Protective effects of berberine against ß-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 cells via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Neuronal apoptosis has been found to have a pivotal role in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Berberine (BBR), a potent antioxidant, occurs in plants such as Berberis, Phellodendron chinense, and Hydrastis canadensis. In this study, a neuronal apoptotic model was established in vitro using HT22 cells induced by Aß25-35 to explore whether BBR contributes to protecting neurons against Aß25-35-induced neurotoxicity, as well as its potential mechanisms. BBR was applied to HT22 cells for 1 h prior to exposing the cells to Aß25-35 for 24 h. A CCK-8 assay was utilized to assess cell viability, and Annexin V - fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 fluorescence staining were used to measure the rate of cell apoptosis. Existing scientific literature was also reviewed to further determine the effects of BBR on ROS production and mitochondrial function in HT22 cells. Furthermore, the expressions of proteins, including cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3, p-p65, p65, and Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant axis were assessed by Western blotting. The data indicated that BBR markedly improved cell viability, inhibited apoptosis and intracellular ROS levels, improved mitochondrial membrane potentials, decreased the rate of p-p65/p65, cytochrome C, and cleaved caspase-3, and intensified the activity of Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidants in HT22 cells. Overall, the findings indicated that BBR provides a certain level of neuroprotectiveness in HT22 cells exposed to Aß25-35 via relieving oxidative stress, as well as by restraining the mitochondrial pathway of cellular apoptosis. In addition, the restraint of NF-κB activity and sensitization of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant axis, which together are intimately involved in the neuroprotection of BBR, may be possible mechanisms accounting for its effectiveness against Aß25-35in vitro.

Tranexamic Acid Reduces Hidden Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: To explore the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) on reducing hidden blood loss (HBL) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by conducting a comparative study and meta-analysis. MATERIAL/METHODS: A total of 108 patients underwent TKA was equally distributed to experimental and control groups. The only difference between two groups was the administrations of 15 mg of TXA mixed in 100 mL normal saline for experimental group and 100 mL of normal saline for control group. The volumes of blood loss, red blood loss (RBL) were recorded, calculated and analyzed. Stata 12.0 software was applied for data analysis. RESULTS: The intraoperative and postoperative blood loss volume in experimental group were remarkably reduced compared with those in control group (intraoperative: 105.1±12.1 mL vs. 185.5±20.3 mL, P<0.001; postoperative: 220.7±16.8 mL vs. 290.5±22.4 mL, P<0.001). Accordingly, the control group had significantly higher transfusion rate than experimental group (3.7% vs.25.9%, P=0.001). Our results also found that both the measured and hidden RBL were obviously reduced in experimental group compared with control group (measured RBL: 96.9±11.8 mL vs. 135.2±13.5 mL, P<0.001; hidden RBL: 170.8±37.2 mL vs. 364.2±41.5 mL, P<0.001). Furthermore, meta-analysis confirmed that TXA can notably decrease HBL (SMD=2.68, 95%CI=1.55~3.80, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TXA can significantly reduce the intraoperative and postoperative blood loss and HBL, therefore decreasing the transfusion need in TKA.

[In vivo reflectance spectroscopy study of different clearing agents on human skin optical clearing].

The changes of skin tissue reflectance spectroscopy before and after being treated with the optical clearing agents of three different types of optical clearing within the wavelength rang of 400-1 000 nm, and the degree of changes in reflectance spectroscopy of each group skin during 0-60 min at 580 nm in vivo were real-time dynamically researched. The reflectance spectroscopy of skin tissue before and after being dealt by the optical clearing agents of glycerol, glucose and propylene glycol was measured using a USB-4000 fiber spectrophotometer at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min. The results showed that the reflectance spectral intensity was distinctly decreased, but the reflectance was significantly increased gradually with the time prolonged. However, different optical clearing agents have different clearing progress. The relative decrease of reflectance of palm skin tissue before and after being dealt by the optical agents of 40% glycerol, 40% glucose and 40% propylene glycol during 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min at the wavelength 580 nm is 5%, 7%, 9%, 10%, 11% and 12%, 9%, 13%, 16%, 19%, 21% and 22%, and 14%, 22%, 29%, 32%, 34% and 35%, respectively. The significant improvement in light transmittance and enhancement of light penetration through tissue was demonstrated for all solutions. The effect and processes of optical clearing of skin tissue is not only closely related to the choosing of the clearing agent type, but also related to the treatment time with the skin tissue. The clearing progress of different type optical clearing agent showed the order of 40% propylene glycol, 40% glucose and 40% glycerol.

