Hepatocyte-derived VEGFA accelerates the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma via activating hepatic stellate cells.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as an epidemic risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The progression of NAFLD to HCC is closely associated with paracrine communication among hepatic cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) plays a key role in NAFLD and HCC; however, the cellular communication of VEGFA in the pathological transition from NAFLD to HCC remains unclear. Here, we found that VEGFA elevation was considerably distributed in hepatocytes of clinical and murine NAFLD-HCC specimens. Notably, progression from NAFLD to HCC was attenuated in hepatocyte-specific deletion of Vegfa (VegfaΔhep) mice. Mechanistically, VEGFA activated human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) LX2 into a fibrogenic phenotype via VEGF-VEGFR signaling in fatty acid medium, and HSC activation was largely attenuated in VegfaΔhep mice during NAFLD-HCC progression. Additionally, a positive correlation between VEGFA and hepatic fibrosis was observed in the NAFLD-HCC cohort, but not in the HBV-HCC cohort. Moreover, LX2 cells could be activated by conditioned medium from NAFLD-derived organoids, but not from HBV livers, whereas this activation was blocked by a VEGFA antibody. In summary, our findings reveal that hepatocyte-derived VEGFA contributes to NAFLD-HCC development by activating HSCs and highlight the potential of precisely targeting hepatocytic VEGFA as a promising therapeutic strategy for NAFLD-HCC.

Patterns, treatments, and prognosis of tumor recurrence after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a multicenter study from China.

BACKGROUND: Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a risk factor of post-hepatectomy tumor recurrence for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The patterns, treatments, and prognosis have not been documented in HCC patients with MVI. METHODS: A multicenter database of patients with HCC and MVI following resection was analyzed. The clinicopathological and initial operative data, timing and first sites of recurrence, recurrence management, and long-term survival outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 1517 patients included, the median follow-up was 39.7 months. Tumor recurrence occurred in 928 patients, with 49% within 6 months of hepatectomy and 60% only in the liver. The incidence of intrahepatic only recurrence gradually increased with time after 6 months. Patients who developed recurrence within 6 months of hepatectomy had worse survival outcomes than those who developed recurrence later. Patients who developed intrahepatic only recurrence had better prognosis than those with either extrahepatic only recurrence or those with intra- and extrahepatic recurrence. Repeat resection of recurrence with curative intent resulted in better outcomes than other treatment modalities. CONCLUSION: Post-hepatectomy tumor recurrence in patients with HCC and MVI had unique characteristics and recurrence patterns. Early detection of tumor recurrence and repeat liver resection with curative intent resulted in improved long-term survival outcomes.

Postoperative adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization improves the prognosis of patients with huge hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection of huge hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, ≥ 10 cm) is potentially curative. More adjuvant treatments are needed to reduce relapses in these patients. We evaluated the influence of postoperative adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (PA-TACE) on the prognosis of huge HCC. METHODS: Data from consecutive patients who underwent curative resection for huge HCC in our center were retrospectively collected. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between patients who did and did not undergo PA-TACE. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used. RESULTS: Among the 255 enrolled patients, 93 underwent PA-TACE. The clinical outcomes were significantly better in the PA-TACE group than those in the non PA-TACE group (5-year RFS rate: 33.5% vs. 18.0%; 5-year OS rate: 47.0% vs. 28.0%, all P < 0.001). After PSM, similar results were obtained (5-year RFS rate: 28.8% vs. 17.6%, P < 0.001; 5-year OS rate: 42.5% vs. 25.0%, P = 0.004). PA-TACE decreased the possibility of early recurrence (< 2 years, crude cohort: P < 0.001, PSM cohort: P < 0.001) but not late recurrence (≥ 2 years, crude cohort: P = 0.692, PSM cohort: P = 0.325). Multivariable Cox regression analysis suggested that PA-TACE was an independent protective factor prolonging early RFS, RFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS: PA-TACE is a safe intervention for huge HCC patients after liver resection and improves outcomes.

