The effect of commuting time on burnout: the mediation effect of musculoskeletal pain.

OBJECTIVES: This study explores the relationship among commuting, musculoskeletal (MS) pain, and burnout. METHODS: An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted at a medical university-affiliated hospital in Taichung, Taiwan in 2021. The two questionnaire was used and they included the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). All participants were invited to complete the cross-sectional survey. A multiple linear regression was assessed correlations between commuting, MS pain, and burnout. RESULTS: After excluding those with missing data, 1,615 healthcare workers were deemed valid as research participants. In multiple linear regression, commuting time longer than 50 min was associated with personal burnout (PB) in the presence of adjusted confounders; however, long commuting time was not associated with work-related burnout (WB). Furthermore, the choice of commuting method did not affect PB or WB. Notably, both neck and shoulder pain (NBSP) and ankle pain (BAP) increase the risk of PB and WB. The mediation analysis demonstrated that NBSP is a mediating factor, increasing the level of PB and WB for commuting times longer than 50 min. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare workers who commute for more than 50 min should be considered part of a high-risk group for burnout and musculoskeletal pain. They should also be provided with resources and programs focused on burnout prevention and MS pain relief.

Burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic among nurses in Taiwan: the parental role effect on burnout.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, medical workers were concerned about the care of their children or family members and the impact of being separated from them. This increased stress could harm the relationship between nurses and patients. This study assessed how medical workers' parental role may affect burnout during such a high-stress period. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The client burnout (CB) scale of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, and a demographic questionnaire were used. Statistical methods such as the t-test, one-way ANOVA, and univariable/multiple linear regression were applied. RESULTS: A total of 612 nurses were included in this study. The likely risk factors of CB were identified and the parenthood effect was found to be associated with reduced CB. The parental role and leisure activity with family and friends on CB were found to have an impact. Engaging in leisure activity with family and playing the role of a parent diligently will help relieve nurses' burnout from frequent contact with patients and their families, thus lowering the risk of clinical burnout. CONCLUSION: The parental role, family/friends relationships, and a complex work environment associated with nurses' burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding allows us to re-examine the importance of family life and parent-child relationships in high-stress work environments.

Healthcare knowledge of relationship between time series electrocardiogram and cigarette smoking using clinical records.

BACKGROUND: In the few studies of clinical experience available, cigarette smoking may be associated with ischemic heart disease and acute coronary events, which can be reflected in the electrocardiogram (ECG). However, there is no formal proof of a significant relationship between cigarette smoking and electrocardiogram results. In this study, we therefore investigate and prove the relationship between electrocardiogram and smoking using unsupervised neural network techniques. METHODS: In this research, a combination of two techniques of pattern recognition; feature extraction and clustering neural networks, is specifically investigated during the diagnostic classification of cigarette smoking based on different electrocardiogram feature extraction methods, such as the reduced binary pattern (RBP) and Wavelet features. In this diagnostic system, several neural network models have been obtained from the different training subsets by clustering analysis. Unsupervised neural network of clustering cigarette smoking was then implemented based on the self-organizing map (SOM) with the best performance. RESULTS: Two ECG datasets were investigated and analysed in this prospective study. One is the public PTB diagnostic ECG databset with 290 samples (age 17-87, mean 57.2; 209 men and 81 women; 73 smoking and 133 non-smoking). The other ECG database is from Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TVGH) and includes 480 samples (240 smoking, and 240 non-smoking). The diagnostic accuracy regarding smoking and non-smoking in the PTB dataset reaches 80.58% based on the RBP feature, and 75.63% in the second dataset based on Wavelet feature. CONCLUSIONS: The electrocardiogram diagnostic system performs satisfactorily in the cigarette smoking habit analysis task, and demonstrates that cigarette smoking is significantly associated with the electrocardiogram.

Healthcare-based on Cloud Electrocardiogram System: A Medical Center Experience in Middle Taiwan.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) as one of the best methods to measure irregular heartbeats is a dispensable method for doctor to diagnose Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) patients. Most medical centers in Taiwan implement the reduction of Door to Balloon (D2B) time, which is defined as the time interval starting when an Acute-Myocardial-Infarction patient arrives at the Emergency Department, and ending when a catheter guide wire crosses the culprit lesion as the acute-myocardial-infarction treatment on the patient in the cardiac catheterization room. Generally, when a patient with acute-chest pain is sent into a hospital (always to Emergency Department), the hospital will collect his/her ECG which needs to be evaluated by a cardiologist to ensure that the patient really has Acute Myocardial Infarction. Then the medical workers deliver the patient to the cardiac catheterization room to operate balloon angioplasty. In previous years, the cardiologist must utilize a PC to connect to the Intranet of the hospital and employ a special PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) image browser before he/she can check the patient's ECG. But this will prolong the D2B time since the doctor may stay outdoors and he/she needs some time to find a PC and network. Of course, if the PC has not installed the PACS image browser, the doctor has to download and install it. Consequently, the D2B time should be worsened, thus possibly impacting the patient's life. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a Cloud-based Electrocardiogram System, with which cardiologists can directly utilize their smart phones to browse the patient's ECG so as to shorten the D2B time. This system has been online in a medical center in middle Taiwan for more than one year. The shortened D2B time is longer than 10 min, i.e., receiving fine results.