Using an oblique incident laser beam to measure the optical properties of stomach mucosa/submucosa tissue.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study is to determine the optical properties and their differences for normal human stomach mucosa/submucosa tissue in the cardiac orifice in vitro at 635, 730, 808, 890 and 980 nm wavelengths of laser. METHODS: The measurements were performed using a CCD detector, and the optical properties were assessed from the measurements using the spatially resolved reflectance, and nonlinear fitting of diffusion equation. RESULTS: The results of measurement showed that the absorption coefficients, the reduced scattering coefficients, the optical penetration depths, the diffusion coefficients, the diffuse reflectance and the shifts of diffuse reflectance of tissue samples at five different wavelengths vary with a change of wavelength. The maximum absorption coefficient for tissue samples is 0.265 mm-1 at 980 nm, and the minimum absorption coefficient is 0.0332 mm-1 at 730 nm, and the maximum difference in the absorption coefficients is 698% between 730 and 980 nm, and the minimum difference is 1.61% between 635 and 808 nm. The maximum reduced scattering coefficient for tissue samples is 1.19 mm-1 at 635 nm, and the minimum reduced scattering coefficient is 0.521 mm-1 at 980 nm, and the maximum difference in the reduced scattering coefficients is 128% between 635 and 980 nm, and the minimum difference is 1.15% between 890 and 980 nm. The maximum optical penetration depth for tissue samples is 3.57 mm at 808 nm, and the minimum optical penetration depth is 1.43 mm at 980 nm. The maximum diffusion constant for tissue samples is 0.608 mm at 890 nm, and the minimum diffusion constant is 0.278 mm at 635 nm. The maximum diffuse reflectance is 3.57 mm-1 at 808 nm, and the minimum diffuse reflectance is 1.43 mm-1 at 980 nm. The maximum shift Deltax of diffuse reflectance is 1.11 mm-1 at 890 nm, and the minimum shift Deltax of diffuse reflectance is 0.507 mm-1 at 635 nm. CONCLUSION: The absorption coefficients, the reduced scattering coefficients, the optical penetration depths, the diffusion coefficients, the diffuse reflectance and the shifts of diffuse reflectance of tissue samples at 635, 730, 808, 890 and 980 nm wavelengths vary with a change of wavelength. There were significant differences in the optical properties for tissue samples at five different wavelengths (P < 0.01).

[Serum proteomics profiling for diagnosis of myasthenia gravis].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the significant protein peaks and establish the diagnostic model of myasthenia gravis (MG) by serum proteomics profiling analysis. METHODS: The serum samples from 56 MG patients and 16 healthy controls were detected by the technology of surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS). The differentially expressed protein peaks were identified to establish a MG diagnostic model. And preliminary validation was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight specific protein peaks with significant differences were found in the serum protein pattern of 56 MG patients and 16 healthy controls. Systemic optimization identified 2 protein peaks of M4168.94 and M1122.57. And they were used to build the MG diagnostic model of differentiating 56 cases from 16 controls. CONCLUSION: The serum protein profiling can be a novel, effective and sensitive tool to screen for MG-related protein peaks and establish a diagnostic model.

[Colon adenoma detection using Kubelka-Munk spectral function of DNA and protein bands].

