Capsaicin inhibits A7r5 cell senescence via the mitochondrial carrier protein Slc25a12.

Aging of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the principal factor responsible for the loss of vascular function, and continuous exposure to high glucose is one of the key factors contributing to the aging of VSMCs. This study established a high glucose-induced senescence model of the A7r5 cell line and used transcriptome sequencing to screen the regulatory target genes of high glucose-induced cellular senescence. The study revealed that the expression of the Slc25a12 gene, which belongs to the solute carrier family 25 member 12, was notably reduced following damage caused by high glucose levels. This inhibition was shown to cause mitochondrial malfunction and cellular senescence. The encoded product of the Slc25a12 gene is a mitochondrial carrier protein that binds to calcium and aids in transporting aspartate for glutamate exchange within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial dysfunction compromises the cell's capacity to resist oxidation and repair damage, and is an inherent element in hastening cellular aging. Moreover, our findings validated that the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist capsaicin hindered the decrease in Slc25a12 expression, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, and blocked cellular senescence. Could the regulation of Slc25a12 expression by capsaicin restore cellular mitochondrial function and restrict senescence? In vitro tests have verified that interference with A7r5 Slc25a12 noticeably diminishes capsaicin's effectiveness in repairing mitochondrial function and inhibiting senescence. The findings indicate that capsaicin delays mitochondrial dysfunction and therefore hinders cellular senescence by regulating the mitochondrial membrane protein Slc25a12 in the A7r5 cell line.

Effects of mild-warming moxibustion on Bcl-2 and PKC expressions of peripheral blood in elderly people.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the anti-aging effects of mild-warming moxibustion on Bcl-2 and PKC expression in peripheral blood and general symptoms in elderly people. METHODS: A total of 61 elderly people and 30 non-elderly people were enrolled. The total effective rate of mild-warming moxibustion was assessed by symptom scores, and Bcl-2 and PKC expression in peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The total effective rate in the mild-warming moxibustion group was significantly higher than in the blank control group (P < 0.01). Bcl-2 and PKC expression rates in peripheral blood in the blank control group were lower than in the normal control group (< 0.01), but higher after mild-warming moxibustion (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The anti-aging effects of mild-warming moxibustion may be due to increased Bcl-2 and PKC expression in peripheral blood in aged people.

PPARα Targeting GDF11 Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Cell Senescence in an Atherosclerosis Model.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a complex vascular disease that seriously harms the health of the elderly. It is closely related to endothelial cell aging, but the role of senescent cells in atherogenesis remains unclear. Studies have shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) inhibits the development of AS by regulating lipid metabolism. Our previous research showed that PPARα was involved in regulating the repair of damaged vascular endothelial cells. Using molecular biology and cell biology approaches to detect senescent cells in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe -/-) mice, we found that PPARα delayed atherosclerotic plaque formation by inhibiting vascular endothelial cell senescence, which was achieved by regulating the expression of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11). GDF11 levels declined with age in several organs including the myocardium, bone, central nervous system, liver, and spleen in mice and participated in the regulation of aging. Our results showed that PPARα inhibited vascular endothelial cell senescence and apoptosis and promoted vascular endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis by increasing GDF11 production. Taken together, these results demonstrated that PPARα inhibited vascular endothelial cell aging by promoting the expression of the aging-related protein GDF11, thereby delaying the occurrence of AS.

Ferroptosis in a sarcopenia model of senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8).

As a systemic syndrome characterized by age-associated degenerative skeletal muscle atrophy, sarcopenia leads to a risk of adverse outcomes in the elderly. Age-related iron accumulation is found in the muscles of sarcopenia animal models and patients, but the role of iron in sarcopenia remains poorly understood. It has been recently found that iron overload in several diseases is involved in ferroptosis, an iron- dependent form of programmed cell death. However, whether this excess iron can result in ferroptosis in muscles is still unclear. In our present study, we found that ferric citrate induced ferroptosis in C2C12 cells, as well as impaired their differentiation from myoblasts to myotubes. Due to the decreased muscle mass and fiber size, 40-week-old senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were used as a sarcopenia model, in whose muscles the iron content and markers of ferroptosis were found to increase, compared to 8-week- old SAMP8 controls. Moreover, our results showed that iron overload upregulated the expression of P53, which subsequently repressed the protein level of Slc7a11 (solute carrier family 7, member 11), a known ferroptosis-related gene. The downregulation of Slc7a11 then induced the ferroptosis of muscle cells through the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, which may be one of the causes of sarcopenia. The findings in this study indicate that iron plays a key role in triggering P53- Slc7a11-mediated ferroptosis in muscles, and suggest that targeting iron accumulation and ferroptosis might be a therapeutic strategy for treating sarcopenia.

