Genetic diversity and population structure of wheat landraces in Southern Winter Wheat Region of China.

BACKGROUND: Wheat landraces are considered a valuable source of genetic diversity for breeding programs. It is useful to evaluate the genetic diversity in breeding studies such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genomic selection. In addition, constructing a core germplasm set that represents the genetic diversity of the entire variety set is of great significance for the efficient conservation and utilization of wheat landrace germplasms. RESULTS: To understand the genetic diversity in wheat landrace, 2,023 accessions in the Jiangsu Provincial Crop Germplasm Resource Bank were used to explore the molecular diversity and population structure using the Illumina 15 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. These accessions were divided into five subpopulations based on population structure, principal coordinate and kinship analysis. A significant variation was found within and among the subpopulations based on the molecular variance analysis (AMOVA). Subpopulation 3 showed more genetic variability based on the different allelic patterns (Na, Ne and I). The M strategy as implemented in MStratv 4.1 software was used to construct the representative core collection. A core collection with a total of 311 accessions (15.37%) was selected from the entire landrace germplasm based on genotype and 12 different phenotypic traits. Compared to the initial landrace collections, the core collection displayed higher gene diversity (0.31) and polymorphism information content (PIC) (0.25), and represented almost all phenotypic variation. CONCLUSIONS: A core collection comprising 311 accessions containing 100% of the genetic variation in the initial population was developed. This collection provides a germplasm base for effective management, conservation, and utilization of the variation in the original set.

Upconversion Nanoparticles Based Sensing: From Design to Point-of-Care Testing.

Rare earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have achieved a wide range of applications in the sensing field due to their unique anti-Stokes luminescence property, minimized background interference, excellent biocompatibility, and stable physicochemical properties. However, UCNPs-based sensing platforms still face several challenges, including inherent limitations from UCNPs such as low quantum yields and narrow absorption cross-sections, as well as constraints related to energy transfer efficiencies in sensing systems. Therefore, the construction of high-performance UCNPs-based sensing platforms is an important cornerstone for conducting relevant research. This work begins by providing a brief overview of the upconversion luminescence mechanism in UCNPs. Subsequently, it offers a comprehensive summary of the sensors' types, design principles, and optimized design strategies for UCNPs sensing platforms. More cost-effective and promising point-of-care testing applications implemented based on UCNPs sensing systems are also summarized. Finally, this work addresses the future challenges and prospects for UCNPs-based sensing platforms.

Identification and precise mapping of PmHSM, a novel recessive powdery mildew resistance allele from wheat landrace Heshangmai.

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world's primary food crop, and ensuring its safe production is of utmost importance for global peace and human development. However, the continuous threat of fungal diseases, including Fusarium head scab, rusts, sharp eyespot, and powdery mildew (PM), poses a significant challenge to production. PM caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) causes substantial yield losses. Heshangmai (HSM), a wheat landrace originating from Sichuan Province, possesses high levels of resistance to PM. A comprehensive study using a large segregating population of a cross between HSM and Ningmaizi119 (NMZ119) revealed a single recessive allele conferring resistance. The gene, provisionally designated PmHSM, was located on the long arm of chromosome 4A (4AL). Molecular marker analysis, PM response array, and an allelism test indicated that PmHSM is a novel recessive resistance gene that shares an allelic relationship with PmHHXM. Thirteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed using the sequence information of the 4AL region in the Chinese spring reference sequence v2.1 (CS RefSeq v2.1). PmHSM was flanked by markers Xmp1567 and Xmp1444 at genetic distances of 0.11 cM and 0.18 cM, respectively, and co-segregated with markers Xmp1439/Xmp1440/Xmp1442.

Genetic basis of resistance against powdery mildew in the wheat cultivar "Tabasco".

European winter wheat cultivar "Tabasco" was reported to have resistance to powdery mildew disease caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) in China. In previous studies, Tabasco was reported to have the resistance gene designated as Pm48 on the short arm of chromosome 5D when a mapping population was phenotyped with pathogen isolate Bgt19 collected in China and was genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this study, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips were used to rapidly determine the resistance gene by mapping a new F2 population that was developed from Tabasco and a susceptible cultivar "Ningmaizi119" and inoculated with pathogen isolate NCF-D-1-1 that was collected in the USA. The segregation of resistance in the population was found to link with Pm2 which was identified in Tabasco. Therefore, it was concluded that the previously reported Pm48 on chromosome arm 5DS in Tabasco should be the Pm2 gene on the same chromosome. The Pm2 was also found in European cultivars "Mattis" and "Claire" but not in any of the accessions from diploid wheat Aegilops tauschii or modern cultivars such as "Gallagher," "Smith's Gold," and "OK Corral" being used in the Great Plains in the USA. A KASP marker was developed to track the resistance allele Pm2 in wheat breeding. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01402-3.