Differential diagnosis of human colon adenoma was studied using the Kubelka-Munk spectral function of the DNA and protein absorption bands at 260 and 280 nm in vitro. Diffuse reflectance spectra of tissue were measured using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere attachment. The results of measurement showed that for the spectral range from 590 to 1 064 nm pathological changes of colon epithelial tissues were induced so that there were significant differences in the averaged values of the Kubelka-Munk function f(r infinity) and logarithmic Kubelka-Munk function log [f(r infinity)] of the DNA absorption bands at 260 nm between normal and adenomatous colon epithelial tissues, and the differences were 218% (p < 0.05) and 68.5% (p < 0.05) respectively. Pathological changes of colon epithelial tissues were induced so that there were significant differences in the averaged values of the Kubelka-Munk function f(r infinity) and logarithmic Kubelka-Munk function log [f(r infinity)] of the protein absorption bands at 280 nm between normal and adenomatous colon epithelial tissues, and the differences were 208% (p < 0.05) and 59.0% (p < 0.05) respectively. Pathological changes of colon epithelial tissues were induced so that there were significant differences in the averaged values of the Kubelka-Munk function f(r infinity) and logarithmic Kubelka-Munk function log [f(r infinity)] of the beta-carotene absorption bands at 480 nm between normal and adenomatous colon epithelial tissues, and the differences were 41.7% (p < 0.05) and 32.9% (p < 0.05) respectively. Obviously, pathological changes of colon epithelial tissues were induced so that there were significant changes in the contents of the DNA, protein and beta-carotene of colon epithelial tissues. The conclusion can be applied to rapid, low-cost and noninvasive optical biopsy of colon adenoma, and provides a useful reference.

[Gastric cancer detection using kubelka-Munk spectral function of DNA and protein absorption bands].

Differential diagnosis for epithelial tissues of normal human gastric, undifferentiation gastric adenocarcinoma, gastric squamous cell carcinomas, and poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma were studied using the Kubelka-Munk spectral function of the DNA and protein absorption bands at 260 and 280 nm in vitro. Diffuse reflectance spectra of tissue were measured using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere attachment. The results of measurement showed that for the spectral range from 250 to 650 nm, pathological changes of gastric epithelial tissues induced that there were significant differences in the averaged value of the Kubelka-Munk function f(r infinity) and logarithmic Kubelka-Munk function log[f(r infinity)] of the DNA absorption bands at 260 nm between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human undifferentiation gastric cancer, between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human gastric squamous cell carcinomas, and between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human poorly differentiated cancer. Their differences were 68.5% (p < 0.05), 146.5% (p < 0.05), 282.4% (p < 0.05), 32.4% (p < 0.05), 56.00 (p < 0.05) and 83.0% (p < 0.05) respectively. And pathological changes of gastric epithelial tissues induced that there were significant differences in the averaged value of the Kubelka-Munk function f(r infinity) and logarithmic Kubelka-Munk function log[f(r infinity)] of the protein absorption bands at 280 nm between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human undifferentiation gastric cancer, between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human gastric squamous cell carcinomas, and between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human poorly differentiated cancer. Their differences were 86.8% (p < 0.05), 262.9% (p < 0.05), 660.1% (p < 0.05) and 34% (p < 0.05), 72. 2% (p < 0.05), 113.5% (p < 0.05) respectively. And pathological changes of gastric epithelial tissues induced that there were significant differences in the averaged value of the Kubelka-Munk function f(r infinity) and logarithmic Kubelka-Munk function log[f(r infinity)] of the carotene absorption bands at 480 nm between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human undifferentiation gastric cancer, between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human gastric squamous cell carcinomas, and between epithelial tissues of normal human stomach and human poorly differentiated cancer. Their differences were 59.5% (p < 0.05), 73% (p < 0.05), 258.9% (p < 0.05), 118.7% (p < 0.05), 139.2% (p < 0.05), and 324. 6% (p < 0.05) respectively. It is obvious that pathological changes of gastric epithelial tissues induced that there were significant changes in the contents of the DNA, protein and beta-carotene of gastric epithelial tissues. The conclusion can be applied to rapid, low-cost and noninvasive the optical biopsy for gastric cancer and provides a useful reference.

[Thermal coagulation of human benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues induced changes in the absorption and scattering properties in spectral range from 590 to 1 064 nm in vitro].

