Expression of Tshb and Tshr in the ricefield eel Monopterus albus: Potential paracrine/autocrine roles in gonads.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a glycoprotein synthesized and secreted from thyrotrophs of the pituitary gland, is composed of a glycoprotein hormone common alpha subunit (CGA) and a specific beta subunit (TSHB). The major biological function of TSH is to stimulate thyroidal follicles to synthesize and secrete thyroid hormones through activating its cognate receptor, the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). In the present study, polyclonal antisera against ricefield eel Tshb and Tshr were generated respectively, and the expression of Tshb and Tshr was examined at mRNA and protein levels. RT-PCR analysis showed that tshb mRNA was expressed mainly in the pituitary as well as in some extrapituitary tissues including the ovary and testis. Tshr mRNA was also expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with transcripts detected in tissues including the kidney, ovary, and testis. The immunoreactive Tshb signals in the pituitary were shown to be localized to the inner areas of adenohypophysis which are close to the neurohypophysis of adult ricefield eels. Tshb-immunoreatvie cells in the pituitary of ricefield eel larvae were firstly observed at hatching. The expression of immunoreactive Tshb and Cga was also detected in ricefield eel ovary and testis together with Tshr. In the ovary, immunoreactive Tshb, Cga, and Tshr were observed in oocytes and granulosa cells. In the testis, immunoreactive Tshb was mainly observed in Sertoli cells while immunoreactive Cga and Tshr were detected in germ cells as well as somatic cells. Results of the present study suggest that Tsh may be synthesized both in the ovary and testis locally, which may play paracrine and/or autocrine roles in gonadal development in ricefield eels.

Integration of bulk RNA sequencing data and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on the heterogeneity in patients with colorectal cancer.

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has emerged as a critical innate immune pathway that could virtually impact nearly all aspects of tumorigenesis including colorectal cancer. This work aimed to develop and validate molecular subtypes related to cGAS-STING pathways for colorectal cancer using Bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data. Bulk RNA-seq data were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (training dataset) and Gene Expression Omnibus dataset (validation dataset). Univariate COX survival analysis was utilized to identify prognostic differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from 6 immune pathways related to cGAS-STING. ConsensusClusterPlus package was used to classify different subtypes based on DEGs. scRNA-seq data were used to validate differences in immune status between different subtypes. Two clusters with distinct prognosis were identified based on 27 DEGs. The six cGAS-STING-related pathways had different levels of significance between the two clusters. Clust1 had most number of amplified CNVs and clust2 had the most number of loss CNVs. TP53 was the top mutated gene of which missense mutations contributed the most of single-nucleotide variants. Immune score of clust1 was higher than that in clust2, as reflected in macrophages, T cells, and natural killer cells. Three unfavorable genes and 31 protection factors were screened between the two clusters in three datasets. ScRNA-seq data analysis demonstrated that macrophages were more enriched in clust1, and tumor cells and immune cells had close interaction. We classified two distinct subtypes with different prognosis, mutation landscape, and immune characteristics.

Progression to myocardial infarction short-term death based on interval sequential pattern mining.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the significant cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). According to Taiwanese health record analysis, the hazard rate reaches a peak in the initial year after diagnosis of MI, drops to a relatively low value, and maintains stable for the following years. Therefore, identifying suspicious comorbidity patterns of short-term death before the diagnosis may help achieve prolonged survival for MI patients. METHODS: Interval sequential pattern mining was applied with odds ratio to the hospitalization records from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to evaluate the disease progression and identify potential subjects at the earliest possible stage. RESULTS: Our analysis resulted in five disease pathways, including "diabetes mellitus," "other disorders of the urethra and urinary tract," "essential hypertension," "hypertensive heart disease," and "other forms of chronic ischemic heart disease" that led to short-term death after MI diagnosis, and these pathways covered half of the cohort. CONCLUSION: We explored the possibility of establishing trajectory patterns to identify the high-risk population of early mortality after MI.

FSH promotes the proliferation of sheep granulosa cells by inhibiting the expression of TSP1.

