RESUMO
Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important in regulation of gene transcription during T cell development. However, our understanding of their cell-specific functions is limited. In this study, we reveal that class IIa Hdac4 and Hdac7 (Hdac4/7) are selectively induced in transcription, guiding the lineage-specific differentiation of mouse T-helper 17 (Th17) cells from naive CD4+ T cells. Importantly, Hdac4/7 are functionally dispensable in other Th subtypes. Mechanistically, Hdac4 interacts with the transcription factor (TF) JunB, facilitating the transcriptional activation of Th17 signature genes such as Il17a/f. Conversely, Hdac7 collaborates with the TF Aiolos and Smrt/Ncor1-Hdac3 corepressors to repress transcription of Th17 negative regulators, including Il2, in Th17 cell differentiation. Inhibiting Hdac4/7 through pharmacological or genetic methods effectively mitigates Th17 cell-mediated intestinal inflammation in a colitis mouse model. Our study uncovers molecular mechanisms where HDAC4 and HDAC7 function distinctively yet cooperatively in regulating ordered gene transcription during Th17 cell differentiation. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy of targeting HDAC4/7 for treating Th17-related inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Colite , Histona Desacetilases , Correpressor 1 de Receptor Nuclear , Células Th17 , Animais , Células Th17/citologia , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th17/imunologia , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Histona Desacetilases/genética , Camundongos , Colite/genética , Colite/metabolismo , Colite/imunologia , Transcrição Gênica , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Correpressor 2 de Receptor Nuclear/metabolismo , Correpressor 2 de Receptor Nuclear/genética , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Humanos , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Interleucina-2/metabolismoRESUMO
Immune-mediated acute hepatic injury is characterized by the destruction of a large number of hepatocytes and severe liver function damage. Interleukin-28A (IL-28A), a member of the IL-10 family, is notable for its antiviral properties. However, despite advances in our understanding of IL-28A, its role in immune-mediated acute injury remains unclear. The present study investigated the role of IL-28A in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced acute immune liver injury. After Con A injection in mice, IL-28A level significantly increased. IL-28A deficiency was found to protect mice from acute liver injury, prolong survival time, and reduce serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. In contrast, recombinant IL-28A aggravated liver injury in mice. The proportion of activated M1 macrophages was significantly lower in the IL-28A-deficiency group than in the wild-type mouse group. In adoptive transfer experiments, M1 macrophages from WT could exacerbate mice acute liver injury symptoms in the IL-28A deficiency group. Furthermore, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-12, IL-6, and IL-1ß, by M1 macrophages decreased significantly in the IL-28A-deficiency group. Western blotting demonstrated that IL-28A deficiency could limit M1 macrophage polarization by modulating the nuclear factor (NF)-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) signaling pathways. In summary, IL-28A deletion plays an important protective role in the Con A-induced acute liver injury model and IL-28A deficiency inhibits the activation of M1 macrophages by inhibiting the NF-κB, MAPK, and IRF signaling pathways. These results provide a potential new target for the treatment of immune-related hepatic injury.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Citocinas , Interferon lambda , Interleucinas , Animais , Camundongos , Concanavalina A , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon , Fígado , Macrófagos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno , Interferon lambda/genética , Interleucinas/genéticaRESUMO
The BET proteins are major transcriptional regulators and have emerged as new drug targets, but their functional distinction has remained elusive. In this study, we report that the BET family members Brd2 and Brd4 exert distinct genomic functions at genes whose transcription they co-regulate during mouse T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation. Brd2 is associated with the chromatin insulator CTCF and the cohesin complex to support cis-regulatory enhancer assembly for gene transcriptional activation. In this context, Brd2 binds the transcription factor Stat3 in an acetylation-sensitive manner and facilitates Stat3 recruitment to active enhancers occupied with transcription factors Irf4 and Batf. In parallel, Brd4 temporally controls RNA polymerase II (Pol II) processivity during transcription elongation through cyclin T1 and Cdk9 recruitment and Pol II Ser2 phosphorylation. Collectively, our study uncovers both separate and interdependent Brd2 and Brd4 functions in potentiating the genetic program required for Th17 cell development and adaptive immunity.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Diferenciação Celular , Cromatina/enzimologia , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Células Th17/enzimologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Acetilação , Animais , Fator de Ligação a CCCTC , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Cromatina/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/química , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Ciclina T/genética , Ciclina T/metabolismo , Quinase 9 Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Quinase 9 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/genética , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Moleculares , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Fenótipo , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Interferência de RNA , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Th17/imunologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transfecção , CoesinasRESUMO