The optical properties and their differences of native and coagulated human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues were studied in the spectral range from 590 to 1 064 nm in vitro. The measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere attachment, and the absorption and scattering properties were assessed from these measurements using the inverse adding-doubling method. The results of measurement showed that the thermal coagulation of BPH tissues induced obviously the decrease in the absorption coefficients in the spectral range from 590 to 1 064 nm. The peaks in the absorption coefficients for native and coagulated BPH tissues were respectively 0.438 and 0.416 mm(-1) corresponding to the same wavelength of 990 nm, the maximum difference in the absorption coefficients of native and coagulated BPH tissues is 86.79% at 1 064 nm, and the minimum difference is 4.74% at 920 nm. The thermal coagulation of BPH tissues induced an increase in the reduced scattering coefficients in the spectral range from 600 to 1 064 nm obviously, and induced a decrease in the reduced scattering coefficients at 590 nm obviously. The peaks in the reduced scattering coefficients for native and coagulated BPH tissues were respectively 1.090 and 1. 449 mm(-1) corresponding to the same wavelength of 970 nm, and other peaks in the reduced scattering coefficients for native and coagulated BPH tissues were respectively 1.116 and 1.627 mm(-1) corresponding to the same wavelength of 1 050 nm, the maximum difference in the reduced scattering coefficients of native and coagulated BPH tissues is 47.73% at 1 064 nm, and the minimum difference is 4.86% at 600 nm.

[Absorption and scattering characteristics of human benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue with Ti: sapphire laser irradiation in vitro].

The optical properties and their differences of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues removed using transurethral plasma kinetic resection of the prostate (PKRP) and transurethral vaporization of the prostate (TUVP) at 640, 660, 680, 700, 720, 740, 760, 780, 800, 820, 840, 860 and 880 nm of Ti: Sapphire laser were studied in vitro. The measurements were performed using a double-integrating-sphere setup, and the absorption and scattering properties were assessed using the inverse adding-doubling method. The results of measurement showed that the absorption coefficients and reduced scattering coefficients of BPH tissues removed using PKRP and TURP obviously decreased with the increase in the wavelength for thirteen different laser wavelengths. The absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient of BPH tissues removed using PKRP at a certain laser wavelength were obviously smaller than that of BPH tissues removed using TUVP at the same laser wavelength. The maximum absorption coefficient and maximum reduced scattering coefficient of BPH tissues removed using PKRP and TURP were respectively (0. 885 +/- 0. 022) and (0.955 +/- 0.024)mm(-1), and (1.564 +/- 0.039) and (1.658 +/- 0.042)mm(-1) at 640 nm, their differences were respectively 7.91% and 6.01%, and the minimum absorption coefficient and minimum reduced scattering coefficient of BPH tissues removed using PKRP and TURP were respectively (0.443 +/- 0.011) and (0.455 +/- 0.011) mm(-1), and (1.117 +/- 0.028) and (1.197 +/- 0.030)mm(-1) at 640 nm, their differences were respectively 2.71% and 9.13%. The maximum difference in the absorption coefficients of BPH tissues removed using PKRP and TURP is 8.95% at 660 nm, and the minimum difference is 1.75% at 860 nm. The maximum difference in the reduced scattering coefficients of BPH tissues removed using PKRP and TURP is 9.13% at 800 nm, and the minimum difference is 6.01% at 640 nm.

[Superficial bladder cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands].

A low-cost, fast, and noninvasive method for early diagnosis of malignant lesions of mucosa tissue based on diffuse reflectance spectra was applied in the study of the optical biopsy of superficial human bladder cancer. In the present paper, differential diagnosis of superficial human bladder cancer was studied using the diffuse reflectance spectral ratio (R540/R575) of the oxygenated hemoglobin absorption bands at 540 and 575 nm in vitro. Diffuse reflectance spectra for mucosa/submucosa tissues of normal bladder and superficial bladder cancer were measured using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere attachment. The results of measurement showed that there were three the diffuse reflectance spectral dips at 415, 542 and 577 nm respectively for mucosa/submucosa tissues of normal bladder and superficial bladder cancer in the spectral range from 400 to 600 nm. The mean diffuse reflectance spectral ratio (R540/R575) of normal bladder mucosa/submucosa tissue decreased slowly with time increase after surgical excision, and the mean diffuse reflectance spectral ratio (R540/R575) of superficial bladder cancer mucosa/ submucosa tissue also decreased slowly with time increasing after surgical excision. The mean diffuse reflectance spectral ratios (R540/R575) of normal bladder mucosa/submucosa tissue were 111%, 107%, 104% and 102% after 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after surgical excision respectively, and those of superficial bladder cancer mucosa/submucosa tissue were 98.4%, 95.5%, 93.1% and 91.6% after 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after surgical excision respectively. There were significant differences in mean diffuse reflectance spectral ratio (R540/R575) for mucosa/submucosa tissues between normal bladder and superficial bladder cancer after 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after surgical excision respectively (p < 0.05). Differences in mean diffuse reflectance spectral ratio (R540/R575) for mucosa/ submucosa tissues between normal bladder and superficial bladder cancer were 12.6%, 11.5%, 10.9% and 10.4% after 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after surgical excision respectively. It is obvious that pathological changes in bladder mucosa/submucosa tissues induced changes in the component and structure of the tissues, and especially quantitative changes in oxyhemoglobin and de-oxyhemoglobin of tissues obviously. Conclusion of the study provides a new method that can be applied to rapid, low-cost and noninvasive optical biopsy of superficial bladder cancer.

