap. While many other techniques have also been devised, this surgical method has stood the test of time better than any other. Further refined during the 20th century, it has now become the gold standard for obtaining the best results in nasal reconstruction. We present an illustrative case of a young man who was assaulted outside a night club and who suffered a clean separation of the nasal pyramid from the facial plane. We highlight the novel use of osseous, as opposed to cartilaginous, reconstruction of the upper lateral cartilages, which has not previously been reported in the literature.

Vertical rectus abdominis flap reconstruction in patients with advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of radical surgical debridement and excision with a vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap reconstruction in patients with advanced penile cancer and subcutaneous metastatic disease, as the quality of life in such patients is extremely poor, multimodal treatments often fail and the outlook for the patient is limited with the development of uncontrollable disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four patients with advanced penile cancer presenting with fungating, cutaneous tumour deposits received palliative surgical resections for abdominal and inguinal disease. A VRAM flap was used in all cases to achieve tissue coverage. RESULTS: All grafts were viable and the mean inpatient stay was 14 days. There were no immediate complications after surgery; patient satisfaction and symptom relief was excellent. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive palliative resection with a VRAM can dramatically improve the patients' quality of life in advanced penile cancer, permitting disease control with satisfactory cosmesis. However, a multidisciplinary approach involving both the urological reconstructive and plastic surgeon is essential.

Does severity predict distress? The relationship between subjective and objective measures of appearance and psychological adjustment, during treatment for facial lipoatrophy.

The intuitive or lay belief that the severity of a disfiguring condition predicts psychological distress is not demonstrated in clinical practice, nor in research studies. This within group study used standardised measures repeated at six month intervals, to investigate the relationship between subjective and objective measures of appearance and psychological adjustment in 51 patients undergoing treatment for facial lipoatrophy using a synthetic filler, Newfill. Results demonstrate a dissociation between objective and subjective measures with only subjective assessment predicting psychological outcomes. It is recommended that Moss's (2005) hypothesis of discrete group membership (normal/not normal) should be adapted to include an internal standard for comparison, and that all evaluations of treatment modifying disfigurement should include a standardised subjective measure of appearance.

Smoking and wound healing problems in reduction mammaplasty: is the introduction of urine nicotine testing justified?

We sought to prove a significant relationship between cigarette smoking and wound healing problems in reduction mammaplasty patients, to show the effect of stopping smoking before the procedure, and to justify the implementation of urine nicotine testing preoperatively. One hundred and seventy-three consecutive patients aged 16 to 67 years underwent bilateral reduction mammaplasty in our institution over 26 months. Patients were advised to stop smoking at least 4 weeks prior to surgery. Records were reviewed and smoking habits reconfirmed via telephone. Wound problems were registered when intervention was necessary. Smokers made up 38.5% of the cases. Wound healing problems showed statistical significance (P < 0.05) between smokers (55.4%) and nonsmokers (33.7%). More than 75% of smokers admitted denying smoking within 4 weeks of surgery. Trend analysis revealed a significant association of wound healing problems for those who stopped longer than 4 weeks (33.3%), those who stopped less than 4 weeks (52.6%), and those who persisted until the operation (67.7%). Smoking increased wound healing problems after bilateral reduction mammaplasty. The introduction of compulsory urine nicotine testing at the preadmission clinic and prior to the operation will provide objective verification of patients' smoking history, minimize morbidity, and enable healthcare cost savings.

Attitudes to face transplantation: results of a public engagement exercise at the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition.

Hettiaratchy and Butler (Lancet 2002;360:5-6) framed face transplantation as the next logical step on the reconstructive ladder for severe facial injury, in particular, pan-facial burns. The procedure formed the basis for a Royal College of Surgeons of England working party report. Ethical, surgical, and psychological issues were identified as research priorities before face transplantation is attempted in the United Kingdom. Public engagement is a vital mechanism if people are to be informed about the risks and benefits of the technique and ultimately to be able to consent to either receiving or donating facial tissue. To sample public opinion about the procedure, 304 people attending the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition were sampled by online questionnaire to determine their attitude toward face transplantation. Although people were more cautious about face transplantation when comparing this with solid-organ transplantation, most of the sample were in favor of the procedure, whether receiving a donor face or donating their own face after their death. Only 10% were against the idea in principle. Concerns about altered identity were not a barrier to face transplantation for 69% of the sample, with most people appropriately identifying the long-term problems of immunosuppression as the issue that most concerned them. There is a substantial population of people who, given the right circumstances, would contemplate face transplantation for themselves and would be willing to donate their own face for transplantation after their death.

Variations in clinical audit collection: a survey of plastic surgery units across the British Isles.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical audit is a requirement of good medical and surgical practice and is central to the UK Government's plans to modernise the NHS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was conducted to assess clinical audit data collection and collation within plastic surgery departments across the UK. The survey identified a variety of different data collection and collation methods, with extensive differences between plastic surgery departments. Those responsible for data collection and its funding were also identified by the survey. RESULTS: Results were obtained from 45 plastic surgery departments. Of the 45 departments surveyed, 12 collect data prospectively, whereas 26 units collect data retrospectively. The remaining departments collect data using a combination of methods. Of the units surveyed, 28 collect data on paper-based systems, with only 13 units using electronic applications. The personnel responsible for data collection were identified as being junior doctors. Departments collecting data prospectively do so from a greater number of sources than those collecting data retrospectively. CONCLUSIONS: This survey has focused on plastic surgery. The authors believe that similar results would be obtained from a survey of other surgical specialties. A huge variation in all parameters relating to the collection and collation of clinical audit data is seen. There are few standards within this specialty for data collection. Much work must be done in order to reach targets set by the UK Government.