Estimating BDS-3 Satellite Differential Code Biases with the Single-Frequency Uncombined PPP Model.

Differential Code Bias (DCB) is a crucially systematic error in satellite positioning and ionospheric modeling. This study aims to estimate the BeiDou-3 global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) satellite DCBs by using the single-frequency (SF) uncombined Precise Point Positioning (PPP) model. The experiment utilized BDS-3 B1 observations collected from 25 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations located at various latitudes during March 2023. The results reveal that the accuracy of estimating B1I-B3I DCBs derived from single receiver exhibits latitude dependence. Stations in low-latitude regions show considerable variability in the root mean square (RMS) of absolute offsets for satellite DCBs estimation, covering a wide range of values. In contrast, mid- to high-latitude stations demonstrate a more consistent pattern with relatively stable RMS values. Moreover, it has been observed that the stations situated in the Northern Hemisphere display a higher level of consistency in the RMS values when compared to those in the Southern Hemisphere. When incorporating estimates from all 25 stations, the RMS of the absolute offsets in satellite DCBs estimation consistently remained below 0.8 ns. Notably, after excluding 8 low-latitude stations and utilizing data from the remaining 17 stations, the RMS of absolute offsets in satellite DCBs estimation decreased to below 0.63 ns. These enhancements underscore the importance of incorporating a sufficient number of mid- and high-latitude stations to mitigate the effects of ionospheric variability when utilizing SF observations for satellite DCBs estimation.

Overexpression of TaSTT3b-2B improves resistance to sharp eyespot and increases grain weight in wheat.

STAUROSPORINE AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE3 (STT3) is a catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase, which is important for asparagine-linked glycosylation. Sharp eyespot, caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a devastating disease of bread wheat. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat defense against R. cerealis are still largely unclear. In this study, we identified TaSTT3a and TaSTT3b, two STT3 subunit genes from wheat and reported their functional roles in wheat defense against R. cerealis and increasing grain weight. The transcript abundance of TaSTT3b-2B was associated with the degree of wheat resistance to R. cerealis and induced by both R. cerealis and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA). Overexpression of TaSTT3b-2B significantly enhanced resistance to R. cerealis, grain weight, and JA content in transgenic wheat subjected to R. cerealis stress, while silencing of TaSTT3b-2B compromised resistance of wheat to R. cerealis. Transcriptomic analysis showed that TaSTT3b-2B affected the expression of a series of defense-related genes and JA biosynthesis-related genes, as well as genes coding starch synthase and sucrose synthase. Application of exogenous JA elevated expression levels of the abovementioned defense- and grain weight-related genes, and rescuing the resistance of TaSTT3b-2B-silenced wheat to R. cerealis, while pretreatment with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of JA synthesis, attenuated the TaSTT3b-2B-mediated resistance to R. cerealis, suggesting that TaSTT3b-2B played critical roles in regulating R. cerealis resistance and grain weight via JA biosynthesis. Altogether, this study reveals new functional roles of TaSTT3b-2B in regulating plant innate immunity and grain weight, and illustrates its potential application value for wheat molecular breeding.

Regenerative Flexible Upconversion-Luminescence Biosensor for Visual Detection of Diethylstilbestrol Based on Smartphone Imaging.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), an endocrine disrupting chemical, has been linked to serious health problems in humans. In this work, a regenerative flexible upconversion-fluorescence biosensor was designed for the detection of DES in foodstuffs and environmental samples. Herein, amino-functionalized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were synthesized and immobilized on the surface of a flexible polydimethylsiloxane substrate, which was further modified with complementary DNA and dabcyl-labeled DES aptamer. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system was established for DES detection between dabcyl and UCNPs as the acceptor and donor pairs, respectively, which resulted in the quenching of the upconversion luminescence intensity. In the presence of a target, the FRET system was destroyed and upconversion fluorescence was restored due to the stronger affinity of the aptamer toward DES. The designed biosensor was also implemented in a dual-mode signal readout based on images from a smartphone and spectra from a spectrometer. Under the optimized experimental conditions, good linear relationships were achieved based on imaging (y = 53.055x + 36.175, R2 = 0.9851) and spectral data (y = 1.1582x + 1.9561, R2 = 0.9897). The designed biosensor revealed great practicability with a spiked recovery rate of 77.91-97.95% for DES detection in real environment and foodstuff samples. Furthermore, the proposed biosensor was regenerated seven times with an accuracy threshold of 80% demonstrating its durability and reusability. Thus, this biosensor is expected to be applied to point-of-care and on-site detection based on the developed portable smartphone device and android application.