Tissue and serum metabolomic phenotyping for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

More than two-thirds of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cannot receive curative therapy and have poor survival due to late diagnosis and few prognostic directions. In our study, nontargeted and targeted metabolomics analyses were conducted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize metabolic features of HCC and identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarker candidate incorporating liver tissue and serum metabolites. A total of 552 subjects, including 432 with liver tissue and 120 with serum specimens, were recruited in China. In the discovery cohort, a series of 138 metabolites were identified to discriminate HCC tissues from matched nontumor tissues. Retinol presented with the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.991 and associated with Edmondson grade. In the validation cohort, all metabolites in retinol metabolism pathway were examined and the levels of retinol and retinal in tumor tissue and serum decreased in the order of normal to cirrhosis to HCC of Edmondson Grades I to IV. Retinol and retinal levels could also differentiate between HCC and cirrhosis, with AUCs of 0.996 and 0.994, respectively, in tissue and 0.812 and 0.744, respectively, in serum. The AUC of the combined retinol and retinal panel in serum was 0.852. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression identified this panel as an independent predictor for HCC and showed that low expression of retinol and retinal correlated with decreased survival time. In conclusion, the retinol metabolic signature had considerable diagnostic and prognostic value for identifying HCC patients who would benefit from prompt therapy and optimal prognostic direction.

Early and Late Recurrence of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Survival after liver resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor because of a high incidence of recurrence. We sought to investigate risk factors, patterns, and long-term prognosis among patients with early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC. METHODS: Data of consecutive patients undergoing curative resection for HBV-associated HCC were analyzed. According to the time to recurrence after surgery, recurrence was divided into early (≤2 years) and late recurrence (>2 years). Characteristics, patterns of initial recurrence, and postrecurrence survival (PRS) were compared between patients with early and late recurrence. Risk factors of early and late recurrence and predictors of PRS were identified by univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Among 894 patients, 322 (36.0%) and 282 (31.5%) developed early and late recurrence, respectively. On multivariable analyses, preoperative HBV-DNA >104 copies/mL was associated with both early and late recurrence, whereas postoperative no/irregular antiviral therapy was associated with late recurrence. Compared with patients with late recurrence, patients with early recurrence had a lower proportion of intrahepatic-only recurrence (72.0% vs. 91.1%, p < .001), as well as a lower chance of receiving potentially curative treatments for recurrence (33.9% vs. 50.7%, p < .001) and a worse median PRS (19.1 vs. 37.5 months, p < .001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that early recurrence was independently associated with worse PRS (hazard ratio, 1.361; 95% confidence interval, 1.094-1.692; p = .006). CONCLUSION: Although risk factors associated with early recurrence and late recurrence were different, a high preoperative HBV-DNA load was an independent hepatitis-related risk for both early and late recurrence. Early recurrence was associated with worse postrecurrence survival among patients with recurrence. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Liver resection is the main curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but postoperative survival remains poor because of high recurrence rates. This study investigated the risk factors and patterns of early and late recurrence and found that a high preoperative hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA load was an independent hepatitis-related risk factor for both. Early recurrence was also independently associated with worse postrecurrence survival. These data may provide insights into different biological origin and behavior of early versus late recurrence after resection for HBV-associated HCC, which could be helpful to make individualized treatment decision for recurrent HCC, as well as strategies for surveillance recurrence after resection.

An Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus Scoring System as an Aid to Decision Making on Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients With Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus: A Multicenter Study.

Portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is a significant poor prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with PVTT limited to a first-order branch of the main portal vein (MPV) or above could benefit from negative margin (R0) liver resection (LR). An Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH)/PVTT scoring system was established to predict the prognosis of HCC patients with PVTT after R0 LR and guide selection of subgroups of patients that could benefit from LR. HCC patients with PVTT limited to a first-order branch of the MPV or above who underwent R0 LR as an initial therapy were included. The EHBH-PVTT score was developed from a retrospective cohort in the training cohort using a Cox regression model and validated in a prospective internal validation cohort and three external validation cohorts. There were 432 patients in the training cohort, 285 in the prospective internal validation cohort, and 286, 189, and 135 in three external validation cohorts, respectively. The score was calculated using total bilirubin, α-fetoprotein (AFP), tumor diameter, and satellite lesions. The EHBH-PVTT score differentiated two groups of patients (≤/>3 points) with distinct long-term prognoses (median overall survival [OS], 17.0 vs. 7.9 months; P < 0.001). Predictive accuracy, as determined by the area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs; 0.680-0.721), was greater than that of the other commonly used staging systems for HCC and PVTT. Conclusion: The EHBH-PVTT scoring system was more accurate in predicting the prognosis of HCC patients with PVTT than other staging systems after LR. It selected appropriate HCC patients with PVTT limited to a first-order branch of the MPV or above for LR. It can be used to supplement the other HCC staging systems.

