Current Scenario and Future Prospects of Endophytic Microbes: Promising Candidates for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management for Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability.

Globally, substantial research into endophytic microbes is being conducted to increase agricultural and environmental sustainability. Endophytic microbes such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi inhabit ubiquitously within the tissues of all plant species without causing any harm or disease. Endophytes form symbiotic relationships with diverse plant species and can regulate numerous host functions, including resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, growth and development, and stimulating immune systems. Moreover, plant endophytes play a dominant role in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and bioremediation, and are widely used in many industries. Endophytes have a stronger predisposition for enhancing mineral and metal solubility by cells through the secretion of organic acids with low molecular weight and metal-specific ligands (such as siderophores) that alter soil pH and boost binding activity. Finally, endophytes synthesize various bioactive compounds with high competence that are promising candidates for new drugs, antibiotics, and medicines. Bioprospecting of endophytic novel secondary metabolites has given momentum to sustainable agriculture for combating environmental stresses. Biotechnological interventions with the aid of endophytes played a pivotal role in crop improvement to mitigate biotic and abiotic stress conditions like drought, salinity, xenobiotic compounds, and heavy metals. Identification of putative genes from endophytes conferring resistance and tolerance to crop diseases, apart from those involved in the accumulation and degradation of contaminants, could open new avenues in agricultural research and development. Furthermore, a detailed molecular and biochemical understanding of endophyte entry and colonization strategy in the host would better help in manipulating crop productivity under changing climatic conditions. Therefore, the present review highlights current research trends based on the SCOPUS database, potential biotechnological interventions of endophytic microorganisms in combating environmental stresses influencing crop productivity, future opportunities of endophytes in improving plant stress tolerance, and their contribution to sustainable remediation of hazardous environmental contaminants.

Pseudo-aneurysm of mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa: two case reports.

The fibrous body between the mitral and aortic valve, known as mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa (MAIVF) is prone to infection and injury resulting in pseudo-aneurysm formation. Because of its relative rarity, we are far from making any conclusion regarding the natural history and appropriate therapeutic strategy for this condition. We report two cases of this condition with two different and rare etiologies with strikingly different natural courses, providing insight into the natural course and timing of surgery in this rare entity.

Combined toxicity influence of polypropylene microplastics and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on physiological-biochemical characteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).

Microplastics and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are prevalent and emerging pollutants in agro-ecosystem, raising concerns due to their widespread co-presence. Nevertheless, their combined toxicity on terrestrial plants remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the impact of polypropylene microplastics (MPs), DEHP, and their mixture on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of cucumber seedlings. The changes of membrane stability index (MSI), antioxidase activities, photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence in cucumber seedlings were assessed. The results demonstrated that MPs alone significantly inhibited MSI, photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, and Chl a + b), Fm and qp of cucumber seedlings, and significantly promoted the carotene content and antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in cucumber seedlings. While DEHP alone significantly inhibited MSI and photosynthetic pigments of cucumber seedlings, and significantly promoted antioxidant enzyme activities in cucumber seedlings. Moreover, the combined toxicity of MPs and DEHP was found to be less pronounced than that of the single action of MPs and DEHP. The interaction between DEHP and MPs may contribute to the reduced toxicity. Abbott's modeling revealed that the combined toxicity systems were all antagonistic (RI < 1). Two-factor analysis and principal component analysis further confirmed that the treatment of MPs alone contributed the most to the toxicological effects of the physiological properties of cucumbers. In summary, this study highlighted the importance of understanding the combined effects of MPs and DEHP on plant physiology, providing insights for the development of effective treatments for emerging pollutants in agricultural ecosystems.

Spatiotemporal analysis of soluble aggregates and autophagy markers in the R6/2 mouse model.

Maintenance of cellular proteostasis is vital for post-mitotic cells like neurons to sustain normal physiological function and homeostasis, defects in which are established hallmarks of several age-related conditions like AD, PD, HD, and ALS. The Spatio-temporal accumulation of aggregated proteins in the form of inclusion bodies/plaques is one of the major characteristics of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). Toxic accumulation of HUNTINGTIN (HTT) aggregates in neurons bring about the aberrant phenotypes of HD, including severe motor dysfunction, dementia, and cognitive impairment at the organismal level, in an age-dependent manner. In several cellular and animal models, aggrephagy induction has been shown to clear aggregate-prone proteins like HTT and ameliorate disease pathology by conferring neuroprotection. In this study, we used the mouse model of HD, R6/2, to understand the pathogenicity of mHTT aggregates, primarily focusing on autophagy dysfunction. We report that basal autophagy is not altered in R6/2 mice, whilst being functional at a steady-state level in neurons. Moreover, we tested the efficacy of a known autophagy modulator, Nilotinib (Tasigna™), presently in clinical trials for PD, and HD, in curbing mHTT aggregate growth and their potential clearance, which was ineffective in both inducing autophagy and rescuing the pathological phenotypes in R6/2 mice.

Defining fallopian tube-derived miRNA cancer signatures.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs have recently emerged as promising circulating biomarkers in diverse cancer types, including ovarian cancer. We utilized conditional, doxycycline-induced fallopian tube (FT)-derived cancer models to identify changes in miRNA expression in tumors and plasma, and further validated the murine findings in high-grade ovarian cancer patient samples. METHODS: We analyzed 566 biologically informative miRNAs in doxycycline-induced FT and metastatic tumors as well as plasma samples derived from murine models bearing inactivation of Brca, Tp53, and Pten genes. We identified miRNAs that showed a consistent pattern of dysregulated expression and validated our results in human patient serum samples. RESULTS: We identified six miRNAs that were significantly dysregulated in doxycycline-induced FTs (P < .05) and 130 miRNAs differentially regulated in metastases compared to normal fallopian tissues (P < .05). Furthermore, we validated miR-21a-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-126a-3p as dysregulated in both murine doxycycline-induced FT and metastatic tumors, as well as in murine plasma and patient serum samples. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we identified changes in miRNA expression that potentially accompany tumor development in murine models driven by commonly found genetic alterations in cancer patients. Further studies are required to test both the function of these miRNAs in driving the disease and their utility as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and/or disease progression.

Pyramid heart: uncommon sequel of a common disease.

A 40-year-old woman presented 19 years after ring-annuloplastyfor rheumatic mitral regurgitation. Long-standing rheumatic heartdisease resulted in an unusual finding on her chest radiograph.