Nanoparticles that Transcytosed through Cancer Cells Can Elicit Immune Response.

Transcytosis is a crucial process that nanomedicines can experience in various delivery stages. However, little was known about whether it endows biofunctions to the nanomedicines. Here, we reported that transporting photodynamic nanoparticles across cancer cells via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi pathway formulated them with abundant neoantigens and damage-associated molecular patterns. The resultant nanoparticles (Tran-NPs) were potent in dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation. Meanwhile, the photodynamic Tran-NPs maintained their primary function of repolarizing immunosuppressive cells. The immune responses were observed in melanoma B16F10 tumor models. Our work suggested that the transcytosis process reprogrammed the nanoparticles with immunological properties, which might shed light on the design of nanomedicines.

Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel (SVF-Gel) Combined with Nanofat for Tear Trough Deformity.

BACKGROUND: Tear trough deformity makes patients appear tired. Patients with less severe tear trough deformity prefer a less invasive method to correct the deformity. The infraorbital area is a multilayered tissue, and the aging of various components leads to tear trough deformity. To this end, we utilized the different characteristics of different fat derivatives to correct tear trough deformity. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with Barton Grade I/II tear trough deformity were enrolled in this study between September 2020 and March 2021. We injected Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel (SVF-Gel) into the suborbicularis oculi fat layer and Nanofat into the subcutaneous. After 12 months of follow-up, we evaluated the changes using standardized clinical photogrammetric techniques, volume, global aesthetic improvement scale, and patient self-evaluation. RESULTS: There were no major complications in any of the 32 patients. The measured data points demonstrated improvements in all aesthetic parameters. The width of the tear trough and the distance from the pupil to the tear trough improved. The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) showed a high score (2.45±0.64 points), with patient self-assessment showing satisfactory results. CONCLUSION: SVF-Gel combined with Nanofat injection can effectively correct tear trough deformities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Experimental Study on the Biological Outcome of Auricular Cartilage and Costal Cartilage at Different Time Periods After Autologous Cartilage Rhinoplasty.

Since autologous cartilage is a good transplant material, it is widely used in various fields of clinical medicine. In this study, we collected clinical specimens obtained at different numbers of years after transplantation and used histologic staining to explore the post-transplantation changes in auricular cartilage and costal cartilage. A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent primary autologous cartilage rhinoplasty and secondary rhinoplasty from 2017 to 2021, and the remaining autologous cartilage tissue after surgery was used for histologic testing. As time progressed after transplantation, the density of costal chondrocytes decreased first and then increased, while the secretion of type II collagen and extracellular matrix both decreased slightly. There was a clear boundary between the cartilage tissue and the surrounding connective tissue, and there was no ingrowth of blood vessels in the cartilage. Auricular cartilage showed a decrease in the integrity of the matrix edge. Moreover, local fibrosis was visible, and vascular ingrowth was observed at the edge of the cartilage. The content of type II collagen first increased and then decreased, and the cell secretion function was lower than that of normal chondrocytes. The results of the study suggest that the histologic outcome of elastic cartilage after transplantation is significantly different from that of hyaline cartilage. Moreover, costal cartilage was more stable than auricular cartilage after transplantation.

Biological Changes of Autologous Auricular Cartilage in Rhinoplasty.

Autologous auricular cartilage is used extensively as a good graft material in rhinoplasty. In this study, clinical specimens from patients who underwent revision rhinoplasty with auricular cartilage grafts were collected to compare the changes before and after auricular cartilage transplantation with the use of histologic, immunohistochemical, and quantitative assays. Patients who underwent revision rhinoplasty from 2018 to 2022 were analyzed. Fresh auricular cartilage left after surgery and auricular cartilage graft tissue were examined and compared. Compared with fresh auricular cartilage, local fibrosis was seen in the transplanted auricular cartilage with a slight decrease in elastic fibers, type II collagen, and extracellular matrix secretion. Quantitative assays showed a decrease in glycosaminoglycan, DNA, and total collagen content in the transplanted auricular cartilage tissue. The results of the study suggest that the histologic characteristics, cell functionality, and biochemical composition of the grafted cartilage changed to a certain extent after autologous auricular cartilage graft rhinoplasty. These results provide insights into the selection of graft/filler materials for rhinoplasty and what changes to expect.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Postoperative Drainage After Comprehensive Rhinoplasty.