A novel role of Krüppel-like factor 8 as an apoptosis repressor in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Krüppel-like factor 8 (KLF8), a cancer-promoting factor that regulates critical gene transcription and cellular cancer-related events, has been implicated in tumor development and progression. However, the functional role of KLF8 in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unknown. METHODS: The gene expression patterns and genome-wide regulatory profiles of HCC cells after KLF8 knockout were analyzed by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) of histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) combined with bioinformatics analysis. Transcription factor-binding motifs that recognized by KLF8 were evaluated by motif analysis. For the predicted target genes, transcriptional changes were examined by ChIP, and loss of function experiments were conducted by siRNA transfection. RESULTS: KLF8 functioned as a transcription repressor in HCC and mainly regulated apoptotic-related genes directly. A total of 1,816 differentially expressed genes after KLF8 knockout were identified and significantly corresponded to global changes in H3K27ac status. Furthermore, two predicted target genes, high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) and matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), were identified as important participants in KLF8-mediated anti-apoptotic effect in HCC. Knockout of KLF8 enhanced cell apoptosis process and caused increase in the associated H3K27ac, whereas suppression HMGA2 or MMP7 attenuated these biological effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our work suggests a novel role and mechanism for KLF8 in the regulation of cell apoptosis in HCC and facilitates the discovery of potential therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.

Association between body mass index and postoperative morbidity after liver resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter study of 1,324 patients.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity remains a common problem following hepatic resection. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between preoperative body mass index (BMI) and morbidity in patients undergoing liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Patients were divided into three groups according to preoperative BMI: low-BMI (≤18.4 kg/m2), normal-BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and high-BMI (≥25.0 kg/m2). Baseline characteristics, operative variables, postoperative 30-day mortality and morbidity were compared. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with postoperative morbidity. RESULTS: Among 1324 patients, 108 (8.2%), 733 (55.4%), and 483 (36.5%) were low-BMI, normal-BMI, and high-BMI, respectively. There were no differences in postoperative 30-day mortality among patients based on BMI (P = 0.199). Postoperative 30-day morbidity was, however, higher in low-BMI and high-BMI patients versus patients with a normal-BMI (33.3% and 32.1% vs. 22.9%, P = 0.018 and P < 0.001, respectively). Following multivariable analysis low-BMI and high-BMI remained independently associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity (OR: 1.701, 95%CI: 1.060-2.729, P = 0.028, and OR: 1.491, 95%CI: 1.131-1.966, P = 0.005, respectively). Similar results were noted in the incidence of postoperative 30-day surgical site infection (SSI). CONCLUSION: Compared with normal-BMI patients, low-BMI and high-BMI patients had higher postoperative morbidity, including a higher incidence of SSI after liver resection for HCC.

Defining and predicting early recurrence after liver resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-institutional study.

BACKGROUND: A clear definition of "early recurrence" after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection is still lacking. This study aimed to determine the optimal cutoff between early and late HCC recurrence, and develop nomograms for pre- and postoperative prediction of early recurrence. METHODS: Patients undergoing HCC resection were identified from a multi-institutional Chinese database. Minimum P-value approach was adopted to calculate optimal cut-off to define early recurrence. Pre- and postoperative risk factors for early recurrence were identified and further used for nomogram construction. The results were externally validated by a Western cohort. RESULTS: Among 1501 patients identified, 539 (35.9%) were recurrence-free. The optimal length to distinguish between early (n = 340, 35.3%) and late recurrence (n = 622, 64.7%) was 8 months. Multivariable logistic regression analyses identified 5 preoperative and 8 postoperative factors for early recurrence, which were further incorporated into preoperative and postoperative nomograms (C-index: 0.785 and 0.834). The calibration plots for the probability of early recurrence fitted well. The nomogram performance was maintained using the validation dataset (C-index: 0.777 for preoperative prediction and 0.842 for postoperative prediction). CONCLUSIONS: An interval of 8 months was the optimal threshold for defining early HCC recurrence. The two web-based nomograms have been published to allow accurate pre- and postoperative prediction of early recurrence. These may offer useful guidance for individual treatment or follow up for patients with resectable HCC.