Genetic Dissection of Adult Plant Resistance to Sharp Eyespot Using an Updated Genetic Map of Niavt14 × Xuzhou25 Winter Wheat Recombinant Inbred Line Population.

Wheat sharp eyespot, a disease mainly caused by soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a threat to world wheat production. Wheat's genetic resistance to sharp eyespot is a potential approach to reducing the application of fungicides and farming practice inputs. To identify the genetic basis of sharp eyespot resistance in Niavt14, a recombinant inbred line population comprising 215 F8 lines from Niavt14 × Xuzhou25, was developed. An earlier linkage map (148 simple sequence repeat markers) was updated with 5,792 polymorphic Affymetrix Axiom 55K single-nucleotide polymorphisms to a new map of 5,684.2 centimorgans with 1,406 nonredundant markers. The new linkage map covered all 21 chromosomes of common wheat and showed a good collinearity with the IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 genome. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for sharp eyespot resistance using the adult plant response data from the field of five consecutive growing seasons and one greenhouse test. Two stable QTL on chromosomes 2B and 7D that were identified in the previous study were confirmed, and three novel, stable QTL, explaining 4.0 to 17.5% phenotypic variation, were mapped on 1D, 6D, and 7A, which were independent of QTL for phenology and plant height. The QTL on 1D, 2B, 6D, and 7A showed low frequencies in 384 landraces (0 to 10%) and 269 elite cultivars (5 to 23%) from the southern winter wheat region and the Yellow and Huai River Valley facultative wheat region in China, respectively. These identified QTL could be used in wheat breeding programs for improving sharp eyespot resistance through marker-assisted selection.

Fine Mapping a Broad-Spectrum Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene in Chinese Landrace Datoumai, PmDTM, and Its Relationship with Pm24.

Powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a globally important wheat disease causing severe yield losses, and deployment of resistant varieties is the preferred choice for managing this disease. Chinese wheat landrace Datoumai was resistant to 22 of 23 Bgt isolates at the seedling stage. Genetic analysis based on the inoculation of Bgt isolate E09 on the F1, F2, and F2:3 populations derived from the cross Datoumai × Huixianhong revealed that the powdery mildew resistance of Datoumai is controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as PmDTM. Bulked segregant analysis and simple sequence repeat mapping with 200 F2 plants showed that PmDTM was located in the same genetic region as Pm24 on chromosome 1DS. To fine map PmDTM, 12 critical recombinants were identified from 1,192 F2 plants and delimited PmDTM to a 0.5-cM Xhnu58800 to Xhnu59000 interval covering 180.5 Kb (38,728,125 to 38,908,656 bp) on chromosome 1DS, and only one highly confident gene, TraesCS1D02G058900, was annotated within this region. TraesCS1D02G058900 encodes a receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (STK), and a 6-bp deletion in exon 5 may confer the resistance to powdery mildew. Allele frequency analysis indicated that the STK allele with 6-bp deletion was only present in three landraces (Datoumai, Chiyacao [Pm24], and Hulutou) and was absent in all of the 353 Chinese modern cultivars and 147 foreign cultivars. These results demonstrate that PmDTM is mapped to the same locus as Pm24 and can be widely used to enhance powdery mildew resistance in wheat growing regions worldwide.

Pm62, an adult-plant powdery mildew resistance gene introgressed from Dasypyrum villosum chromosome arm 2VL into wheat.