A biphasic response pattern of lipid metabolomics in the stage progression of hepatitis B virus X tumorigenesis.

Metabolic syndrome has closely linked to the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By using the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X (HBx) transgenic mouse model, we studied the dynamic evolution of serum and liver profiles of lipids and global cDNA expression at different stages of HBx tumorigenesis. We observed that the lipid (triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids) profiles revealed a biphasic response pattern during the progression of HBx tumorigenesis: a small peak at early phase and a large peak or terminal switch at the tumor phase. By analyzing cDNA microarray data, the early peak correlated to the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response, which then resolved at the middle phase and were followed by the terminal metabolic switch in the tumor tissues. Five lipid metabolism-related genes, the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid binding protein 4, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 9, and apolipoprotein A-IV were identified to be significantly activated in HBx transgenic HCCs and further validated in human HBV-related HCCs. Inhibition of these lipid genes could reverse the effect of HBx on lipid biosynthesis and suppress HBx-induced cell proliferation in vitro. Our results support the concept that metabolic syndrome plays an important role in HBV tumorigenesis. The dysregulation of lipid metabolic genes may predict the disease progression to HCC in chronic hepatitis B patients.

Cloud Image Data Center for Healthcare Network in Taiwan.

This paper investigates how a healthcare network in Taiwan uses a practical cloud image data center (CIDC) to communicate with its constituent hospital branches. A case study approach was used. The study was carried out in the central region of Taiwan, with four hospitals belonging to the Veterans Hospital healthcare network. The CIDC provides synchronous and asynchronous consultation among these branches. It provides storage, platforms, and services on demand to the hospitals. Any branch-client can pull up the patient's medical images from any hospital off this cloud. Patients can be examined at the branches, and the images and reports can be further evaluated by physicians in the main Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TVGH) to enhance the usage and efficiency of equipment in the various branches, thereby shortening the waiting time of patients. The performance of the CIDC over 5 years shows: (1) the total number of cross-hospital images accessed with CDC in the branches was 132,712; and (2) TVGH assisted the branches in keying in image reports using the CIDC 4,424 times; and (3) Implementation of the system has improved management, efficiency, speed and quality of care. Therefore, the results lead to the recommendation of continuing and expanding the cloud computing architecture to improve information sharing among branches in the healthcare network.

Genetic variations of MUC17 are associated with endometriosis development and related infertility.

BACKGROUND: Genetic alterations of mucin genes, such as MUC2 and MUC4, were previously identified to be associated with endometriosis and related infertility. Additionally, gene expression profiling has confirmed MUC17 to be overexpressed in mucinous ovarian carcinoma; however, its associated risk for endometriosis remains unclear. This study was focused on the potential impact of genetic variations in MUC17 on endometriosis development and associated clinical features. METHODS: The study subjects included 189 female Taiwanese patients with pathology-proven endometriosis and 191 healthy Taiwanese women as controls. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs4729645, rs10953316, rs74974199, rs4729655, and rs4729656) within the MUC17 gene were selected and genotyped using the Taqman genotyping assay to examine the allele frequency and genotype distributions of MUC17 polymorphisms. RESULTS: Genotyping revealed that the A allele at rs10953316 in MUC17 was a protective genetic factor in endometriosis development (p = 0.008; OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.36-0.79). Genetic variation of rs4729655 protected patients against endometriosis-induced infertility, but was associated with a higher cancer antigen 125 (CA125) level. Base-pairing analysis, called MaxExpect, predicted an additional loop in the mRNA structure caused by rs10953316 polymorphism, possibly influencing ribosome sliding and translation efficiency. Such predictions were confirmed by immunohistochemistry that patients with AA genotype at rs10953316 showed low MUC17 levels in their endometrium, patients with GA genotype showed moderate levels, and strong staining could be found in patients with GG genotype. CONCLUSIONS: MUC17 polymorphisms are involved in endometriosis development and the associated infertility in the Taiwanese population.