The impact of portal vein tumor thrombus on long-term survival after liver resection for primary hepatic malignancy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) on the prognosis of patients undergoing liver resection (LR) for primary liver malignancies (PLC). METHODS: The recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients undergoing LR with and without PVTT for three primary liver malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and hepato-cholangio carcinoma (CHC) were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 3775 patients with PLC who underwent LR were included in this study. The incidence of PVTT in patients undergoing LR with HCC, IHC and CHC were 46%, 20%, and 17%, respectively. The median RFS and OS were significantly better for patients with HCC as compared to ICC or CHC (16 vs 11 vs 13 months; 21 vs 16 vs 18 months, respectively; P < 0.001). However, the presence of PVTT resulted in similarly poor RFS and OS in these 3 subgroups of patients (9 vs 8 vs 8 months, P = 0.062; 14 vs 13 vs 12 months, respectively, P = 0.052). CONCLUSION: Although the prognosis of patients with PLC varied by histological subtype, once PVTT occurred, survival outcomes after LR were similarly poor across all three subgroups.

A novel online calculator to predict perioperative blood transfusion in patients undergoing liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: an international multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: To develop an easy-to-use model to predict the probability of perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) in patients undergoing liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHOD: 878 patients from Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of Shanghai were enrolled in the training cohort, while 691 patients from Tongji Hospital of Wuhan and 364 patients from two hospitals from Europe and America served as the Eastern and Western external validation cohorts, respectively. Independent predictors of PBT were identified and used for the nomogram construction. The predictive performance of the model was assessed using the concordance index (C-index) and calibration plot, and externally validated using the two independent cohorts. This model was compared with four currently available prediction risk scores. RESULTS: Eight preoperative variables were identified as independent predictors of PBT, which were incorporated into the new nomogram model, with a C-index of 0.833 and a well-fitted calibration plot. The nomogram performed well on the externally Eastern and Western validation cohorts (C-indexes: 0.786 and 0.777). The discriminatory ability of the nomogram was superior to the four currently available prediction scores (C-indexes: 0.833 vs. 0.671-0.770). The nomogram was programmed into an online calculator, which is available at http://www.asapcalculate.top/Cal3_en.html. CONCLUSION: A nomogram model, using an easy-to-access website, can be used to calculate the PBT risk and identify which patients undergoing HCC resection are at high risks of PBT and can benefit most by using blood conservation techniques.

Multicenter analysis of long-term oncologic outcomes of hepatectomy for elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Aging of the population and prolonged life expectancy have significantly increased the number of elderly patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, potential benefits, especially long-term oncologic outcomes of hepatectomy for elderly patients with HCC remain unclear. METHOD: Patients treated with curative-intent hepatectomy for HCC in 8 Chinese hospitals were enrolled. Patients were divided into the elderly (≥70 years old) and younger (<70 years old) groups. Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and time-to-recurrence (TTR) were compared. Risk factors of CSS and TTR were evaluated by univariable and multivariable competing-risk regression analyses. RESULTS: Of 2134 patients, 259 (12.1%) and 1875 (87.9%) were elderly and younger aged, respectively. Postoperative 30-day and 90-day mortality was comparable among elderly and younger patients. Compared with younger patients, the elderly had a worse 5-year OS (49.4% vs. 55.3%, P = 0.032), yet a better 5-year CCS (74.5% vs. 61.0%, P = 0.005) and a lower 5-year TTR (33.7% vs. 44.9%, P < 0.001), respectively. Multivariable analyses identified that elder age was independently associated with more favorable CSS (HR 0.74, 95%CI 0.58-0.90, P = 0.011) and TTR (0.69, 0.53-0.88, P < 0.001) but was not associated with OS (P = 0.136). CONCLUSIONS: Age by itself is not a contraindication to surgery, and selected elderly patients with HCC can benefit from hepatectomy. Compared with younger patients, elderly patients have noninferior oncologic outcomes following hepatectomy for HCC.