A method comparison in monitoring disease progression of G93A mouse model of ALS.

Our aim was to find an optimal method for monitoring disease progression and assessing the effectiveness of new agents in SOD1 mice. We compared six testing methods including clinical grading, weighing, hanging wire test, rotarod test, motor neuron counting and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in SOD1 mice and control animals. The six methods were all able to differentiate between control animals and SOD1 transgenic mice at some time points; of them motor neuron counting, weighing and MUNE could detect abnormalities in presymptomatic stage in SOD1 mice; The number of functional motor units precisely correlated with motor neuron counts (r = 0.894, p<0.01). We concluded that MUNE is the better testing measure for monitoring disease and evaluating pharmacological therapies in SOD1 mice, which not only can reflect a meaningful biological effect of the agents used, but also is a sensitive, accurate and practical method.

[Canceration and thermal coagulation of human liver induced changes in the absorption and scattering properties of liver-tissue at near infrared in vitro].

Canceration and thermal coagulation of human liver induced changes in the absorption and scattering properties of liver tissue at 710, 730, 750, 77, 790, 810, 830, 850, 870 and 890 nm of Ti: sapphire laser were studied in vitro. The measurements were performed using a double-integrating-sphere setup, and the absorption and scattering properties were assessed from these measurements using the inverse adding-doubling method. The results of measurement showed that canceration of liver induced significant decrease in the absorption coefficients of liver tissue, and the maximum change in the absorption coefficients is 86.12% at 850 nm, while the minimum change in the absorption coefficients is 82.65% at 750 nm. Thermal coagulation of normal liver induced obvious change in the absorption coefficients from 710 to 890 nm, and the maximum change in the absorption coefficients is 79.55% at 710 nm, while the minimum change in the absorption coefficients 0.72% at 790 nm. Thermal coagulation of carcinoma liver tissue induced significant increase in the absorption coefficients, the maximum change in the absorption coefficients of carcinoma liver tissue is 78.69% at 810 nm, in the minimum change in the absorption coefficients of carcinoma liver tissue 38.16% at 710 nm. Canceration of liver induced significant increase in the scattering coefficients of liver tissue, and the maximum change in the scattering coefficients is 158.37% at 710 nm, while the minimum change in the scattering coefficients is 136.03% at 890 nm. Thermal coagulation of normal liver induced significant increase in the scattering coefficients of liver tissue, and the maximum change in the scattering coefficients is 632.92% at 890 nm, while the minimum change for the scattering coefficients is 587.40% at 710 nm. Thermal coagulation of carcinoma liver tissue induced significant increase in the scattering coefficients, and the maximum change in the scattering coefficients of carcinoma liver tissue is 384. 25% at 810 nm, while the minimum change in the scattering coefficients of carcinoma liver tissue is 330. 86% at 710 nm. The change in the absorption and scattering properties also varies with the change of laser wavelength.

[Comparison of light attenuation characteristics and optical penetration depths between native and coagulated human liver tissues].