Thrombospondin (TSP1) plays an important role as an antiangiogenic factor in the reproductive system of female mammals. However, its expression and function in sheep are still unclear. In the present research, the Altay sheep (a native Chinese breed) was used to analyze the expression of TSP1 in the ovary and its potential function in granulosa cells. TSP1 was widely expressed in most tissues, as shown by qPCR. In the ovary, TSP1 mRNA expression decreased during follicular to luteal growth. The TSP1 protein was expressed in a wide variety of follicles of different diameters and localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus of granulosa cells. In in vitro studies, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) significantly inhibited the expression of TSP1 in sheep granulosa cells. Functionally, FSH- and TSP1-specific siRNAs can promote the proliferation of sheep granulosa cells. In contrast, TSP1 mimetic peptide, ABT510, offsets the proliferation of sheep granulosa cells. Different signaling pathway inhibitors all promoted FSH-inhibited TSP1 expression, but each inhibitor had different effects on TSP1. Among them, the PI3K and ERK pathway inhibitors significantly promoted TSP1 expression and inhibited the proliferation of sheep granulosa cells.

Oxytocin-like signal regulates Lh cells directly but not Fsh cells in the ricefield eel Monopterus albus†.

The synthesis and release of LH and FSH in the pituitary of vertebrates are differentially regulated during gonadal development and maturation. However, the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The present study examined the possible involvement of isotocin (Ist), an oxytocin-like neuropeptide, in the regulation of Lh and Fsh in a teleost, the ricefield eel Monopterus albus. The immunoreactive isotocin receptor 2 (Istr2) was shown to be localized to Lh but not Fsh cells. In contrast, immunoreactive isotocin receptor 1 (Istr1) was not observed in either Lh or Fsh cells in the pituitary. Interestingly, Lh cells in female ricefield eels expressed Istr2 and secreted Lh in response to Ist challenge stage-dependently and in correlation with ovarian vitellogenesis. Moreover, Ist decreased Lh contents in the pituitary of female fish, indicating its stimulatory roles on Lh release in vivo. The induction of Lh release by Ist in dispersed pituitary cells was blocked by a PLC or IP3R inhibitor but not by a PKA or PKC inhibitor, indicating the involvement of the IP3/Ca2+ pathway. Collectively, the above results indicate that isotocin may bind to Istr2 to stimulate Lh release via the IP3/Ca2+ pathway, and play important roles in the ovarian maturation in ricefield eels. Furthermore, the present study suggests a novel neuroendocrine mechanism underlying the differential regulation of Lh and Fsh in vertebrates.

Antifreeze protein from Anatolia polita (ApAFP914) improved outcome of vitrified in vitro sheep embryos.

Embryo cryopreservation is an important tool to preserve endangered species. As a cryoprotectant for mouse oocytes, antifreeze protein from Anatolica polita (ApAFP914) has demonstrated utility. In the present study, the effects of controlled slow freezing and vitrification methods on the survival rate of sheep oocytes fertilized in vitro after freezing-thawing were compared. Different ApAFP914 concentrations were added to the vitrification liquid for exploring the effect of antifreeze protein on the warmed embryos. The results showed that the survival and hatching rates of in vitro derived embryos were significantly higher than that of the slow freezing method. Furthermore, among the cryopreserved embryos at different developmental stages, the survival and hatching rates of the expanded blastocyst were significantly higher than those of the blastocysts, early blastocysts and morula. The survival and the hatching rates of the fast-growing embryos were both significantly higher than that of the slow-growing embryos. Additionally, treatment of ApAFP914 (5-30 µg/mL) did not increase the freezing efficiency of the 6-6.5 d embryos. However, addition of 10 µg/mL of ApAFP914 significantly increased the hatching rate of slow-growing embryos. In conclusion, our study suggests that the vitrification is better than the slow freezing method for the conservation of in vitro sheep embryos, and supplementation of ApAFP914 (10 µg/mL) significantly increased the hatching rate of slow-growing embryos after cryopreservation.

Transcriptome profile of one-month-old lambs' granulosa cells after superstimulation.