Impact of iatrogenic biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy on surgeon's mental distress: a nationwide survey from China.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic biliary injury (IBI) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the most serious iatrogenic complications. Little is known whether LC-IBI would lead to surgeon's severe mental distress (SMD). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey in the form of electronic questionnaire was conducted among Chinese general surgeons who have caused LC-IBI. The six collected clinical features relating to mental distress included: 1) feeling burnout, anxiety, or depression, 2) avoiding performing LC, 3) having physical reactions when recalling the incidence, 4) having the urge to quit surgery, 5) taking psychiatric medications, and 6) seeking professional psychological counseling. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify risk factors of SMD, which was defined as meeting ≥3 of the above-mentioned clinical features. RESULTS: Among 1466 surveyed surgeons, 1236 (84.3%) experienced mental distress following LC-IBI, and nearly half (49.7%, 614/1236) had SMD. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that surgeons from non-university affiliated hospitals (OR:1.873), patients who required multiple repair operations (OR:4.075), patients who required hepaticojejunostomy/partial hepatectomy (OR:1.859), existing lawsuit litigation (OR:10.491), existing violent doctor-patient conflicts (OR:4.995), needing surgeons' personal compensation (OR:2.531), and additional administrative punishment by hospitals (OR:2.324) were independent risk factors of surgeon's SMD. CONCLUSION: Four out of five surgeons experienced mental distress following LC-IBI, and nearly half had SMD. Several independent risk factors of SMD were identified, which could help to make strategies to improve surgeons' mental well-being.

An Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Microvascular Invasion Scoring System in Predicting Prognosis of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Microvascular Invasion After R0 Liver Resection: A Large-Scale, Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Microvascular invasion (MVI) is associated with poor postoperative survival outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH) MVI scoring system was established to predict prognosis in patients with HCC with MVI after R0 liver resection (LR) and to supplement the most commonly used classification systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with HCC with MVI who underwent R0 LR as an initial therapy were included. The EHBH-MVI score was developed from a retrospective cohort from 2003 to 2009 to form the training cohort. The variables associated with overall survival (OS) on univariate analysis were subsequently investigated using the log-rank test, and the EHBH-MVI score was developed using the Cox regression model. It was validated using an internal prospective cohort from 2011 to 2013 as well as three independent external validation cohorts. RESULTS: There were 1,033 patients in the training cohort; 322 patients in the prospective internal validation cohort; and 493, 282, and 149 patients in the three external validation cohorts, respectively. The score was developed using the following factors: α-fetoprotein level, tumor encapsulation, tumor diameter, hepatitis B e antigen positivity, hepatitis B virus DNA load, tumor number, and gastric fundal/esophageal varicosity. The score differentiated two groups of patients (≤4, >4 points) with distinct long-term prognoses outcomes (median OS, 55.8 vs. 19.6 months; p < .001). The predictive accuracy of the score was greater than the other four commonly used staging systems for HCC. CONCLUSION: The EHBH-MVI scoring system was more accurate in predicting prognosis in patients with HCC with MVI after R0 LR than the other four commonly used staging systems. The score can be used to supplement these systems. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a major determinant of survival outcomes after curative liver resection for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, there is no scoring system aiming to predict prognosis of patients with HCC and MVI after R0 liver resection (LR). Most of the widely used staging systems for HCC do not use MVI as an independent risk factor, and they cannot be used to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC and MVI after surgery. In this study, a new Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH) MVI scoring system was established to predict prognosis of patients with HCC and MVI after R0 LR. Based on the results of this study, postoperative adjuvant therapy may be recommended for patients with HCC and MVI with an EHBH-MVI score >4. This score can be used to supplement the currently used HCC classifications to predict postoperative survival outcomes in patients with HCC and MVI.