A double-integrating-spheres and IAD method were used to study the differences in the optical penetration depths (OPDs) and light attenuation (LA) native and coagulated human liver tumors and liver tissues at the wavelengths of 680, 720, 780, 810, 850 and 890 nm of Ti: Sapphire laser. The results of measurement showed that the OPDs for native and coagulated human liver tumors and liver tissues at six different wavelengths obviously increase with increasing laser wavelength, the OPDs of coagulated human liver tumors and liver tissues at six different wavelengths were significantly smaller than that of native human liver tumors and liver tissues at the same wavelength respectively (P<0.05), and the OPDs of native and coagulated human liver tumors at six different wavelengths were significantly bigger than that of native and coagulated human liver tissues at the same wavelength respectively (P<0.05). The LA for native and coagulated human liver tumors and liver tissues at six different wavelengths obviously decreases with increasing laser wavelength, and the LA for coagulated human liver tumors and liver tissues at six different wavelengths is significantly bigger than that for native human liver tumors and liver tissues at the same wavelength respectively (P<0.05). The LA for native and coagulated human liver tumors at six different wavelengths is significantly bigger than that for native and coagulated human liver tissue at the same wavelength respectively (P<0.05).

Differences in optical properties between healthy and pathological human colon tissues using a Ti:sapphire laser: an in vitro study using the Monte Carlo inversion technique.

The purpose of the study is to analyze and compare differences in the optical properties between normal and adenomatous human colon tissues in vitro at 630-, 680-, 720-, 780-, 850-, and 890-nm wavelengths using a Ti:sapphire laser. The optical parameters of tissue samples are determined using a double integrating sphere setup at seven different laser wavelengths. The inverse Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the optical properties from the measurements. The results of measurement show that the optical properties and their differences vary with a change of laser wavelength for normal and adenomatous colon mucosa/submucosa and normal and adenomatous colon muscle layer/chorion. The maximum absorption coefficients for normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa are 680 nm, and the minimum absorption coefficients for both are 890 nm. The maximum difference of the absorption coefficients between both is 56.8% at 780 nm. The maximum scattering coefficients for normal and adenomatous colon mucosa/submucosa are 890 nm, and the minimum scattering coefficients for both are 780 nm. The maximum difference of the scattering coefficients between both is 10.6% at 780 nm. The maximum absorption coefficients for normal and adenomatous colon muscle layer/chorion are 680 nm, and the minimum absorption coefficients for both are 890 nm. The maximum difference of the absorption coefficients between both is 47.9% at 780 nm. The maximum scattering coefficients for normal and adenomatous colon muscle layer/chorion are 890 nm, and the minimum scattering coefficients for both are 680 nm. The maximum difference of the scattering coefficients between both is 9.61% at 850 nm. The differences in absorption coefficients between normal and adenomatous tissues are more significant than those in scattering coefficients.

Determination of optical properties of normal and adenomatous human colon tissues in vitro using integrating sphere techniques.

AIM: The purpose of the present study is to compare the optical properties of normal human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion, and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion in vitro at 476.5, 488, 496.5, 514.5 and 532 nm. We believe these differences in optical properties should help differential diagnosis of human colon tissues by using optical methods. METHODS: In vitro optical properties were investigated for four kinds of tissues: normal human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion, and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion. Tissue samples were taken from 13 human colons (13 adenomatous, 13 normal). From the normal human colons a total of 26 tissue samples, with a mean thickness of 0.40 mm, were used (13 from mucosa/submucosa and 13 from muscle layer/chorion), and from the adenomatous human bladders a total of 26 tissue samples, with a mean thickness of 0.40 mm, were used (13 from mucosa/submucosa and 13 from muscle layer/chorion). The measurements were performed using a double-integrating-sphere setup and the optical properties were assessed from these measurements using the adding-doubling method that was considered reliable. RESULTS: The results of measurement showed that there were significant differences in the absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients between normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa at the same wavelength, and there were also significant differences in the two optical parameters between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same wavelength. And there were large differences in the anisotropy factors between both colon mucosa/submucosa at the same wavelength, there were also large differences in the anisotropy factors between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same wavelength. There were large differences in the value ranges of the absorption coefficients, scattering coefficients and anisotropy factors between both colon mucosa/submucosa, and there were also large differences in these value ranges between both colon muscle layer/chorion. There are the same orders of magnitude in the absorption coefficients for four kinds of colon tissues. The scattering coefficients of these tissues exceed the absorption coefficients by at least two orders of magnitude. CONCLUSION: There were large differences in the three optical parameters between normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa at the same laser wavelength, and there were also large differences in these parameters between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same laser wavelength. Large differences in optical parameters indicate that there were large differences in compositions and structures between both colon mucosa/submucosa, and between both colon muscle layer/chorion. Optical parameters for four kinds of colon tissues are wavelength dependent, and these differences would be useful and helpful in clinical applications of laser and tumors photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Optical properties of human normal small intestine tissue determined by Kubelka-Munk method in vitro.