OBJECTIVE: Superstimulatory treatment of one-month-old lambs can achieve synchronous development of numerous growing follicles. However, these growing follicles cannot complete maturation and ovulation. Oocyte maturation and competence are acquired during follicular development, in which granulosa cells play an essential role. METHODS: In this study, we applied RNA sequencing to analyze and compare gene expression between prepubertal and adult superstimulated follicle granulosa cells in sheep. RESULTS: There were more than 300 genes that significantly differed in expression. Among these differently expressed genes, many extracellular matrix genes (EGF containing Fibulin Like Extracellular Matrix Protein 1, pentraxin 3, adrenomedullin, and osteopontin) were significantly down-regulated in the superstimulated follicles. Ingenuity pathway and gene ontology analyses revealed that processes of axonal guidance, cell proliferation and DNA replication were expressed at higher levels in the prepubertal follicles. Epidermal growth factor, T-Box protein 2 and beta-estradiol upstream regulator were predicted to be active in prepubertal follicles. By comparison, tumor protein P53 and let-7 were most active in adult follicles. CONCLUSION: These results may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the development of granulosa cells in the growing follicle in prepubertal sheep.

Knockout of Myostatin by Zinc-finger Nuclease in Sheep Fibroblasts and Embryos.

Myostatin (MSTN) can negatively regulate the growth and development of skeletal muscle, and natural mutations can cause "double-muscling" trait in animals. In order to block the inhibiting effect of MSTN on muscle growth, we transferred zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN) which targeted sheep MSTN gene into cultured fibroblasts. Gene targeted colonies were isolated from transfected fibroblasts by serial dilution culture and screened by sequencing. Two colonies were identified with mono-allele mutation and one colony with bi-allelic deletion. Further, we introduced the MSTN-ZFN mRNA into sheep embryos by microinjection. Thirteen of thirty-seven parthenogenetic embryos were targeted by ZFN, with the efficiency of 35%. Our work established the technical foundation for generation of MSTN gene editing sheep by somatic cloning and microinjection ZFN into embryos.

Study on the Technology of Laparoscopic Ovum Pick-Up and In Vitro Embryo Production in Chongming Goats.

The application of laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) and in vitro production of embryos (IVEP) technologies has opened up a new path for purebred breeding and breed improvement in goats. However, due to the complexity of the procedures and multiple influencing factors, these technologies have not been widely adopted in goat production. This study explores factors affecting the efficiency of LOPU in goats by comparing the use of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) for estrus synchronization, conventional FSH versus long-acting recombinant ovine FSH (R-FSH) for superovulation, and the timing of LOPU at 48 h, 60 h, and 72 h of follicular development. The metrics evaluated included the recovery rate of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), the average number of ovarian follicles, the average number of COCs, and the average number of available COCs. The results demonstrated that the efficiency of LOPU was significantly higher with two doses of R-FSH compared to the conventional FSH superovulation protocol and the control group (p < 0.05), with two doses of R-FSH providing a higher LOPU efficiency than one dose (p < 0.05). Using CIDR for estrus synchronization showed no significant difference in LOPU efficiency compared to the non-CIDR group. Similarly, the efficiency of LOPU showed no significant difference between the hormone treatments at 48 h, 60 h, and 72 h. By exploring and optimizing the factors influencing LOPU, we ultimately established a LOPU technology system for goats that meets the production needs of small ruminants.

MiR-134-3p targets HMOX1 to inhibit ferroptosis in granulosa cells of sheep follicles.

BACKGROUND: The intricate interplay of gene expression within ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the miRNA regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis during the process of follicle development in lamb GCs. METHODS: Employing transcriptome sequencing, we compared differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs) and miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in GCs from lambs treated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FL) to untreated controls (CL). We further screened differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes and identified potential miRNA regulatory factors. The expression patterns of HMOX1 and miRNAs in GCs were validated using qRT‒PCR and Western blotting. Additionally, we investigated the regulatory effect of oar-miR-134-3p on HMOX1 and its function in ferroptosis through cell transfection and erastin treatment. RESULTS: We identified a total of 4,184 DE-mRNAs and 304 DE-miRNAs. The DE-mRNAs were mainly enriched in ferroptosis, insulin resistance, and the cell cycle. Specifically, we focused on the differential expression of ferroptosis-related genes. Notably, the ferroptosis-related genes HMOX1 and SLC3A2, modulated by DE-miRNAs, were markedly suppressed in FLs. Experimental validation revealed that HMOX1 was significantly downregulated in FL and large follicles, while oar-miR-134-3p was significantly upregulated compared to that in the CLs. HMOX1 expression was regulated by the targeting effect of oar-miR-134-3p. Functional assays further revealed that modulation of oar-miR-134-3p influenced HMOX1 expression and altered cellular responses to ferroptosis induction by erastin. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that oar-miR-134-3p and HMOX1 may be one of the pathways regulating ferroptosis in GCs. This finding provides new clues to understanding the development and regulatory process of follicles.

