Sequential adaptive estimation for spectral reflectance based on camera responses.

A sequential weighted nonlinear regression technique from digital camera responses is proposed for spectral reflectance estimation. The method consists of two stages taking colorimetric and spectral errors between training set and target set into accounts successively. Based on polynomial expansion model, local optimal training samples are adaptively employed to recover spectral reflectance as accurately as possible. The performance of the method is compared with several existing methods in the cases of simulated camera responses under three kinds of noise levels and practical camera responses under the self as well as cross test conditions. Results show that the proposed method is able to recover spectral reflectance with a higher accuracy than other methods considered.

Reflectance spectra reconstruction from trichromatic camera based on kernel partial least square method.

A novel spectral reflectance reconstruction method based on kernel partial least square (KPLS) regression is proposed. The proposed method integrates the partial least square algorithm and kernel function to estimate the reflectance spectra from 9-channel multispectral imaging system using commercial trichromatic camera. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated in comparison with the existing methods using simulated and real camera responses from Munsell Matte color and IT8.7/3 dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method is superior or at least equivalent to its counterparts and satisfactory enough for color management purpose.

Classification and influencing factors analysis of facial skin color in Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Subjective evaluation and quantitative analysis of skin color are very important both in dermatology and in cosmetology, but results of existing objective classifications tend to be incompatible to visual perception of skin color among females and males in China. METHODS: Skin color at four facial skin sites was measured in 409 volunteers with 219 males and 190 females aged 20-79 years. Ten observers with normal color vision assessed facial skin color of 205 subjects. The relationship between visual scores and Chardon's individual typology angle (ITA°) values was investigated. Then, the variations of color in different sub-groups were comprehensively discussed by skin color data of 409 volunteers. RESULTS: In order to better characterize Chinese skin color, the redness parameter must be added into the ITA formula. By comparing skin color of Chinese living in different environments or with different lifestyles, some factors not conducive to brightening skin have been identified. CONCLUSION: This study indicated the different influence of skin color components on perceived brightness between Caucasian and Chinese. And skin color was significantly affected by related variables such as gender, age, working environment, and lifestyles. Therefore, this study suggests how to brighten skin color in daily life.

[Protection of T-type calcium channel blocker in spiral ganglion neurons of adult C57BL/6J mice].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the distribution and expression of three T-type calcium channel receptors (α1G; α1H; α1I) and understand their protective effects in spiral neurons of C57BL/6J mice. METHODS: The distribution and expression of three T-type calcium channel receptors in spiral ganglion neurons were observed by in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 6-8-week-old C57BL/6J mice. The mice of 24-26-week-old C57BL/6J were divided into 3 groups of zonisamide, benidipine and saline. And the expression changes of calcium-binding proteins calmodulin and calbindin were observed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Three subunits were expressed in spiral ganglion neurons. The decremented quantities were α1H (24.21 ± 0.10), α1I (14.88 ± 0.04) and α1G (10.42 ± 0.02). The expression level of calmodulin in spiral ganglion neurons was lower in the zonisamide-treated group than that in the saline-treated group (0.336 ± 0.041 vs 0.504 ± 0.020, P < 0.05). The expression level of calbindin in spiral ganglion neurons was lower in the zonisamide (0.482 ± 0.045) and benidipine-treated groups (0.511 ± 0.032) than that in the saline-treated group (0.611 ± 0.035, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The expressions of calcium-binding proteins decrease after 4-week dosing of T-type calcium channel blockers in 24-26-week C57BL/6J mice. It implies a relief of calcium overload. T-type calcium channel blockers may protect the murine spiral ganglion neurons from degeneration.

Protection of the cochlear hair cells in adult C57BL/6J mice by T-type calcium channel blockers.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of T-type calcium channel blockers against presbycusis, using a C57BL/6J mice model. The expression of three T-type calcium channel receptor subunits in the cochlea of 6-8-week-old C57BL/6J mice was evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results confirmed that the three subunits were expressed in the cochlea. In addition, the capacity of T-type calcium channel blockers to protect the cochlear hair cells of 24-26-week-old C57BL/6J mice was investigated in mice treated with mibefradil, benidipine or saline for 4 weeks. Differences in hearing threshold were detected using auditory brainstem recording (ABR), while differences in amplitudes were measured using a distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) test. The ABR test results showed that the hearing threshold significantly decreased at 24 kHz in the mibefradil-treated and benidipine-treated groups compared with the saline-treated group. The DPOAE amplitudes in the mibefradil-treated group were increased compared with those in the saline-treated group at the F2 frequencies of 11.3 and 13.4 kHz. Furthermore, the DPOAE amplitudes in the benidipine-treated group were increased compared with those in the saline-treated group at an F2 frequency of 13.4 kHz. The loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) was not evident in the mibefradil-treated group; however, the stereocilia of the inner hair cells (IHCs) were disorganised and sparse. In summary, these results indicate that the administration of a T-type calcium channel blocker for four consecutive weeks may improve the hearing at 24 kHz of 24-26-week-old C57BL/6J mice. The function and morphology of the OHCs of the C57BL/6J mice were significantly altered by the administration of a T-type calcium channel blocker; however, the IHCs were unaffected.