Long-Term Survival Outcomes After Liver Resection for Binodular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The long-term prognosis after liver resection for multinodular (≥3 nodules) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is generally considered to be unfavorable. However, the role of liver resection for binodular HCC is less investigated. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS: From a multicenter database, consecutive patients who underwent curative-intent liver resection for binodular HCC and without macrovascular invasion between 2003 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients' clinical variables as well as perioperative and long-term survival outcomes were analyzed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify the risk factors associated with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) after curative resection. RESULTS: Of 263 enrolled patients, the perioperative 30-day mortality and morbidity rates were 1.5% and 28.5%. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS and RFS rates were 81.5%, 52.4%, and 39.1% and 57.1%, 35.8%, and 26.6%, respectively. Multivariable Cox-regression analyses identified preoperative alpha-fetoprotein level >400 µg/L, tumor size with a sum of two nodules >8 cm, tumor size ratio of large/small nodule >1.5 (asymmetrical proportion), unilateral hemiliver distribution of two nodules, distance of ≤3 cm between two nodules, and microvascular invasion in any nodule as independent risk factors associated with decreased OS and RFS. CONCLUSION: Liver resection was safe and feasible in patients with binodular HCC, with acceptable perioperative and long-term outcomes. Sum of two tumor sizes, size ratio and distribution, and distance between two nodules were independent risk factors associated with long-term survival outcomes after surgery. These results may guide clinicians to make individualized surgical decisions and estimate long-term prognosis for these patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Liver resection was safe and feasible in patients with binodular hepatocellular carcinoma, with acceptable perioperative and long-term outcomes. The sum of two tumor sizes, the size ratio and distribution of the two nodules, and the distance between two nodules were independent risk factors associated with long-term overall survival and recurrence-free survival after liver resection. The results of this study may guide clinicians to make individualized surgical decisions, estimate long-term prognosis, and plan recurrence surveillance and adjuvant therapy for these patients.

Postoperative Adjuvant Transarterial Chemoembolization Improves Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Hepatic Vein Invasion: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vascular invasion is a major determinant of survival outcomes after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization (PA-TACE) in patients with HCC with hepatic vein tumor thrombus (HVTT). METHODS: Data from patients who underwent LR for HCC with HVTT at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The survival outcomes for patients who underwent PA-TACE after LR were compared with those who underwent LR alone. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to match patients in a ratio of 1:1. RESULTS: All included 319 patients who underwent LR for HCC with HVTT, 134 underwent LR alone (the LR group), and 185 patients underwent in adjuvant TACE (the PA-TACE group). PSM matched 107 patients in two groups. The overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were significantly better for patients in the PA-TACE group than the LR group (for OS: before PSM, P < 0.001; after PSM, P = 0.004; for RFS: before PSM, P < 0.001; after PSM, P = 0.013), respectively. On subgroup analysis, equivalent acceptable results were obtained in patients with peripheral HVTT (pHVTT) and major HVTT (mHVTT). However, PA-TACE resulted in no survival benefits for patients when the HVTT had extended to the inferior vena cava (IVCTT). CONCLUSIONS: PA-TACE was associated with significantly better survival outcomes than LR alone for patients with HCC and HVTT (pHVTT and mHVTT). There was no survival benefits in patients whose HVTT had extended to form IVCTT.

Association of Preoperative Hypercoagulability with Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Microvascular Invasion After Liver Resection: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Microvascular invasion (MVI) predicts poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC patients with hypercoagulability are prone to develop thrombosis; however, the relationship between preoperative coagulability state, as reflected by the international normalized ratio (INR) level, and MVI remains unclear. METHODS: From January 2009 to December 2012, HCC patients who underwent R0 liver resection (LR) from four cancer centers entered into this study. The overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 2509 HCC patients who were included into this study, 1104 were found to have MVI in the resected specimens. These patients were divided into the low (n = 151), normal (n = 796), and high (n = 157) INR subgroups based on the preoperative INR levels. The low INR subgroup had a significantly higher incidence of MVI than the normal or high INR subgroups (61.6% vs. 41.6% vs. 44.6%; p < 0.001). HCC patients with MVI were significantly more likely to have a low preoperative INR level (p < 0.001); the INR level (p < 0.001) was an independent risk factor of OS and RFS. HCC patients with MVI in the low INR subgroup had significantly worse RFS and OS than the normal or high INR subgroups (median RFS 13.5 vs. 20.2 vs. 21.6 months, p < 0.001; median OS 35.5 vs. 59.5 vs. 57.0 months, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative hypercoagulability was associated with poor long-term prognosis in HCC patients with MVI after R0 LR.