Atractylenolide II combined with Interferon-γ synergistically ameliorates colorectal cancer progression in vivo and in vitro by blocking the NF-kB p65/PD-L1 pathway.

Purpose: Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is a widely used classical traditional Chinese herbal medicine, that has shown remarkable efficacy in cancers. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common malignant tumor globally. Interferon (IFN)-γ, a prominent cytokine involved in anti-tumor immunity that has cytostatic, pro-apoptotic, and immune-stimulatory properties for the detection and removal of transformed cells. Atractylenolides-II (AT-II) belongs to the lactone compound that is derived from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz with anti-cancer activity. However, whether AT-II combined with IFN-γ modulates CRC progression and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the efficacy and pharmaceutical mechanism of action of AT-II combined with IFN-γ synergistically against CRC by regulating the NF-kB p65/PD-L1 signaling pathway. Methods: HT29 and HCT15 cells were treated with AT-II and IFN-γ alone or in combination and cell viability, migration, and invasion were then analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assays, respectively. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism was investigated through western blot assay. The role of AT-II combined with IFN-γ on tumor growth and lung metastases was estimated in vivo. Finally, the population of lymphocytes in tumor tissues of lung metastatic C57BL/6 mice and the plasma cytokine levels were confirmed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: AT-II or the combination IFN-γ significantly inhibited the growth and migration abilities of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. The biological mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of AT-II combined with IFN-γ were also measured and inhibition of p38 MAPK, FAK, Wnt/ß-catenin, Smad, and NF-kB p65/PD-L1 pathways was observed. Moreover, AT-II combined with IFN-γ significantly inhibited HCT15 xenograft tumor growth and lung metastases in C57BL/6 mice, which was accompanied by lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor tissues and inflammatory response inactivation. Conclusions: The results showed that the AT-II in combination with IFN-γ could be used as a potential strategy for tumor immunotherapy in CRC. More importantly, the mechanism by which AT-II suppressed CRC progressions was by inhibiting the NF-kB p65/PD-L1 signal pathway.

Detection of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Comorbidity Trajectories Based on Principal Tree Model Analytics.

The multifaceted nature and swift progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) pose considerable challenges to our understanding of its evolution and interplay with comorbid conditions. This study seeks to elucidate the temporal dynamics of ALS progression and its interaction with associated diseases. We employed a principal tree-based model to decipher patterns within clinical data derived from a population-based database in Taiwan. The disease progression was portrayed as branched trajectories, each path representing a series of distinct stages. Each stage embodied the cumulative occurrence of co-existing diseases, depicted as nodes on the tree, with edges symbolizing potential transitions between these linked nodes. Our model identified eight distinct ALS patient trajectories, unveiling unique patterns of disease associations at various stages of progression. These patterns may suggest underlying disease mechanisms or risk factors. This research re-conceptualizes ALS progression as a migration through diverse stages, instead of the perspective of a sequence of isolated events. This new approach illuminates patterns of disease association across different progression phases. The insights obtained from this study hold the potential to inform doctors regarding the development of personalized treatment strategies, ultimately enhancing patient prognosis and quality of life.

Ontogeny of immunoreactive Lh and Fsh cells in relation to early ovarian differentiation and development in protogynous hermaphroditic ricefield eel Monopterus albus.