KEY MESSAGE: Pm62, a novel adult-plant resistance (APR) gene against powdery mildew, was transferred from D. villosum into common wheat in the form of Robertsonian translocation T2BS.2VL#5. Powdery mildew, which is caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a major disease of wheat resulting in substantial yield and quality losses in many wheat production regions of the world. Introgression of resistance from wild species into common wheat has application for controlling this disease. A Triticum durum-Dasypyrum villosum chromosome 2V#5 disomic addition line, N59B-1 (2n = 30), improved resistance to powdery mildew at the adult-plant stage, which was attributable to chromosome 2V#5. To transfer this resistance into bread wheat, a total of 298 BC1F1 plants derived from the crossing between N59B-1 and Chinese Spring were screened by combined genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization, 2V-specific marker analysis, and reaction to powdery mildew to confirm that a dominant adult-plant resistance gene, designated as Pm62, was located on chromosome 2VL#5. Subsequently, the 2VL#5 (2D) disomic substitution line (NAU1825) and the homozygous T2BS.2VL#5 Robertsonian translocation line (NAU1823), with normal plant vigor and full fertility, were identified by molecular and cytogenetic analyses of the BC1F2 generation. The effects of the T2BS.2VL#5 recombinant chromosome on agronomic traits were also evaluated in the F2 segregation population. The results suggest that the translocated chromosome may have no distinct effect on plant height, 1000-kernel weight or flowering period, but a slight effect on spike length and seeds per spike. The translocation line NAU1823 has being utilized as a novel germplasm in breeding for powdery mildew resistance, and the effects of the T2BS.2VL#5 recombinant chromosome on yield-related and flour quality characters will be further assessed.

Application of FT-NIR spectroscopy for simultaneous estimation of taste quality and taste-related compounds content of black tea.

Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) coupled to chemometric algorithms such as back propagation (BP)-AdaBoost and synergy interval partial least square (Si-PLS) were deployed for the rapid prediction taste quality and taste-related components in black tea. Eight main taste-related components were determined via chemical analysis and Pearson correlations. The achieved chemical results of the eight taste-related components in black tea infusion were predicted based on 160 tea samples obtained from different countries. Prediction results revealed BP-AdaBoost models gave superior predictions, with all the correlation coefficients of the prediction set (Rp) > 0.76, and the root mean square error values of the prediction set (RMSEP) < 1.7% compared with Si-PLS models (0.71 ≤ Rp ≤ 0.94, 0.08% ≤ RMSEP ≤ 1.73%). This implies that FT-NIR combined to BP-AdaBoostis capable of being deployed for the rapid evaluation of black tea taste quality and taste-related components content simultaneously.

A dual-mode fluorescence and colorimetric sensing platform for efficient detection of ofloxacin in aquatic products using iron alkoxide nanozyme.

Trace detection of ofloxacin (OFL) with high sensitivity, reliability, and visual clarity is challenging. To address this, a novel dual-modal aptasensor with fluorescence-colorimetric capabilities was designed that exploit the target-induced release of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) molecules from aptamer-gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), the oxidase-like activity of iron alkoxide (IA) nanozyme, and the fluorescence attributes of core-shell upconversion nanoparticles. Therefore, the study reports a dual mode detection, with a fluorescence detection range for OFL spanning from 0.1 µg/kg to 1000 µg/kg (and a detection limit of 0.048 µg/kg). Additionally, the colorimetric method offered a linear detection range of 0.3 µg/kg to 1000 µg/kg, with a detection limit of 0.165 µg/kg. The proposed biosensor had been successfully applied to the determination of OFL content in real samples with satisfactory recoveries (78.24-96.14 %).

Generalized ratiometric surface-enhanced Raman scattering biosensor for okadaic acid in food based on Au-triggered signal amplification.

BACKGROUND: Reliability and robustness have been recognized as key challenges for Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analytical techniques. Quantifying the concentration of an analyte using a single characteristic peak from SERS has been a controversial topic because the Raman signal is susceptible to highly concentrated electromagnetic hotspots, inhomogeneity of SERS substrate, or non-standardization of measurement conditions. Ratiometric SERS strategies have been demonstrated as a promising solution to effectively balance and compensate for signal fluctuations caused by matrix heterogeneity. However, it is not easy to construct ratiometric SERS sensors with monitoring the ratio of two different signal intensities for target analysis. RESULTS: An attempt has been made to develop a novel ratiometric biosensor that can be applied to detect okadaic acid (OA). Aptamer-anchored magnetic particles were first combined with gold-tagged short complementary DNA (Au-cDNA) to create heterogeneous nanostructures. When the target was present, the Au-cDNA was dissociated from nanostructures, and 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) was initiated to reduce to 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) in the presence of hydrogen sources. The SERS ratio change of 4-NTP and 4-ATP was finally detected by AuNPs-coated film. OA was successfully quantified, and the detection limit was as low as 2.4524 ng/mL. The constructed biosensor had good stability and reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of less than 4.47%. The proposed method used gold nanoparticles as an intermediate to achieve catalytic signal amplification and subsequently increased the sensitivity of the biosensor. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: Catalytic reaction-based ratiometric SERS biosensors combine the multiple advantages of catalytic signal amplification and signal self-calibration and provide new insights into the development of stable, reproducible, and reliable SERS detection techniques. This ratiometric SERS technique offered a universal method that is anticipated to be applicable for the detection of other targets by substituting the aptamer.