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR7, play an important role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying the abnormal activation of TLR pathways in patients with SLE has not been elucidated. Notably, accumulating evidence indicates that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are important regulators of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Compared with healthy control subjects, patients with SLE have a greater proportion of MDSCs among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); however, the effect of MDSCs on TLR7 pathway activation has not been determined. In the present study, lupus MDSCs significantly promoted TLR7 pathway activation in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), exacerbating the imiquimod-induced lupus model. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed significant overexpression of S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) and S100A9 in MDSCs from diseased MRL/lpr mice. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that S100A8/9 effectively promoted TLR7 pathway activation and that S100A8/9 deficiency reversed the promoting effect of MDSCs on TLR7 pathway activation in lupus. Mechanistically, MDSC-derived S100A8/9 upregulated interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion by macrophages and IFN-γ subsequently promoted TLR7 pathway activation in an autocrine manner. Taken together, these findings suggest that lupus MDSCs promote TLR7 pathway activation and lupus pathogenesis through the S100A8/9-IFN-γ axis. Our study identified an important target for SLE therapy.
Assuntos
Calgranulina A , Calgranulina B , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Células Supressoras Mieloides , Animais , Camundongos , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/metabolismo , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/patologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos MRL lpr , Receptor 7 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 7 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Calgranulina A/metabolismo , Calgranulina B/metabolismoRESUMO
SignificanceSTAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is a master transcription factor that organizes cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors and is implicated in inflammatory disorders. STAT3 is a well-recognized therapeutic target for human cancer and inflammatory disorders, but how its function is regulated in a cell type-specific manner has been a major outstanding question. We discovered that Stat3 imposes self-directed regulation through controlling transcription of its own regulator homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (Hipk2) in a T helper 17 (Th17) cell-specific manner. Our validation of the functional importance of the Stat3-Hipk2 axis in Th17 cell development in the pathogenesis of T cell-induced colitis in mice suggests an approach to therapeutically treat inflammatory bowel diseases that currently lack a safe and effective therapy.
Assuntos
Colite , Fator de Transcrição STAT3 , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Colite/genética , Colite/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária , Camundongos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Células Th17RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tumor cells continue to evolve the metastatic potential in response to signals provided by the external microenvironment during metastasis. Platelets closely interact with tumor cells during hematogenous metastasis and facilitate tumor development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. METHODS: RNA-sequencing was performed to screen differentially expressed genes mediated by platelets. The effects of platelet and CD39 on tumor metastasis were determined by experimental metastasis models with WT, NCG and CD39-/- mice. RESULTS: RNA-sequencing results showed that platelets significantly up-regulated CD39 expression in tumor cells. CD39 is a novel immune checkpoint molecule and a key driver of immunosuppression. Our data provided evidence that the expression of CD39 was enhanced by platelets in a platelet-tumor cell contact dependent manner. Although the role of CD39 expressed by immune cells is well established, the effect of CD39 expressed by tumor cells on tumor cell behavior, anti-tumor immunity and tumor metastasis is unclear. We found that CD39 promoted tumor cell invasion, but had no effect on proliferation and migration. Notably, we showed that the ability of platelets to prime tumor cells for metastasis depends on CD39 in the experimental tumor metastasis model. CD39 silencing resulted in fewer experimental metastasis formation, and this anti-metastasis effect was significantly reduced in platelet-depleted mice. Furthermore, overexpression of CD39 in tumor cells promoted metastasis. In order to eliminate the effect of CD39 expressed in cells other than tumor cells, we detected tumor metastasis in CD39-/- mice and obtained similar results. Moreover, overexpression of CD39 in tumor cells inhibited antitumor immunity. Finally, the data from human samples also supported our findings. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that direct contact with platelets induces CD39 expression in tumor cells, leading to immune suppression and promotion of metastasis.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD , Apirase , Plaquetas , Metástase Neoplásica , Animais , Apirase/genética , Apirase/metabolismo , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Plaquetas/patologia , Camundongos , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Humanos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Camundongos Knockout , Movimento Celular , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