Effect of T-type calcium channel blockers on spiral ganglion neurons of aged C57BL/6J mice.

To explore the expression levels of T-type calcium channel receptors in spiral ganglion neurons of C57BL/6J mice and the effect of T-type calcium channel blockers on the spiral ganglion neurons of 42-44-W C57BL/6J mice. We first quantified the subunits of T-type calcium channel blockers in the spiral ganglion neurons of C57BL/6J mice in three groups (6-8 W, 24-26 W, 42-44 W) according to age via RT-PCR. Next, we administered three drugs (zonisamide, felodipine, saline) to the 42-44-W C57BL/6J mice by gavage for four weeks. We observed the changes in the hearing threshold of 42-44-W C57BL/6J mice after treatment. Meanwhile, we measured the expression of calcium-binding proteins of spiral ganglion neurons after treatment. Our results showed that three receptors were expressed in the spiral ganglion neurons of C57BL/6J mice. The expression level of α1H was stronger than that of α1G and α1I. The expression levels of three receptors especially for α1G and α1H significantly decreased with age. The hearing threshold at 24 kHz was significantly decreased after zonisamide administration. No significant difference in the expression level of calbindin in spiral ganglion neurons was noted. Interestingly, the expression level of calmodulin in spiral ganglion neurons was lower in the zonisamide-treated groups than in the felodipine- and saline-treated group. We concluded that the administration of T-type calcium channel blocker for four consecutive weeks can improve the hearing by ameliorating calcium overload on spiral ganglion neurons of 42-44-W C57BL/6J mice.

[The expression levels of three T-type calcium channel receptors in inner ear of C57BL/6J mice with age].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression levels of three T-type calcium channel receptors (α1G; α1H; α1I) in the cochlea and spiral ganglion neurons of C57BL/6J mice with different ages. METHOD: Thirty cases of C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups (6-8 W, 24-26 W, 42-44 W) according to the age. The expressions of three T-type calcium channel receptors were quantified by RT-PCR after hearing thresholds measured by ABR. RESULT: Three receptors were detected in the cochlea and spiral ganglion neurons of 6-8 W C57BL/6J mice. The quantitative results showed that the expression levels of α1H and α1I were highest among three receptors in spiral ganglion neurons and in the cochlea respectively. The expression levels of three receptors significantly decreased with age,especially at the age of 4244 W. CONCLUSION: The expression of T-type calcium channel receptors reduced with age in the inner ear of C57BL/6J mice.

[Expression and clinical significance of CD45RO in laryngeal carcinoma tissue].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role and significance of CD45RO in occurance and development in laryngeal squamous carcinoma, and to provide some valuable clues for searching new approaches to assess prognosis and theoretical basis for tumor biotherapy. METHOD: The expression of CD45RO protein in 50 cases of laryngeal squamous carcinoma and 10 cases normal mucos was detected by immunohistochemical S-P method. RESULT: The positive rate of CD45RO was 30% and 86% respectively in normal tissue and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissue. The expresion of CD45RO was significantly and negatively associated with local metastatic of lymph nodes 0.713, P < 0.05) and tumor sites (r = -0.750, P < 0.05), but it have no notable difference with pathology differentiation, age, infiltrating depth and clinical stages in 50 cases of laryngeal squamous cell cancer. CONCLUSION: (1) The expresion of CD45RO in laryngeal squamous cell cancer is more than that in normal tissue. (2) It is possible that overexpresion of CD45RO in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cut local metastatic lymph nodes. (3) It is probable that overexpresion of CD45RO in laryngeal squamous cell cancer made for prognosis of patients. (4) Other than UICC-TNM stage, pathology differentiation, it provide valuable clues for searching new approaches to assess prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Moxifloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: results of a multicenter, non-interventional study.

CONCLUSION: Moxifloxacin was generally well tolerated and highly effective in the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABS). The incidence of adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was low. The effectiveness, safety, and tolerability information collected in this study confirm the clinical safety profile of moxifloxacin and its benefit as a treatment option for ABS. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of moxifloxacin under daily life treatment conditions in patients with ABS. METHODS: The study was carried out in China between September 2005 and May 2007. Patients with ABS were treated with moxifloxacin tablets 400 mg once daily for a duration that was left to the physician's discretion. Data were collected on demography, diagnosis of infection, pretreatment, concomitant diseases and medications, moxifloxacin therapy, course of symptoms during investigations, and final assessment of therapy. RESULTS: In all, 578 patients with ABS treated with moxifloxacin were valid for effectiveness analysis. An improvement was observed in 98.8% (n = 571/578) of the patients. Cure was documented in 89.4% (n = 517/578) of the patients. The physicians' overall tolerability rating was 'very good' or 'good' in 92.9% (n = 537/578) of patients. The incidence rates of AEs and ADRs were 1.5% (n = 10/681) and 0.6% (n = 4/681), respectively. No serious AE was reported.