Symptoms Based on Deficiency Syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine Might Be Predictor of Frailty in Elderly Community Dwellers.

BACKGROUND: The most widely used frailty phenotype and frailty indexes are either time-consuming or complicated, thus restricting their generalization in clinical practice; and therefore, an easier and faster screening tool is needed to be developed. OBJECTIVE: To select sensitive symptoms in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and study whether they can improve the risk prediction of frailty. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study enrolling 2249 Chinese elderly community dwellers. Data were collected via face-to-face inquiries, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and community health files. Frailty was the main outcome measure, and it was evaluated by Fried's frailty phenotype (FP). The ordinal logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with frailty. The risk assessment plot was used to compare the discriminative ability for frailty among models with and without TCM symptoms. RESULTS: The identified sensitive influential factors for frailty included age, education level, dietary habits, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, cerebral infarction, osteoporosis, cold limbs, lethargy and laziness in speaking and moving, weakness of lower limbs, slow movement, dry mouth and throat, and glazed expression. The risk prediction for "frailty cumulative components ≥1" was not significantly increased, while for "frailty cumulative components ≥2", a new model developed with the above selected TCM symptoms had a higher AUC than the baseline model without it (0.79 VS 0.81, P=0.002). And the NRI and IDI for the new model were 41.4% (P=0.016) and 0.024% (P=0.041), respectively. CONCLUSION: This research might provide an easier and faster way for early identification and risk prediction of frailty in elderly community dwellers.

The acquisition of an inheritable 50-bp deletion in the human mtDNA control region does not affect the mtDNA copy number in peripheral blood cells.

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region is believed to play an important biological role in mtDNA replication. Large deletions in this region are rarely found, but when they do occur they might be expected to interfere with the replication of the molecule, thus leading to a reduction of mtDNA copy number. During a survey for mtDNA sequence variations in 5,559 individuals from the general Chinese population and 2,538 individuals with medical disorders, we identified a 50-bp deletion (m.298_347del50) in the mtDNA control region in a member of a healthy Han Chinese family belonging to haplogroup B4c1b2, as suggested by complete mtDNA genome sequencing. This deletion removes the conserved sequence block II (CSBII; region 299-315) and the replication primer location (region 317-321). However, quantification of the mtDNA copy number in this subject showed a value within a range that was observed in 20 healthy subjects without the deletion. The deletion was detected in the hair samples of the maternal relatives of the subject and exhibited variable heteroplasmy. Our current observation, together with a recent report for a benign 154-bp deletion in the mtDNA control region, suggests that the control of mtDNA replication may be more complex than we had thought.

Shen-Zhi-Ling oral solution improves learning and memory ability in Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effector mechanisms and effector targets of Shen-Zhi-Ling (SZL) oral solution in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: In this study, we carried out gavage with SZL oral solution in an APP/PS-1 heterozygous double transgenic AD mouse model for 12 continuous weeks. Haematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining and Annexin V/Propidium Iodide staining were used to detect the brain histopathology in AD mouse model. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy's proteins. Morris water maze test was used to detect the learning and memory ability in AD mouse model. RESULTS: Pathological results showed that neuronal loss in the hippocampus of mice in the SZL intervention group was significantly alleviated and the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased compared with the control group (physiological saline and non-intervention groups). Immunofluorescence staining results showed that the expression of autophagy activators, Beclin-1 and LC3B, was significantly increased in the hippocampal neurons of mice of the SZL intervention group, while the expression of the apoptotic factor, caspase-3, was significantly decreased. At the same time, hippocampal accumulation of Aß42 protein was significantly decreased. In addition, results of the water maze experiment showed that the latency period in mice from the SZL intervention group was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: In summary, we believe that the SZL oral solution significantly activates autophagy in hippocampal neurons, effectively reducing the accumulation of Aß42 peptides, alleviating neuronal injury and apoptosis, and ultimately improving the cognitive function in a mouse model of AD.

Identification of a novel regulatory pathway for PPARα by RNA-seq characterization of the endothelial cell lipid peroxidative injury transcriptome.