Luteinizing hormone (Lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) control many aspects of gonadal development and function in teleosts. In the present paper, the specific antisera against ricefield eel Lhb (Lh beta subunit), Fshb (Fsh beta subunit), and Cga (the common pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit) were generated, and the cellular localization, initial appearance, and subsequent development of gonadotrophs in relation to early ovarian differentiation and development in the ricefield eel, a protogynous sex-changing teleost, were examined with immunochemistry. Lhb- and Fshb-immunoreactive signals were identified in distinct pituitary cells that occupied primarily the peripheral regions of the adenohypophysis. During ontogeny, Lhb-immunoreactive signals were first detected in the pituitary around 40 days after hatching (dah) when the oogonia transitioned into early primary growth oocytes, and the intensity of immunoreactivity increased concomitantly with the growth of primary oocytes from 60 to 140 dah. During overwintering from 170 to 230 dah, Lhb-immunoreactive signals were significantly decreased when a large proportion of perinucleolus oocytes contained intense Balbiani bodies. In contrast, Fshb-immunoreactive signals were not detectable in the pituitary until around 230 dah (in the spring after hatching) and slightly increased from 285 dah when the late perinucleolus oocytes began to enter the secondary growth phase. Both Lhb- and Fshb-immunoreactive cells were increased when the early cortical alveoli oocytes emerged at 300 dah. The mRNA expression of lhb and fshb coincided with their immunoreactive signals. Taken together, these results suggest that only Lh is involved in primary oocyte growth in ricefield eels, but both Fsh and Lh are important for the secondary ooctye growth.

Growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf9) was localized in the female as well as male germ cells in a protogynous hermaphroditic teleost fish, ricefield eel Monopterus albus.

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) superfamily. As an oocyte-derived growth factor, GDF9 plays key roles in regulating follicle development. In the present study, we identified a gdf9 homologue from the ovary of ricefield eel, and analyzed its expression both at the mRNA and protein levels. Ricefield eel Gdf9 showed high homologies with those of other teleosts, especially perciformes fish. RT-PCR analysis revealed that ricefield eel gdf9 was expressed exclusively in the ovary and testis. The mRNA levels of gdf9 in the ovary were increased significantly at the pre-vitellogenic (PV) stage and then decreased significantly along with vitellogenesis. During the natural sex change, expression of ricefield eel gdf9 was peaked at the intersexual stages. The immunoreactivity for Gdf9 was localized exclusively in the cytoplasm of the oocytes in the ovary, particularly the oocytes at early stages, but not in the oogonia. Interestingly, strong immunoreactive signals were also detected in the degenerating oocytes in the intersexual gonad. Furthermore, the Gdf9 immunoreactivity was demonstrated for the first time to be localized in the cytoplasm of spermatogonia and spermatocytes of ricefield eel, a teleost fish. Taken together, the results of present study suggested that Gdf9 may play important roles in the folliculogenesis as well as spermatogenesis in ricefield eels.

Tanshinone IIA improves degranulation of mast cells and allergic rhinitis induced by ovalbumin by inhibiting the PLCγ1/PKC/IP3R pathway.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common allergic inflammatory and chronic reactive disease caused by allergen-induced immunoglobulin E (IgE). Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is one of the active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) and plays a vital role in inhibiting inflammation. Thus, we hypothesized that Tan IIA has anti-allergic effects and studied the function of Tan IIA in mast cells and an AR animal model. We induced RBL-2H3 cell sensitization with monoclonal anti-2,4,6-dinitrophenyl-immunoglobulin (Ig) E/human serum albumin (DNP-IgE/HSA) and constructed an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR model in mice. The role of Tan IIA in AR progression was studied using the MTT assay, ELISA, western blot, toluidine blue staining, HE staining, and Alcian blue and safranin O (A&S) staining. Tan IIA treatment significantly increased IgE/HSA-induced cell viability. However, Tan IIA treatment markedly downregulated the expression levels of ß-hexosaminidase, histamine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-4, and IL-5 in IgE/HSA-induced cells. Furthermore, Tan IIA improved typical symptoms in the OVA-induced AR model mice by inhibiting the phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1)/protein kinase C (PKC)/IP3R pathway. Additionally, Tan IIA effectively improved the degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells and OVA-induced AR in mice. Together, these results suggest that Tan IIA may be a potential drug for the treatment of AR in the future.