Rapid tumor growth and insufficient blood supply leads to the development of a hypoxic and nutrient deprived microenvironment. To survive, tumor cells need to tolerate these adverse conditions. Here we found the expression of CD39 was enhanced in necrotic regions distant from blood vessels. We speculate that this is a strategy for tumor cells to actively adapt to the hostile environment. Further studies showed that CD39 was induced by nutrient deprivation through the AMPK signalling pathway. We next explored the significance of CD39 for tumor cells. Our results showed that CD39 reduced cellular oxygen consumption, which could be significant for tumor cells if the available oxygen is limited. Metabolomics analysis showed that overexpression of CD39 significantly altered cellular metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was identified as the most impacted metabolic pathway. In order to explore the molecular mechanism, we performed RNA-seq analysis. The results showed that CD39 significantly up-regulated the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2 (PDK2), thus inhibiting the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and TCA cycle. Finally, CD39 was shown to protect tumor cells from hypoxia-induced cell death and reduce intratumoral hypoxia levels. CD39 has attracted a great deal of attention as a newly discovered immune checkpoint molecule in recent years. Our results indicate that CD39 not only plays a role in immune regulation, but also enables tumor cells to tolerate hypoxia by inhibiting TCA cycle and reducing cellular oxygen consumption. This study provides evidence that targeting CD39 may be a novel strategy to prevent adaptation of tumor cells in stressed conditions.
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Neutrophils participate in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) through regulating the intestinal homeostasis. Several inflammatory diseases are reported to be regulated by proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2B (PTK2B). However, the role of PTK2B in regulating the function of neutrophils and the pathogenesis of UC remains unknown. In this study, the mRNA and protein levels of PTK2B in the colonic tissues from UC patients were measured by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. TAE226, a PTK2B inhibitor, was used to inhibit the activity of PTK2B in neutrophils, and then, the pro-inflammatory factors were analyzed by using qRT-PCR and ELISA. To determine the role of PTK2B in intestinal inflammation, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model was established in PTK2B gene knockout (PTK2B KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. We found that compared with healthy donor controls, the expression level of PTK2B was significantly elevated in inflamed mucosa from UC patients. In addition, expression of PTK2B was positively correlated with the severity of disease. Pharmacological inhibition of PTK2B could markedly reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and antimicrobial peptides (S100a8 and S100a9) in neutrophils. The vitro study showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is involved in promoting the expression of PTK2B in neutrophils. As expected, UC patients treated with infliximab, an anti-TNF-α agent, showed significantly reduced level of PTK2B in neutrophils, as well as in the intestinal mucosa. Of note, compared with DSS-treated WT mice, DSS-treated PTK2B KO mice showed more severe colitis symptoms. Mechanistically, PTK2B could enhance neutrophil migration by regulating CXCR2 and GRK2 expression via the p38 MAPK pathway. Additionally, mice treated with TAE226 exhibited the same effects. In conclusion, PTK2B is involved in the pathogenesis of UC by promoting the migration of neutrophils and inhibiting mucosal inflammation, highlighting PTK2B as a new potential therapeutic target to treat UC.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Quinase 2 de Adesão Focal , Animais , Camundongos , Colite Ulcerativa/metabolismo , Colo/metabolismo , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Quinase 2 de Adesão Focal/genética , Quinase 2 de Adesão Focal/metabolismo , Imunidade , Inflamação/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
In this research, a recombinant Bacillus Calmette Guerin (rBCG) vector vaccine carrying a human IL-2 and EBV BZLF1 fusion gene (IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG) was constructed. The IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG construct was successfully generated and stably expressed the IL-2 and BZLF1 proteins. IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG activated the immune system and promoted the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG activated lymphocytes to effectively kill EBV-positive NPC cells in vitro. Additionally, IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG stimulated the proliferation of NK cells and lymphocytes in vivo, activated related immune responses, and effectively treated EBV-positive NPC. The immune response to and pharmacological effect of IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG were explored in vitro and in vivo to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of EBV-positive tumors with an rBCG vector vaccine. KEY POINTS: ⢠rBCG with human IL-2 and BZLF1 of EB virus was constructed ⢠The IL-2-BZLF1 fusion gene was stably expressed with rBCG ⢠rBCG with IL-2-BZLF1 has an obvious immune response in vitro and in vivo.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium bovis , Neoplasias , Humanos , Interleucina-2/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Vacina BCG , Transativadores/genéticaRESUMO