AIM: To study the optical properties of human normal small intestine tissue at 476.5 nm, 488 nm, 496.5 nm, 514.5 nm, 532 nm, 808 nm wavelengths of laser irradiation. METHODS: A double-integrating-sphere system, the basic principle of measuring technology of light radiation, and an optical model of biological tissues were used in the study. RESULTS: The results of measurement showed that there were no significant differences in the absorption coefficients of human normal small intestine tissue at 476.5 nm, 488 nm, 496.5 nm laser in the Kubelka-Munk two-flux model (P>0.05). The absorption coefficients of the tissue at 514.5 nm, 532 nm, 808 nm laser irradiation were obviously increased with the decrease of these wavelengths. The scattering coefficients of the tissue at 476.5 nm, 488 nm, 496.5 nm laser irradiation were increased with the decrease of these wavelengths. The scattering coefficients at 496.5 nm, 514.5 nm, 532 nm laser irradiation were obviously increased with the increase of these wavelengths. The scattering coefficient of the tissue at 532 nm laser irradiation was bigger than that at 808 nm. There were no significant differences in the total attenuation coefficient of the tissue at 476.5 nm and 488 nm laser irradiation (P>0.05). The total attenuation coefficient of the tissue at 488 nm, 496.5 nm, 514.5 nm, 532 nm, 808 nm laser irradiation was obviously increased with the decrease of these wavelengths, and their effective attenuation coefficient revealed the same trend. There were no significant differences among the forward scattered photon fluxe, backward scattered photon fluxe, and total scattered photon fluxe of the tissue at 476.5 nm, 488 nm, 496.5 nm laser irradiation. They were all obviously increased with attenuation of tissue thickness. The attenuations of forward and backward scattered photon fluxes, and the total scattered photon fluxe of the tissue at 514.5 nm laser irradiation were slower than those at 476.5 nm, 488 nm, 496.5 nm laser irradiation respectively. The attenuations of forward and backward scattered photon fluxes, and total scattered photon fluxes at 532 nm laser irradiation were obviously slower than those at 476.5 nm, 488 nm, 496.5 nm, 514.5 nm laser irradiation. The attenuations of forward and backward scattered photon fluxes, and total scattered photon fluxe at 808 nm laser irradiation were all obviously slower than those at 476.5 nm, 488 nm, 496.5 nm, 514.5 nm, 532 nm laser irradiation respectively. CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in optical parameters of human normal small intestine tissue in the Kubelka-Munk two-flux model at six different wavelengths of laser radiation. The results would provide a new method of information analysis for clinical diagnosis.

[Optical properties of human normal small intestine tissue with theoretical model of optics about biological tissues at Ar+ laser and 532 nm laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation in vitro].

A double-integrating-spheres system, basic principle of measuring technology of ray radiation, and optical model of biological tissues were used for the study. Optical properties of human normal small intestine tissue at 476.5, 488, 496.5, 514.5 and 532 nm laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation were studied. The results of measurement showed that the total attenuation coefficient and scattering coefficient of the tissue at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation increased with decreasing wavelengths. And obviously there was a distinction at 514.5 to 532 nm wavelength between lasers and their linearly polarized laser irradiation. Absorption coefficient of tissue at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation increased with decreasing wavelengths. Absorption coefficient of tissue at 514.5 to 532 nm wavelength of laser was obviously decreasing, which was independent of these wavelengths of laser or their linearly polarized laser irradiation. Mean cosine of scattering of tissue at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation also increased with decreasing wavelengths. But penetration depth of tissue at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation also increased with increasing of wavelengths. Refractive index of tissue between these wavelengths of laser was within 1.38 to 1.48. Absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, total attenuation coefficient, effective attenuation coefficients of tissue in Kubelka-Munk two-flux model at the same wavelength of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation showed no prominent distinction (P>0.01). Absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, total attenuation coefficient, effective attenuation coefficients of tissue in Kubelka-Munk two-flux model at different wavelength of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation showed obvious distinction. Optical properties of tissue at 514.5 to 532 nm wavelength of laser exhibited obvious distinction.