Network Pharmacology-Based Approach Uncovers the Mechanism of GuanXinNing Tablet for Treating Thrombus by MAPKs Signal Pathway.

BACKGROUND: GuanXinNing tablet (GXNT), a traditional Chinese patent medicine, has been found to have remarkable antithrombotic effects and can effectively inhibit pro-thrombotic factors in previous studies. However, the mechanism of its antithrombotic effects remains little known. METHODS: In this study, we first determined and identified the sources of each main compound in GXNT using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Through the approach of network pharmacology, we predicted the action targets of the active components, mapped the target genes related to thrombus, and obtained potential antithrombotic targets for active ingredients. We then performed gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and KEGG signaling pathway analyses for the action targets, and constructed networks of active component-target and active component-target-pathway for GXNT. Additionally, we evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of GXNT on thrombus using the rat thrombus model induced by FeCl3, observed the effects of antiplatelet aggregation via platelet assay, and further verified the results predicted by network pharmacology via Western blot. RESULTS: In total, 14 active ingredients were identified in GXNT, and 83 action targets were predicted, 17 of which are antithrombotic targets that potentially participate in processes including response to oxidative stress and positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration. KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the predicted action targets were involved in multiple signal pathways, such as MAPK, IL-17, and platelet activation. Pharmacodynamics study found that GXNT could significantly reduce the thrombus length and weight, lower platelet aggregation function, and decrease the levels of Fbg and PAI-1. In addition, GXNT could significantly increase 6-keto-PGF1α content and regulate the ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α, while not having dramatic effects on TXB2. GXNT was also observed to visibly inhibit maximum platelet aggregation. Herein, we further studied the thrombus-related MAPKs signaling pathway and found that GXNT could significantly reduce the phosphorylation levels of p38MAPK, ERK, and JNK proteins in platelet. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the pharmacodynamic material basis of GXNT and its potential multicomponent-multitarget-multipath pharmacological effects, confirmed the antithrombotic effects of GXNT, and showed that its mechanism may be related to inhibiting phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK proteins in MAPKs signaling pathway, partially verifying the results from network pharmacology. The results from this study could provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of GXNT.

Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets in the Liver of Pioglitazone-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Sprague-Dawley Rats via Expression Profile Chip and iTRAQ Assay.

The aim of the present study was to identify key antidiabetic nodes in the livers of pioglitazone-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus Sprague-Dawley rats by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Rats were randomly divided into the control, the diabetes model, and the pioglitazone-treated groups. After treatment with pioglitazone for 11 weeks, the effects on fasting blood glucose, body weight, and blood biochemistry parameters were evaluated. Microarray and iTRAQ analysis were used to determine the differentially expressed genes/proteins in rat livers. 1.5-fold changes in gene expression and 1.2-fold changes in protein were set as the screening criteria. After treatment with pioglitazone for 11 weeks, fasting blood glucose in pioglitazone-treated rats was significantly lower than that in the model group. There was a tendency for pioglitazone to reduce TC, TG, TP, ALB, BUN, and HDL-c levels. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) were applied to analyze differentially expressed genes/proteins. Furthermore, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to validate the results of microarray and iTRAQ. In conclusion, Cyp7a1, Cp, and RT1-EC2 are differentially expressed genes/proteins since they showed a similar trend in rats in the model group and the pioglitazone-treated group.

Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of potential therapeutic target genes in the liver of metformin­treated Sprague­Dawley rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The main actions of metformin are as follows: To reduce hyperglycemia via the suppression of gluconeogenesis, improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, and stimulate activation of adenosine monophosphate­activated protein kinase during the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It is well known that metformin acts via complex mechanisms, including multitarget and multipathway mechanisms; however, the multitargeted antidiabetic genes of metformin remain obscure. The present study aimed to perform transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of potential therapeutic target genes in the liver of metformin­treated Sprague­Dawley rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The type 2 diabetes rat model was established using streptozotocin. Fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, serum insulin and biological parameters were subsequently measured. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins were identified in the rat livers by expression profile analysis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). A 1.5­fold alteration in gene expression, as determined using chip­based expression profile analysis, and a 1.2­fold alteration in protein expression, as determined using iTRAQ, were considered physiologically significant benchmarks, which were used to identify DEGS in metformin­treated rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The DEGs were verified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis. Numerous hepatic genes involved in various metabolic pathways were affected by metformin; in particular, genes associated with lipid metabolism were markedly affected. Expression profile analysis and iTRAQ analysis suggested that carboxylesterase 1C subunit (Ces1C) and cholesterol 7α­hydroxylyase (Cyp7a1) may serve as important DEGs, which were validated by qPCR and western blot analysis. Ces1C and Cyp7a1 are the main enzymes in cholesterol metabolism, yet the result of western blotting was not consistent with qPCR. The present study demonstrated that metformin may affect the expression of numerous hepatic genes involved in metabolic pathways, particularly the lipid and cholesterol metabolic pathways. Ces1C and Cyp7a1 may be considered novel therapeutic target genes in the liver, which are involved in the antidiabetic effects of metformin.

Puerarin inhibits ß­amyloid peptide 1­42­induced tau hyperphosphorylation via the Wnt/ß­catenin signaling pathway.

Excessive tau protein phosphorylation is important in the pathogenesis and early abnormal signal transduction of Alzheimer's disease. Excessive phosphorylation of microtubules is associated with tau accumulation, which induces the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons, leading to synaptic damage and ultimately, neurodegeneration. The present study aimed to investigate the possible mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of puerarin on ß­amyloid peptide (Aß)1­42­induced tau protein hyperphosphorylation in SH­SY5Y cells. Following various treatments, the viability of SH­SY5Y cells was determined using the MTT assay, and cell morphology was observed under an inverted fluorescence microscope. Western blotting was used to detect tau phosphorylation, and the protein expression levels of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)­3ß, phosphorylated (p)­GSK­3ß (Ser9), ß­catenin and cyclin D1, which are the key factors mediating the Wnt/ß­catenin signaling pathway in SH­SY5Y cells. The results demonstrated that puerarin reversed the Aß1­42­induced decrease in SH­SY5Y cell viability. In addition, puerarin inhibited the degree of Aß1­42­induced tau phosphorylation at Ser396, Ser199 and Thr231 in SH­SY5Y cells, and reduced the expression of GSK­3ß by increasing the expression of p­GSK­3ß (Ser9). Furthermore, puerarin increased the protein expression levels of ß­catenin and cyclin D1, which are key factors involved in the Wnt/ß­catenin signaling pathway. The results of the present study demonstrated that puerarin may attenuate Aß1­42­induced tau hyperphosphorylation in SH­SY5Y cells, by inhibiting the expression of GSK­3ß and activating the Wnt/ß­catenin signaling pathway; therefore, puerarin may exert protective effects against Alzheimer's disease.

Disruption of the sheep BMPR-IB gene by CRISPR/Cas9 in in vitro-produced embryos.

BMPR-IB (also known as FecB) is a key candidate gene for the genetic control of sheep reproductive performance. Loss-of-function mutations in the sheep BMPR-IB gene lead to an increase in ovulation rate and consequently larger litter size. However, the BMPR-IB gene has been identified in only a few sheep breeds. To improve sheep reproduction through modification of the BMPR-IB gene, we designed an sgRNA to target the sheep BMPR-IB gene by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. First, we performed gene editing by injecting Cas9/sgRNA into the cytoplasm of one-cell fertilized eggs. A total of 88 embryos were assayed by T7EI digestion and Sanger sequencing. The results reported that the efficiency of gene modification was 37.5% (33/88) and increased with the developmental stage of embryo from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. Of the 33 gene editing embryos, 12 (36%, 12/33) were homozygous and 21 (64%, 21/33) were heterozygous. Moreover, sequence analysis of the PCR products from the positive embryos revealed that there were more than 10 modification forms that resulted in frame shift and truncated proteins. Further analysis by cloning and sequencing of each individual embryo showed a high level of mosaicism. In addition, off-target event analysis revealed that none of the off-target mutations was introduced into the embryos. Our results indicated that the Cas9/sgRNA system is a simple and efficient tool that may potentially be used in the genetic modification of the sheep BMPR-IB gene in vivo.