Endothelial dysfunction caused by endothelial cell injuries is the initiating factor for atherosclerosis (AS), and lipid peroxidative injury is one of a dominant factor for AS pathogenesis. Using RNA-seq, we compared changes in transcriptome expression before and after endothelial cell injury, and found 311 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 258 genes were upregulated and 53 genes were downregulated. The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the genes were analysed using the STRING database, and a PPI network of DEGs was constructed. The relationship distributions among these PPIs were analysed by performing network node statistics. We found that in the top 20 DEGs with high connected protein nodes in the PPI network, 16 were upregulated and 4 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on the DEGs were also performed. By comparing the upregulated expressed genes with high connected protein nodes in the PPI network to those related to endothelial cell lipid damage and repair in the GO analysis, we identified seven genes (NOX4, PPARA, CCL2, PDGFB, IL8, VWF, CD36) and verified their expression levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein interactions between the seven genes were then analysed using the STRING database. The results predicted that CCL2 interacts with NOX4, PPARα, PDGFß and VWF individually. Thus, we examined the protein expression levels of CCL2, NOX4, PPARα, PDGFß and VWF, and found that the expression levels of all proteins were significantly upregulated after the lipid peroxidative injury, with CCL2 and PPARα exhibiting the highest expression levels. Therefore, we investigated the interregulatory relationship between CCL2 and PPARα and their roles in the repair of endothelial cell injury. With the help of gene overexpression and knockdown techniques, we discovered that PPARα promotes the repair of endothelial cell injury by upregulating CCL2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells but that CCL2 cannot regulate PPARα expression. Therefore, we believe that PPARα participates in the repair of endothelial cell lipid peroxidative injury through regulating the expression of CCL2.

Induction of miR-15a expression by tripterygium glycosides caused premature ovarian failure by suppressing the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling effector Lats1.

Tripterygium glycosides (TGs) are chemotherapeutic drugs and immunosuppressant agents for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. We have previously reported that TGs induces premature ovarian failure (POF) by inducing cytotoxicity in ovarian granulosa cells (OGCs). Hence, we report that TGs suppress the expression of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway in murine OGCs in vitro and in vivo. We found that the expressions of miR-181b, miR-15a, and miR-30d, were elevated significantly in the POF. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-15a targets Lats1 through a miR-15a binding site in the Lats1 3'UTR. Overexpression of miR-15a in mOGCs not only inhibited proliferation and growth of mOGCs, but also induced aging of mOGCs. Western blot and qPCR analysis indicated that miR-15a suppresses the expression of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway in mOGCs. When the exogenous miR-15a was expressed on mouse OGCs, it could elevate the cytotoxicity effect of TG on mOGCs. We conclude that tripterygium glycosides promote cytotoxicity, senescence, and apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells by inducing endogenous miR-15a expression and inhibiting the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway.

Effect of the herbal formulation Shen-Zhi-Ling on an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by modulating the biliverdin reductase/heme oxygenase 1 system.

Shen-Zhi-Ling (SZL) oral liquid is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that is mainly used for the clinical treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of SZL treatment on AD. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were utilized to evaluate the effect of SZL treatment (0.5 g/20 g/day). Morris water maze and Thioflavin S staining analyses were used to evaluate the cognitive impairment and ß-amyloid plaques, respectively, while quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to examine the mRNA and protein expression levels of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase (BVR). Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining was used to measure the BVR and HO-1 protein levels in the hippocampus. The findings of the current study demonstrated that SZL treatment was able to ameliorate the impairment of memory and reduce the accumulation of amyloid plaques, and its ameliorating effects may be attributed to the modulation of the HO-1/BVR system in the hippocampus. These results indicate that SZL may be a possible complementary and alternative therapy to delay the development of AD.

Attenuation of exogenous angiotensin II stress-induced damage and apoptosis in human vascular endothelial cells via microRNA-155 expression.

Numerous studies have indicated that cells and tissues have means of blocking their response to continuous stress signals to protect themselves from damage. Overexpression of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the renin-angiotensin system can cause vascular endothelial damage, but the mechanism of adjustment of the dynamic equilibrium remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether microRNA-155 (miR-155) can suppress continuous Ang II stress signals that would otherwise cause vascular endothelial damage. We isolated and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and transfected one group of these with a mature miR-155 expression plasmid. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting showed Ang II type 1 receptor expression to be decreased in miR-155-transfected HUVECs compared with untransfected cells. The MTT proliferation assay revealed that exogenous Ang II suppressed proliferation of HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner. When HUVECs were cultured in medium containing Ang II at the half maximal inhibitory concentration (68.94 ng/µl) for 24 h, qRT-PCR and western blotting showed that expression of the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2 in the HUVEC-Ang II group was markedly lower than that in controls, but apoptosis-promoting factors (Bax, cytochrome c, caspases-9 and -3) were not. Co-immunoprecipitation western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that exogenous Ang II increased the phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal related kinase (ERK)1/2. Exogenous Ang II also influenced HUVEC migration and capillary tubule formation in vitro. However, after transfection of HUVECs with miR-155 under the same conditions, expression of apoptosis-promoting factors and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were reduced significantly and HUVEC migration and capillary tubule formation were restored to some extent. Thus, miR-155 attenuated the effect of exogenous Ang II-induced ERK1/2 activation to reduce HUVEC damage and apoptosis. Moreover, miR-155 maintained HUVEC migration and capillary tubule formation in vitro.