SHARPIN, together with RNF31/HOIP and RBCK1/HOIL1, form the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) E3 ligase that catalyzes M1-linked polyubiquitination. Mutations in RNF31/HOIP and RBCK/HOIL1 in humans and Sharpin in mice lead to autoinflammation and immunodeficiency, but the mechanism underlying the immune dysregulation remains unclear. We now show that the phenotype of the Sharpincpdm/cpdm mice is dependent on CYLD, a deubiquitinase previously shown to mediate removal of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Dermatitis, disrupted splenic architecture, and loss of Peyer's patches in the Sharpincpdm/cpdm mice were fully reversed in Sharpincpdm/cpdm Cyld-/- mice. We observed enhanced association of RIPK1 with the death-signaling Complex II following TNF stimulation in Sharpincpdm/cpdm cells, a finding dependent on CYLD since we observed reversal in Sharpincpdm/cpdm Cyld-/- cells. Enhanced RIPK1 recruitment to Complex II in Sharpincpdm/cpdm cells correlated with impaired phosphorylation of CYLD at serine 418, a modification reported to inhibit its enzymatic activity. The dermatitis in the Sharpincpdm/cpdm mice was also ameliorated by the conditional deletion of Cyld using LysM-cre or Cx3cr1-cre indicating that CYLD-dependent death of myeloid cells is inflammatory. Our studies reveal that under physiological conditions, TNF- and RIPK1-dependent cell death is suppressed by the linear ubiquitin-dependent inhibition of CYLD. The Sharpincpdm/cpdm phenotype illustrates the pathological consequences when CYLD inhibition fails.
Assuntos
Enzima Desubiquitinante CYLD/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Animais , Morte Celular , Enzima Desubiquitinante CYLD/genética , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Células Mieloides , Fosforilação , Dermatopatias , UbiquitinaçãoRESUMO
Recent epidemiological studies have identified interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) as a susceptibility factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, how IRF8 influences the neuroinflammatory disease has remained unknown. By studying the role of IRF8 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, we found that Irf8(-/-) mice are resistant to EAE. Furthermore, expression of IRF8 in antigen-presenting cells (APCs, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and microglia), but not in T cells, facilitated disease onset and progression through multiple pathways. IRF8 enhanced αvß8 integrin expression in APCs and activated TGF-ß signaling leading to T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation. IRF8 induced a cytokine milieu that favored growth and maintenance of Th1 and Th17 cells, by stimulating interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 production, but inhibiting IL-27 during EAE. Finally, IRF8 activated microglia and exacerbated neuroinflammation. Together, this work provides mechanistic bases by which IRF8 contributes to the pathogenesis of MS.
Assuntos
Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Integrinas/metabolismo , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/fisiopatologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/genética , Macrófagos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
BAFF and APRIL are innate immune mediators that trigger immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA class-switch recombination (CSR) in B cells by engaging the receptor TACI. The mechanism that underlies CSR signaling by TACI remains unknown. Here we found that the cytoplasmic domain of TACI encompasses a conserved motif that bound MyD88, an adaptor that activates transcription factor NF-kappaB signaling pathways via a Toll-interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain. TACI lacks a TIR domain, yet triggered CSR via the DNA-editing enzyme AID by activating NF-kappaB through a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-like MyD88-IRAK1-IRAK4-TRAF6-TAK1 pathway. TACI-induced CSR was impaired in mice and humans lacking MyD88 or the kinase IRAK4, which indicates that MyD88 controls a B cell-intrinsic, TIR-independent, TACI-dependent pathway for immunoglobulin diversification.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Switching de Imunoglobulina/imunologia , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/imunologia , Proteína Transmembrana Ativadora e Interagente do CAML/imunologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
GM-CSF (Csf-2) is a critical cytokine for the in vitro generation of dendritic cells (DCs) and is thought to control the development of inflammatory DCs and resident CD103(+) DCs in some tissues. Here we showed that in contrast to the current understanding, Csf-2 receptor acts in the steady state to promote the survival and homeostasis of nonlymphoid tissue-resident CD103(+) and CD11b(+) DCs. Absence of Csf-2 receptor on lung DCs abrogated the induction of CD8(+) T cell immunity after immunization with particulate antigens. In contrast, Csf-2 receptor was dispensable for the differentiation and innate function of inflammatory DCs during acute injuries. Instead, inflammatory DCs required Csf-1 receptor for their development. Thus, Csf-2 is important in vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell immunity through the regulation of nonlymphoid tissue DC homeostasis rather than control of inflammatory DCs in vivo.