Enhanced detection of acrylamide using a versatile solid-state upconversion sensor through spectral and visual analysis.

Acrylamide (AM) generally forms in high-temperature processes and has been classified as a potential carcinogen. In this study, we put forward a maneuverable solid-state luminescence sensor using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the matrix coupled with upconversion nanoparticles as the indicator. The core-shell upconversion nanoparticles emitting cyan light were uniformly encapsulated in PDMS. Then it was further modified with complementary DNA of AM aptamer. The nanocrystalline fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer (FITC), coupled with AM aptamer, was attached to the surface of PDMS. FITC effectively quenched the upconversion luminescence through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The introduction of AM resulted in preferentially bound to aptamer caused the separation of the quencher and the donor, and led to luminescence recovery. The developed sensor was applied for both spectral and visual monitoring, demonstrating a detection limit (LOD) of 1.00 nM and 1.07 nM, respectively. Importantly, in the actual foodstuffs detection, there is no obvious difference between the results of this study and the standard method, which indicates the developed method has good accuracy. Therefore, this solid-state sensor has the potential for on-site detection using a smartphone device and an Android application.

Upconversion fluorescence nanosensor based on enzymatic inhibited and copper-triggered o-phenylenediamine oxidation for the detection of dimethoate pesticides.

Pesticide residues in agricultural products pose a significant threat to human health. Herein, a sensitive fluorescence method employing upconversion nanoparticles was developed for detecting organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) based on the principle of enzyme inhibition and copper-triggered o-phenylenediamine (OPD) oxidation. Copper ions (Cu2+) oxidized the colorless OPD to a yellow 2,3-diaminophenazine (oxOPD). The yellow solution oxOPD quenched the fluorescence of upconversion nanoparticles due to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The high affinity of Cu2+ for thiocholine reduced the level of oxOPD, resulting in almost no fluorescence quenching. The addition of dimethoate led to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and thus prevented the formation of thiocholine. Subsequently, Cu2+ oxidized OPD to form oxOPD, which attenuated the fluorescence signal of the system. The detection system has a good linear range of 0.01 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.008 ng/mL, providing promising applications for rapid detection of dimethoate.

Study of metabolite differences of flue-cured tobacco from Canada (CT157) and Yunnan (Yunyan 87).

In order to comprehend the dissimilarities in tobacco quality between Canada and Yunnan, a comparison of the aroma components was conducted using GC-MS and HPLC analysis, coupled with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The study revealed the detection of a total of 81 aroma components and 22 non-volatile components in both varieties of tobacco leaves. Specifically, there were 102 components of Canada tobacco leaves and 103 components of Yunnan tobacco leaves. Subsequently, a screening was performed on these two types of tobacco leaves, identifying 51 differential components, which accounted for approximately 49.5 % of the overall components detected. Among these, Canada tobacco exhibited a higher concentration of 22 components, comprising roughly 36.4 % of the total, which were primarily composed of semi-volatile organic acids and sesquiterpenes. On the other hand, Yunnan tobacco was characterized by a comparatively higher content of 43 components, constituting approximately 63.6 %, including fatty acid esters, phenols, diterpenes, sugars, and amino acids. Comparatively, Canada tobacco demonstrated elevated levels of fatty acids and sesquiterpenes, while the content of fatty acid esters and diterpenes was relatively lower. These distinctions in aroma components potentially contribute to the varied sensory aroma profiles exhibited by the two types of tobacco.

Sulfadiazine detection in aquatic products using upconversion nanosensor based on photo-induced electron transfer with imidazole ligands and copper ions.