This study aimed to explore and analyze the factors influencing the drainage volume after comprehensive rhinoplasty. The clinical data of 102 patients who underwent comprehensive rhinoplasty at Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from August 2019 to August 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The effects of age, sex, body mass index, whether an osteotomy was performed, and whether a nasal septum flap was obtained on the indwelling time of the drainage tube after the operation were analyzed by single factor analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. Age, body mass index, whether it was a primary rhinoplasty, whether an osteotomy was performed, and whether a nasal septum flap was obtained were the influencing factors for drainage time after augmentation rhinoplasty ( P <0.05). Sex had little effect on the drainage time after comprehensive rhinoplasty ( P >0.05). Body mass index, whether an osteotomy was performed and whether a nasal septum flap was obtained were the independent influencing factors for the postoperative drainage time ( P <0.05). For patients with multiple independent influencing factors, individualized management during the perioperative period should be promoted, and reasonable treatment strategies should be formulated, so as to reduce the indwelling time of the drainage tube after the operation.

Eyelid Lymphatics: An Anatomical Study by Microdissection.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain further understanding of the eyelid lymphatic anatomy. METHOD: Thirty-two halves of eyelids from 16 fresh fetus cadavers were studied by microdissection using a mixture of 3% Prussian blue and chloroform to visualize the lymphatic vessels. RESULTS: Three layers of lymphatic plexuses were demonstrated in the eyelids: a superficial or preorbicularis muscle plexus; a pretarsal or postorbicular muscle plexus; and a deep or posttarsal plexus. Furthermore, communicating branches among these plexuses were also spotted. CONCLUSIONS: The study results demonstrated the topographic distribution of the eyelid lymphatic vessels and confirmed the existence of communicating branches. This discovery will be conducive to understanding the route and mechanism by which inflammation of the eyelid spreads and cancer disseminates. It also provides anatomical insights to apply during eyelid surgery with regard to the prevention of possible eyelid lymphatic injury.

Novel method for correcting cephalic rotation in Asian nasal tip plasty.

BACKGROUND: To correct nasal tip cephalic rotation, SEG made of cartilage or Medpor are often used in rhinoplasty. These techniques require extensive experience for the surgeon, and not all patients can accept this procedure. In this research, we introduce a new method to correct nasal tip cephalic rotation that is relatively simple and rapid. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients who had rhinoplasty using our scaffold were enrolled in the study between January 2020 and January 2021. The authors evaluated the change of nasolabial angel by photogrammetry using standardized clinical photogrammetric techniques. Patients' satisfaction regarding postoperative results was also surveyed. RESULTS: The mean postoperative follow-up duration was 12 months. No complication (infection, extrusion, and displacement) was happened in all patients. Analysis showed our scaffold can correct nasal tip cephalic rotation effectively (98.61±1.21 preoperatively and 89.68±0.99 postoperatively, P<0.0001). And the patient satisfaction rate is 98%. CONCLUSION: We constructed an integrated scaffold by simply folding and suturing a high-density polyethylene sheet (Su-Por) sheet to correct nasal tip cephalic rotation. Using the scaffold we designed, we did not need to alter the structure of the nasal septum, which reduced the operative duration and simplified the surgical procedure.

Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Night Tourism Accidents in China Based on SNA and QAP Methods.

The key purpose of this paper is to address an inherent gap in the literature on safety issues in the development of night tourism. This research takes a novel methodological approach, by using 8787 cases of tourism safety accidents in typical night tourism cities in China, and applying social network analysis (SNA) and quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) regression analysis to explore the multidimensional structural characteristics and risk-causing factors of night tourism accidents. Key findings include: (1) Amidst the complexity and diversity of the night tourism safety accidents in cities, disastrous accidents, public health accidents, natural disasters, and social security accidents are the main types of night tourism safety accidents. (2) Night tourism safety accidents have strong aggregation in specific time periods and spatial regions. There are differences in the timepoint and duration of each accident type, showing different distribution characteristics in different cities and locations. (3) Distribution of accident types in night tourism products shows obvious core-edge structure characteristics. (4) The degree of co-occurrence of four risk-inducing factors, i.e., personnel, facilities, environment, and management, has high explanatory power at the accident correlation level in the co-occurrence network of night tourism safety accidents in cities, and the influence effects of risk factors are heterogeneous at different timepoints. Our results provide some valuable implications for optimizing night tourism safety governance in cities.

Corrigendum: Three-Dimensional Cartilage Regeneration Using Engineered Cartilage Gel With a 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Framework.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.871508.].

Three-Dimensional Cartilage Regeneration Using Engineered Cartilage Gel With a 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Framework.