Assuntos
Subunidade beta Comum dos Receptores de Citocinas/fisiologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/fisiologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Subunidade beta Comum dos Receptores de Citocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Subunidade beta Comum dos Receptores de Citocinas/deficiência , Subunidade beta Comum dos Receptores de Citocinas/genética , Células Dendríticas/classificação , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/imunologia , Endotoxemia/imunologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/deficiência , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/genética , Homeostase , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Listeriose/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Monócitos/transplante , Especificidade de Órgãos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Quimera por Radiação , Baço/imunologia , Tamoxifeno/farmacologiaRESUMO
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronically remittent and progressive inflammatory disorder. LRCH1 is reported to be involved in the immune-regulation of several diseases. However, the exact roles of LRCH1 in UC are still obscure. Materials and Methods: LRCH1 expression was analyzed in the inflamed mucosa and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with UC by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Peripheral blood CD4+ T cells were transfected with lentivirus-expressing LRCH1 (LV-LRCH1) or LV-sh-LRCH1, and cytokine expression was determined by using flow cytometry, quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. Transfected CD4+ T cells were harvested to examine the capacity of chemotaxis using Transwell plate. Results: LRCH1 expression was highly decreased in colonic mucosa and PBMCs from patients with A-UC, and negatively correlated with disease activity. Up or down regulation of LRCH1 did not affect the differentiation of CD4+ T cells, and the related cytokines expression. Moreover, LRCH1 inhibited migratory capacity of CD4+ T cells toward CXCL12 by PKCα. Conclusion: LRCH1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of UC, possibly through modulating the migration of CD4+ T cells. Therefore, targeting LRCH1 might serve as a novel therapeutic approach in the management of UC.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/fisiologia , Colite Ulcerativa/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Movimento Celular , Colite Ulcerativa/imunologia , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologiaRESUMO
T-helper 17 (Th17) cells have important functions in adaptor immunity and have also been implicated in inflammatory disorders. The bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) family proteins regulate gene transcription during lineage-specific differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to produce mature T-helper cells. Inhibition of acetyl-lysine binding of the BET proteins by pan-BET bromodomain (BrD) inhibitors, such as JQ1, broadly affects differentiation of Th17, Th1, and Th2 cells that have distinct immune functions, thus limiting their therapeutic potential. Whether these BET proteins represent viable new epigenetic drug targets for inflammatory disorders has remained an unanswered question. In this study, we report that selective inhibition of the first bromodomain of BET proteins with our newly designed small molecule MS402 inhibits primarily Th17 cell differentiation with a little or almost no effect on Th1 or Th2 and Treg cells. MS402 preferentially renders Brd4 binding to Th17 signature gene loci over those of housekeeping genes and reduces Brd4 recruitment of p-TEFb to phosphorylate and activate RNA polymerase II for transcription elongation. We further show that MS402 prevents and ameliorates T-cell transfer-induced colitis in mice by blocking Th17 cell overdevelopment. Thus, selective pharmacological modulation of individual bromodomains likely represents a strategy for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Colite/etiologia , Colite/metabolismo , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/metabolismo , Células Th17/citologia , Células Th17/metabolismo , Animais , Colite/patologia , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Ligantes , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Células Th17/imunologiaRESUMO
The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper [...].