Contamination of aquatic products with sulfonamide antibiotics poses a threat to consumer health and can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Common methods to detect such compounds are slow and require expensive instruments. We developed a sensitive sulfadiazine (SDZ) detection method based on the photoinduced electron transfer between UCNPs and Cu2+. The surface-modified upconversion nanoparticles bind to Cu2+ by electrostatic adsorption, causing fluorescence quenching. The quenched fluorescence was subsequently recovered by the addition of imidazole and SDZ to the detection system, which formed a complex with Cu2+. The sensor showed excellent linearity over a wide concentration range (0.05-1000 ng/mL), had a low limit of detection (0.04 ng/mL), was selective, and was not affected by common substances present in aquatic media. This indicates that the sensor has great potential for application in the detection of SDZ residues in aquatic products.

Wheat Pm55 alleles exhibit distinct interactions with an inhibitor to cause different powdery mildew resistance.

Powdery mildew poses a significant threat to wheat crops worldwide, emphasizing the need for durable disease control strategies. The wheat-Dasypyrum villosum T5AL·5 V#4 S and T5DL·5 V#4 S translocation lines carrying powdery mildew resistant gene Pm55 shows developmental-stage and tissue-specific resistance, whereas T5DL·5 V#5 S line carrying Pm5V confers resistance at all stages. Here, we clone Pm55 and Pm5V, and reveal that they are allelic and renamed as Pm55a and Pm55b, respectively. The two Pm55 alleles encode coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (CNL) proteins, conferring broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew. However, they interact differently with a linked inhibitor gene, SuPm55 to cause different resistance to wheat powdery mildew. Notably, Pm55 and SuPm55 encode unrelated CNL proteins, and the inactivation of SuPm55 significantly reduces plant fitness. Combining SuPm55/Pm55a and Pm55b in wheat does not result in allele suppression or yield penalty. Our results provide not only insights into the suppression of resistance in wheat, but also a strategy for breeding durable resistance.

Application of visible-near infrared spectroscopy in tandem with multivariate analysis for the rapid evaluation of matcha physicochemical indicators.

Consumer preference for matcha is heavily influenced by its physicochemical properties. The visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy technology coupled with multivariate analysis was investigated for rapid and non-invasive evaluation of particle size and the ratio of tea polyphenols to free amino acids (P/F ratio) of matcha. The multivariate selection algorithms such as synergy interval (Si), variable combination population analysis (VCPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and interval combination population analysis (ICPA) were compared, and eventually, the variable selection strategy of ICPA and CARS hybridization was firstly proposed for selecting the characteristic wavelengths from Vis-NIR spectra to build partial least squares (PLS) models. Results indicated that the ICPA-CARS-PLS models achieved satisfactory performance for the evaluation of matcha particle size (Rp = 0.9376) and P/F ratio (Rp = 0.9283). Hence the rapid, effectual, and nondestructive online monitoring, Vis-NIR reflectance spectroscopy in tandem with chemometric models is significant for the industrial production of matcha.

Enhanced detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in on-chip microfluidic biosensors using aptamer-mediated bridging flocculation and upconversion luminescence.

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can lead to detrimental impacts on human health, making their detection a critical issue. A novel approach utilizing on-chip microfluidic biosensors was developed for the simultaneous detection of two EDCs, namely, bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES), based on upconversion nanoparticles doped with thulium (Tm) and erbium (Er), respectively. From the perspective of single nanoparticles, the construction of an active core-inert shell structure enhanced the luminescence of nanoparticles by 2.28-fold (Tm) and 1.72-fold (Er). From the perspective of the nanoparticle population, the study exploited an aptamer-mediated bridging flocculation mechanism and effectively enhanced the upconversion luminescence of biosensors by 8.94-fold (Tm) and 7.10-fold (Er). A chip with 138 tangential semicircles or quarter-circles was designed and simulated to facilitate adequate mixing, reaction, magnetic separation, and detection conditions. The on-chip microfluidic biosensor demonstrated exceptional capabilities for the simultaneous detection of BPA and DES with ultrasensitive detection limits of 0.0076 µg L-1, and 0.0131 µg L-1, respectively. The first reported aptamer-mediated upconversion nanoparticle bridging flocculation provided enhanced luminescence and detection sensitivity for biosensors, as well as offering a new perspective to address the instability of nanobiosensors.