Long-acting injectables and risk for rehospitalization among patients with schizophrenia in the home care program in Taiwan.

We aimed at evaluating the relationship between medication and treatment effectiveness in a home care setting among patients with schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia hospitalized between 2004 and 2009 with a primary International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code of 295 were identified from Psychiatric Inpatient Medical Claims Data released by the National Health Research Institute in Taiwan. Patients who joined the home care program after discharge and were prescribed long-acting injection (LAI) (the LAI group) or oral antipsychotic medications (the oral group) were included as study subjects. The final sample for the study included 810 participants in the LAI group and 945 in the oral group. Logistic regression was performed to examine the independent effect of LAI medication on the risk for rehospitalization within the 12-month observation window after controlling for patient and hospital characteristics and propensity score quintile adjustment. The unadjusted odds ratio for rehospitalization risk was 0.80 (confidence interval, 0.65-0.98) for the LAI group compared to the oral group. The adjusted odds ratio was further reduced to 0.78 (confidence interval, 0.63-0.97). Results remained unchanged when the propensity score quintiles were entered into the regression for further adjustment. In a home care setting, patients treated with long-acting antipsychotic agents are at a significantly lower risk for psychiatric rehospitalization than those treated with oral medication. Consequently, LAI home-based treatment for the prevention of schizophrenia relapse may lead to substantial clinical and economic benefits.

The descriptive analysis of civil court decisions of dental malpractice related to infection in Taiwan.

The evaluation of dental malpractice claims database is helpful to analyze the risk and lower the chances of potential litigation. In this descriptive analysis, the Taiwan Judicial Judgment Database was used to analyze the civil court decisions of dental malpractice related to infection from January 1, 2000 to August 31, 2023. After rigor verdicts reviewed, 53 dental malpractice civil judgments related to infection were included and further analyzed. Total 15 lawsuits were required to recover the punitive damages. The overall civil conviction rate was 28.3%. Two cases occurred in the dental department at medical center and 13 cases were found in the local clinics. The top one awarded compensation is dental implant. The amount of compensation was ranged from NT$ 110,000 to NT$ 3,000,000. In conclusion, this analysis can provide the important information and reference in the amounts of compensation for dental malpractice in Taiwan.

Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio combined with decreased lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio is associated with increased peripheral airway resistance in patients with hepatic steatosis.

Although the link between hepatic steatosis and lung function has been confirmed, the focus has largely been on central airways. The association between hepatic steatosis and increased peripheral airway resistance has not yet been explored. Hepatic steatosis and increased peripheral resistance are connected with immunity dysregulation. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and low lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) have been recognized as indicators of immunity dysregulation. In this study, the association between hepatic steatosis and increased peripheral airway resistance was evaluated, and the effect of immunity dysregulation (high NLR/low LMR) on the increased peripheral airway resistance among patients with hepatic steatosis was explored. In this retrospective study, chest or abdomen CT scans and spirometry/impulse oscillometry (IOS) from 2018 to 2019 were used to identify hepatic steatosis and increased central/peripheral airway resistance in patients. Among 1391 enrolled patients, 169 (12.1%) had hepatic steatosis. After 1:1 age and abnormal ALT matching was conducted, clinical data were compared between patients with and without hepatic steatosis. A higher proportion of patients with hepatic steatosis had increased peripheral airway resistance than those without hepatic steatosis (52.7% vs 40.2%, P = .025). Old age, high body mass index, history of diabetes, and high NLR/low LMR were significantly correlated with increased peripheral airway resistance. The presence of hepatic steatosis is associated with increased peripheral airway. High NLR/low LMR is an independent associated factor of increased peripheral airway resistance in patients with hepatic steatosis. It is advisable for patients with hepatic steatosis to regularly monitor their complete blood count/differential count and undergo pulmonary function tests including IOS.

Who's Accountable? Low-Value Care Received By Medicare Beneficiaries Outside Of Their Attributed Health Systems.

Policy makers and payers increasingly hold health systems accountable for spending and quality for their attributed beneficiaries. Low-value care-medical services that offer little or no benefit and have the potential for harm in specific clinical scenarios-received outside of these systems could threaten success on both fronts. Using national Medicare data for fee-for-service beneficiaries ages sixty-five and older and attributed to 595 US health systems, we describe where and from whom they received forty low-value services during 2017-18 and identify factors associated with out-of-system receipt. Forty-three percent of low-value services received by attributed beneficiaries originated from out-of-system clinicians: 38 percent from specialists, 4 percent from primary care physicians, and 1 percent from advanced practice clinicians. Recipients of low-value care were more likely to obtain that care out of system if age 75 or older (versus ages 65-74), male (versus female), non-Hispanic White (versus other races or ethnicities), rural dwelling (versus metropolitan dwelling), more medically complex, or experiencing lower continuity of care. However, out-of-system service receipt was not associated with recipients' health systems' accountable care organization status. Health systems might improve quality and reduce spending for their attributed beneficiaries by addressing out-of-system receipt of low-value care-for example, by improving continuity.