[Comparative research on attenuation characteristics of human bladder cancer tissue at different wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser in vitro].

In this paper, a double-integrating-spheres system, the basic principle of measuring technology of ray radiation, and the optical model of biological tissues were used for the study. Attenuation characteristics of human bladder cancer tissue at 467.5, 488, 496.5, 514.5 and 532 nm laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation were studied. The results of measurement showed that the attenuation characteristics of human bladder cancer tissue in Kubelka-Munk two-flux model were different at different wavelengths of laser irradiation in the range of five different laser wavelengths. There were significant differences in the total attenuation or effective attenuation coefficients of human bladder cancer tissue at 476.5, 496.5, and 532 nm wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation (P>0.05), and there were no significant differences at 488 and 514.5 nm wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation in two-flux model (P>0.05). The total attenuation and effective attenuation coefficients of human bladder cancer tissue at 532 nm laser and its linearly polarized laser irradiation were obviously bigger than those at other four different wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation in two-flux model. The total attenuation and effective attenuation coefficients of human bladder cancer tissue at five different wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation increased with the decrease of these wavelengths, there were significant differences in those at 476.5, 496.5 and 514.5 nm wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in those at 488 and 532 nm wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation in light transport theory (P>0.05).

[Optical properties of human normal bladder tissue at five different wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation in vitro].

A double-integrating-spheres system, the basic principle of measuring technology of radiation, and an optical model of biological tissues were used for the study. Optical properties of human normal bladder tissue at 476.5, 488, 496.5, 514.5 and 532 nm of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation were studied. The results of measurement showed that total attenuation coefficient and scattering coefficient of human normal bladder tissue at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation increased with decreasing wavelengths. And these was an obvious distinction between the results at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation. Absorption coefficient of human normal bladder tissue at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation was tardily increased with decreasing wavelengths. But there were a number of gurgitations. And these were independent of the wavelengths of laser or their linearly polarized laser irradiation. Mean cosine of scattering of human normal bladder tissue at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation also increased with decreasing wavelengths. And these was an obvious distinction with these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation. But penetration depth of human normal bladder tissue at these wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation also increased with increasing wavelengths. But there were a number of gurgitations. Refractive index of human normal bladder tissue at these wavelengths of laser ranged from 1.37 to 1.44. Absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, total attenuation coefficient, and effective attenuation coefficients of human normal bladder tissue in Kubelka-Munk two-flux model at the same wavelength of laser and the linearly polarized laser irradiation do not exhibit prominent distinction (P > 0.05). Some absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, total attenuation coefficient, and effective attenuation coefficient of human normal bladder tissue in Kubelka-Munk two-flux model at different wavelengths of laser and their linearly polarized laser irradiation exhibit obvious distinction.

[Percutaneous screw fixation for the treatment of pelvic fractures under C-arm fluoroscopy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the applications of percutaneous screw fixation for the treatment of pelvic fractures and its related surgical considerations. METHODS: From June 2010 to June 2012,19 patients with pelvic fractures were treated with percutaneous hollow screws. There were 13 males and 6 females, with an average age of 41 years (ranged from 22 to 58 years). Fractures were caused by traffic accidents in 11 cases, by falling down from high place in 8 cases. Based on the Tile classification, there were 15 cases of Tile C type and 4 case of Tile B type. The indexes such as screw inserting time, intraoperative blood loss, complications, functional recovery and reduction conditions were observed. Fixation methods included sacroiliac screws, cannulated screw fixation of the pubic ramus and cannulated screw fixation of the pubic symphysis separation. RESULTS: Anatomical reduction achieved in 7 cases, satisfactory reduction 11 cases, and unsatisfactory reduction 1 case. Union time of fracture union ranged from 8 to 12 weeks (mean 10 weeks). Wound infection,ununion of fracture and nerve injuries were not found. According to the Majeed standards, 12 patients obtained an excellent results, 6 good and 1 fair. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous screw fixation for the treatment of pelvic fractures under fluoroscopy has several advantages such as less trauma, less blood loss, fewer rates of complications, reliable fixation and no blood transfusion, which can reconstruct the stability of the pelvic ring, but it needs adequate preoperative preparation and high requirements for the surgeon.