Microvascular invasion predicts a poor prognosis of solitary hepatocellular carcinoma up to 2 cm based on propensity score matching analysis.

AIM: Microvascular invasion (MVI) is not discussed for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) up to 2 cm in the 8th Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual. The present study aimed to reappraise the influence of MVI on solitary HCC up to 2 cm in diameter. METHODS: Between January 2010 and December 2012, a retrospective cohort of 496 HCC patients from the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital was analyzed. Propensity score matching was carried out to balance the baseline characteristics. Survival analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method. Risk factors were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors associated with MVI. RESULTS: All patients were classified into either an MVI-negative group (n = 332) or an MVI-positive group (n = 164). The MVI-positive group had poorer recurrence-free survival and overall survival before and after propensity score matching. The multivariate analysis showed that MVI; being male; increased total bilirubin levels, alanine transaminase levels and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels; decreased albumin levels; and HBV DNA load >103  IU/mL were risk factors for recurrence-free survival. MVI, older age, lower albumin levels, and cirrhosis were risk factors for overall survival. Age <50 years, alpha-fetoprotein >20 ng/mL, and lack of or an incomplete capsule were significantly independent predictors for MVI. CONCLUSIONS: MVI had a negative impact on the prognosis of solitary HCC up to 2 cm after curative hepatectomy. The 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system could be improved by subdividing solitary HCC up to 2 cm according to MVI.

Overexpression of MTHFD1 in hepatocellular carcinoma predicts poorer survival and recurrence.

Aim: MTHFD1 was the enzyme providing one-carbon derivatives of tetrahydrofolate. We sought to investigate the impact of MTHFD1 on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Bioinformatic analysis, western blot and immunohistochemistry were conducted to detect MTHFD1 expression in HCC. The relationships between MTHFD1 and prognosis of 172 HCCs were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: High MTHFD1 expression in HCC represented poor prognosis (overall survival p = 0.025; time to recurrence p = 0.044). Combining MTHFD1 with serum AFP, survival analysis demonstrated the prognosis of the MTHFD1 low expression and AFP ≤20 ng/ml group was better than that of the MTHFD1 high expression or AFP >20 ng/ml group and the MTHFD1 high expression and AFP >20 ng/ml group (overall survival p < 0.0001; time to recurrence p < 0.0001). Conclusion: High MTHFD1 expression in HCC indicated poorer prognosis. Combining MTHFD1 with serum AFP improved the accuracy of prognostic prediction.

The impact of resection margin and microvascular invasion on long-term prognosis after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-institutional study.

BACKGROUND: The resection margin (RM) status and microscopic vascular invasion (MVI) are known prognostic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An enhanced understanding of their impact on long-term prognosis is required to improve oncological outcomes. METHODS: Using multi-institutional data, the different impact of the RM status (narrow, <1 cm, or wide, ≥1 cm) and MVI (positive or negative) on overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) after curative liver resection of solitary HCC without macrovascular invasion was analyzed. RESULTS: In 801 patients, 306 (38%) had a narrow RM and 352 (44%) had positive MVI. The median OS and RFS were 109.8 and 74.8 months in patients with wide RM & negative MVI, 93.5 and 53.1 months with wide RM & positive MVI, 79.2 and 41.6 months with narrow RM & negative MVI, and 69.2 and 37.5 months with narrow RM & positive MVI (both P < 0.01). On multivariable analyses, narrow RM & positive MVI had the highest hazard ratio with reduced OS and RFS (HR 2.96, 95% CI 2.11-4.17, and HR 3.15, 95% CI, 2.09-4.67, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant having narrow RM and positive MVI increases the risks of postoperative death and recurrence by about 2-fold in patients with solitary HCC.