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Invasive breast cancer is highly regulated by tumor-derived cytokines in tumor microenvironment. The development of drugs that specifically target cytokines are promising in breast cancer treatment. In this study, we reported that arctigenin, a bioactive compound from Arctium lappa L., could decrease tumor-promoting cytokines GM-CSF, MMP-3, MMP-9 and TSLP in breast cancer cells. Arctigenin not only inhibited the proliferation, but also the invasion and stemness of breast cancer cells via decreasing GM-CSF and TSLP. Mechanistically, arctigenin decreased the promoter activities of GM-CSF and TSLP via reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 which is crucial for the transcription of GM-CSF and TSLP. Furthermore, arctigenin-induced depletion of GM-CSF and TSLP inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and ß-catenin signaling resulting in decreased proliferation, invasion and stemness of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which tumor-promoting cytokines regulate breast cancer progression and suggest that arctigenin is a promising candidate for cytokine-targeted breast cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Citocinas/metabolismo , Furanos/farmacologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/metabolismo , Lignanas/farmacologia , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Citocinas/genética , Feminino , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , beta Catenina/genéticaRESUMO
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a recently identified heterodimeric cytokine in the IL-12 family. It consists of an IL-12 subunit α chain (P35) and IL-27 subunit Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) ß chain. Unlike the other IL-12 family members, it signals through four unconventional receptors: IL-12Rß2-IL-27Rα, IL-12Rß2-IL-12Rß2, IL-12Rß2-GP130, and GP130-GP130. Interleukin-35 signaling is mainly carried out through the signal transducer and activator of transcription family of proteins. It is secreted not only by regulatory T (Treg) cells, but also by CD8+ Treg cells, activated dendritic cells and regulatory B cells. It exhibits immunosuppressive functions distinct from those of other members of the IL-12 family; these are mediated primarily by the inhibition of T helper type 17 cell differentiation and promotion of Treg cell proliferation. Interleukin-35 plays a critical role in several immune-associated diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and viral and bacterial infections, as well as in tumors. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of IL-35, describe its role in immune-related disorders, and discuss the mechanisms by which it regulates the development and progression of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, collagen-induced arthritis, allergic airway disease, hepatitis, and tumors. The recent research on IL-35, combined with improved techniques of studying receptors and signal transduction pathways, allows for consideration of IL-35 as a novel immunotherapy target.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/metabolismo , Imunoterapia/métodos , Subunidade p35 da Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Animais , Autoimunidade , Humanos , Subunidade p35 da Interleucina-12/genética , Interleucinas/genética , Ativação Linfocitária , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves a variety of cytokines and cells. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is highly expressed during allergic airway inflammation and is involved in its development. However, its specific mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, we used an animal model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma with mice harboring an IL-16 gene deletion to investigate the role of this cytokine in asthma, in addition to its underlying mechanism. Increased IL-16 expression was observed during OVA-induced asthma in C57BL/6J mice. However, when OVA was used to induce asthma in IL-16-/- mice, a diminished inflammatory reaction, decreased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophil numbers, and the suppression of OVA-specific IgE levels in the serum and BALF were observed. The results also demonstrated decreased levels of T helper type 2 (Th2) and Th17 cytokines upon OVA-induced asthma in IL-16-/- mice. Hence, we confirmed that IL-16 enhances the lung allergic inflammatory response and suggest a mechanism possibly associated with the up-regulation of IgE and the promotion of Th2 and Th17 cytokine production. This work explored the mechanism underlying the regulation of IL-16 in asthma and provides a new target for the clinical treatment of asthma.
Assuntos
Asma/metabolismo , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/metabolismo , Interleucina-16/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Ovalbumina , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th2/metabolismo , Animais , Asma/imunologia , Asma/fisiopatologia , Asma/prevenção & controle , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/imunologia , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/fisiopatologia , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/prevenção & controle , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Broncoconstrição , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Interleucina-16/deficiência , Interleucina-16/genética , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Transdução de Sinais , Baço/imunologia , Baço/metabolismo , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologiaRESUMO
Accumulating evidence suggests granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can function as an inflammatory mediator, but whether GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells (TH-GM-CSF) are a distinct T helper cell subset is lacking. Herein we demonstrate that interleukin (IL)-1ß exclusively drives differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into TH-GM-CSF cells via inducing ubiquitination of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and subsequent activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB (NF-κB), independent of RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt) required for TH17 differentiation. In vivo, TH-GM-CSF cells are present in murine Citrobacter Rodentium infections and mediate colitis following adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells into Rag1-/- mice via GM-CSF-induced macrophage activation. The TH-GM-CSF cell phenotype is stable and distinct from the TH17 genetic program, but IL-1ß can convert pre-formed TH17â¯cells into TH-GM-CSF cells, thereby accounting for previously reported associations between IL-17 and GM-CSF. Together, our results newly identify IL-1ß/NF-κB-dependent TH-GM-CSF cells as a unique T helper cell subset and highlight the importance of CD4+ T cell-derived GM-CSF induced macrophage activation as a previously undescribed T cell effector mechanism.