The feasibility of the three-dimensional (3D) cartilage regeneration technology based on the "steel (framework)-reinforced concrete (engineered cartilage gel, ECG)" concept has been verified in large animals using a decalcified bone matrix (DBM) as the framework. However, the instability of the source, large sample variation, and lack of control over the 3D shape of DBM have greatly hindered clinical translation of this technology. To optimize cartilage regeneration using the ECG-framework model, the current study explores the feasibility of replacing the DBM framework with a 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) framework. The PCL framework showed good biocompatibility with ECG and achieved a high ECG loading efficiency, similar to that of the DBM framework. Furthermore, PCL-ECG constructs caused a milder inflammatory response in vivo than that induced by DBM-ECG constructs, which was further supported by an in vitro macrophage activation experiment. Notably, the PCL-ECG constructs successfully regenerated mature cartilage and essentially maintained their original shape throughout 8 weeks of subcutaneous implantation. Quantitative analysis revealed that the GAG and total collagen contents of the regenerated cartilage in the PCL-ECG group were significantly higher than those in the DBM-ECG group. The results indicated that the 3D-printed PCL framework-a clinically approved biomaterial with multiple advantages including customizable shape design, mechanical strength control, and standardized production-can serve as an excellent framework for supporting the 3D cartilage regeneration of ECG. This provides a feasible novel strategy for the clinical translation of ECG-based 3D cartilage regeneration.

3D Cartilage Regeneration With Certain Shape and Mechanical Strength Based on Engineered Cartilage Gel and Decalcified Bone Matrix.

Scaffold-free cartilage-sheet technology can stably regenerate high-quality cartilage tissue in vivo. However, uncontrolled shape maintenance and mechanical strength greatly hinder its clinical translation. Decalcified bone matrix (DBM) has high porosity, a suitable pore structure, and good biocompatibility, as well as controlled shape and mechanical strength. In this study, cartilage sheet was prepared into engineered cartilage gel (ECG) and combined with DBM to explore the feasibility of regenerating 3D cartilage with controlled shape and mechanical strength. The results indicated that ECG cultured in vitro for 3 days (3 d) and 15 days (15 d) showed good biocompatibility with DBM, and the ECG-DBM constructs successfully regenerated viable 3D cartilage with typical mature cartilage features in both nude mice and autologous goats. Additionally, the regenerated cartilage had comparable mechanical properties to native cartilage and maintained its original shape. To further determine the optimal seeding parameters for ECG, the 3 d ECG regenerated using human chondrocytes was diluted in different concentrations (1:3, 1:2, and 1:1) for seeding and in vivo implantation. The results showed that the regenerated cartilage in the 1:2 group exhibited better shape maintenance and homogeneity than the other groups. The current study established a novel mode of 3D cartilage regeneration based on the design concept of steel (DBM)-reinforced concrete (ECG) and successfully regenerated homogenous and mature 3D cartilage with controlled shape and mechanical strength, which hopefully provides an ideal cartilage graft for the repair of various cartilage defects.

Regeneration of Subcutaneous Cartilage in a Swine Model Using Autologous Auricular Chondrocytes and Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes Under Conditions of Varying Gelatin/PCL Ratios.

The scarcity of ideal biocompatible scaffolds makes the regeneration of cartilage in the subcutaneous environment of large animals difficult. We have previously reported the successful regeneration of good-quality cartilage in a nude mouse model using the electrospun gelatin/polycaprolactone (GT/PCL) nanofiber membranes. The GT/PCL ratios were varied to generate different sets of membranes to conduct the experiments. However, it is unknown whether these GT/PCL membranes can support the process of cartilage regeneration in an immunocompetent large animal model. We seeded swine auricular chondrocytes onto different GT/PCL nanofiber membranes (GT:PCL = 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30) under the sandwich cell-seeding mode. Prior to subcutaneously implanting the samples into an autologous host, they were cultured in vitro over a period of 2 weeks. The results revealed that the nanofiber membranes with different GT/PCL ratios could support the process of subcutaneous cartilage regeneration in an autologous swine model. The maximum extent of homogeneity in the cartilage tissues was achieved when the G5P5 (GT: PC = 50: 50) group was used for the regeneration of cartilage. The formed homogeneous cartilage tissues were characterized by the maximum cartilage formation ratio. The extents of the ingrowth of the fibrous tissues realized and the extents of infiltration of inflammatory cells achieved were found to be the minimum in this case. Quantitative analyses were conducted to determine the wet weight, cartilage-specific extracellular matrix content, and Young's modulus. The results indicated that the optimal extent of cartilage formation was observed in the G5P5 group. These results indicated that the GT/PCL nanofiber membranes could serve as a potential scaffold for supporting subcutaneous cartilage regeneration under clinical settings. An optimum GT/PCL ratio can promote cartilage formation.