Potential impact factors on the enhancement of antibiotic resistance in a lake environment.

There is considerable concern regarding antibiotic resistance in the water environment due to antibiotic residues from anthropogenic origins. The low antibiotic concentration in the water environment may promote the selection of antibiotic resistance. However, it is unclear how environmental factors affect resistance selection. We investigated the proliferation of quinolone-susceptible faecal bacteria (E. coli) exposed to low norfloxacin concentration (ng/L) at variable temperatures, exposure times, and carbon concentrations, simulating the conditions of the water environment. The induction of antibiotic resistance in thirteen E. coli isolates was more likely to occur at 37 °C. However, resistance also occurred at temperatures as low as 25 °C, provided a longer exposure time of 5 days. These results suggest that antibiotic resistance is more likely to be induced in regions where temperatures may reach 25-37 °C, such as tropical regions.

Treatment of dye works wastewater using anaerobic-oxic biological filter reactor packed with carbon fibre and aerated with micro-bubbles.

A new anaerobic-oxic biological filter reactor, which was packed with carbon fibre and aerated with micro-bubbles, was proposed. The reactor performance was examined using dye works wastewater compared with the activated sludge reactor. Effluent SS from the experimental reactor was significantly lower than that from the activated sludge reactor, and transparency was higher. Temperatures of the activated sludge reactor were over 35 degrees C and DOC removal ratios were 40-80% depending on the influent wastewater. On the other hand, the DOC removal efficiency of the experimental reactor was over 70%, when the reactor temperature was over 22 degrees C. In the anaerobic zone, sulphate reduction occurred predominantly and acetate was produced. In the oxic reactor, sulphur oxidation and organic removal occurred. When the amount of sulphate reduction in the anaerobic zone increased, DOC and colour in effluent decreased. The sulphate reducing activity of biofilm at 30 degrees C was three times higher than those at 20 degrees C. The sulphate reducing activity of biofilm in the oxic zone was higher than those in the anaerobic zone, meaning that the sulphate reduction-oxidation cycles were established in the biofilm of the oxic zone. Microbial community of sulphate reducing bacteria was examined by in situ hybridisation with 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes. Desulfobulbus spp. was most common sulphate reducing bacteria in the anaerobic zone. In the oxic zone, Desulfobulbus spp. and Desulfococcus spp. were observed.

Microbial community change of sulfate reduction and sulfur oxidation bacteria in the activated sludge cultivated with acetate and peptone.

The growth of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and filamentous sulfur bacteria was monitored on a laboratory scale in activated sludge reactors using acetate and peptone as the artificial wastewater. When the artificial wastewater contained acetate and peptone, filamentous bacteria increased in the sludge and the SVI values increased. There was a good correlation between sulfate reducing activity and sulfur oxidation activity in the produced sludge. The microbial community change of filamentous sulfur bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria was analyzed using the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method. The tendency for the growth of filamentous sulfur bacteria Thiothrix eikelboomii following the growth of SRB was observed. The percentage of SRB385- hybridized cells and DNMA657-hybridized cells found in the total cell area increased from 2-3% to 7-10% when the filamentous bulking occurred.

Biological iron oxidation-reduction and the effects on sulfur oxidation-reduction, denitrification and poly-P accumulation in an anaerobic-oxic activated sludge.

Iron oxidation and reduction were examined using the activated sludge from a municipal plant. Iron contents of the activated sludge were 1-2%. Iron oxidation rates were correlated with the initial iron concentrations. Iron reducing rates could be described by the Monod equation. The effects of iron reducing bacteria on sulfate reduction, denitrification and poly-P accumulation were examined. Iron reduction suppressed sulfate reduction by competing with hydrogen produced from protein. Denitrification was outcompeted with iron reduction and sulfate reduction. These phenomena could be explained thermodynamically. Poly-P accumulation was also suppressed by denitrification. The activity of iron reduction was relatively high.

Filamentous bulking control by sponge media in lab-scale SBR process.

Polyurethane foam sponge media were examined with respect to their ability to control filamentous bulking in a sequencing batch reactor process. In a high-rate nutrient removal study conducted with a 201 lab-scale reactor and synthetic wastewater of approximately 200 mgBOD 1(1), the presence of 20% v/v sponge media in the reactor improved the settling properties of biomass significantly, resulting in enhanced nutrient removal performance, i.e., < 10 mgT-N 1(-1) and < 1 mgT-P 1(-1) even at the HRT of 0.67 day. Without the support of sponge media, the suspended biomass was so bulky as to lead to its heavy washout from the reactor. A microscopic study under filamentous bulking revealed that the sponge media physically cut or broke biomass to shorter filaments and smaller flocs, mitigating the severe bulking condition. Indirect effects derived from the physical breakdown of biomass, such as more aerobic conditions in flocs, are expected to further create favorable conditions for suppressing filamentous bulking.