Racial differences in low value care among older adult Medicare patients in US health systems: retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize racial differences in receipt of low value care (services that provide little to no benefit yet have potential for harm) among older Medicare beneficiaries overall and within health systems in the United States. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study SETTING: 100% Medicare fee-for-service administrative data (2016-18). PARTICIPANTS: Black and White Medicare patients aged 65 or older as of 2016 and attributed to 595 health systems in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Receipt of 40 low value services among Black and White patients, with and without adjustment for patient age, sex, and previous healthcare use. Additional models included health system fixed effects to assess racial differences within health systems and separately, racial composition of the health system's population to assess the relative contributions of individual patient race and health system racial composition to low value care receipt. RESULTS: The cohort included 9 833 304 patients (6.8% Black; 57.9% female). Of 40 low value services examined, Black patients had higher adjusted receipt of nine services and lower receipt of 20 services than White patients. Specifically, Black patients were more likely to receive low value acute diagnostic tests, including imaging for uncomplicated headache (6.9% v 3.2%) and head computed tomography scans for dizziness (3.1% v 1.9%). White patients had higher rates of low value screening tests and treatments, including preoperative laboratory tests (10.3% v 6.5%), prostate specific antigen tests (31.0% v 25.7%), and antibiotics for upper respiratory infections (36.6% v 32.7%; all P<0.001). Secondary analyses showed that these differences persisted within given health systems and were not explained by Black and White patients receiving care from different systems. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients were more likely to receive low value acute diagnostic tests and White patients were more likely to receive low value screening tests and treatments. Differences were generally small and were largely due to differential care within health systems. These patterns suggest potential individual, interpersonal, and structural factors that researchers, policy makers, and health system leaders might investigate and address to improve care quality and equity.

Effect of Marriage on Burnout among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, burnout symptoms have been prevalent among healthcare workers. Living with spouses can be complex and was associated with an increased burnout risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated the relationship between living with spouses and burnout among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. We distributed questionnaires to participants working in a hospital affiliated with a medical university in Taiwan. The questionnaires were the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, which comprises personal burnout (PB), work-related burnout (WB), and client burnout subscales; the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire; and information on basic demographic variables, family factors, living habits, work-related factors, and physical health factors. Multiple linear regression and mediation analysis were used. We obtained 1615 (63.81%) valid questionnaires. After analysis revealed that marriage was an independent risk factor for PB; however, the effect of marriage on WB was nonsignificant after controlling for risk factors. Parenthood, less alcohol use, reported sleep duration less than six hours, less overtime, less shift work, and participation in leisure activities with family and friends were found to be mediators between marriage and a lower WB level. In addition, chronic diseases, frequent neck pain, and shoulder pain were suppression factors. In summary, marriage was associated with an increased risk of PB. Married individuals sustain a high WB level because of changes in family roles, living conditions, and work conditions. Overall, helping healthcare workers to maintain well-being in marriage or family living may be effective in decreasing burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Case Report: Proteinase 3 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Ulcerative Colitis Presenting as Recurrent Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction in a Teenage Patient With in situ Proteinase 3 Immunohistochemical Staining.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease with the colorectum as its major target organ. Involvement of the upper gastrointestinal tract in UC is rare and presents with nonspecific endoscopic and microscopic characteristics. Recent studies have demonstrated proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (PR3-ANCA) to be a serological marker for differentiating UC from Crohn's disease in children and for detecting disease activity and nonresponse to steroid therapy and antitumor necrotizing factor-α agents. Herein, we report a 13-year-old female patient mainly presenting with recurrent bilious vomiting who was initially diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction was confirmed through observation of a patent but segmentally dilated jejunum in the barium follow-through examination and other imaging; such obstruction can be attributed to backwash ileitis, superior mesenteric artery syndrome, ileus due to hypokalemia, or PR3-associated enteritis. Laboratory data revealed leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance and serum antinuclear antibody and PR3-ANCA positivity. Overlapping syndrome with autoimmune diseases was suspected. Pathology revealed a crypt abscess with aggregates of neutrophils consistent with UC but did not indicate vasculitis. The in situ immunohistochemical staining revealed PR3 density mainly in the colon and focally in the duodenum. To our knowledge, this is the first case report with in situ pathological evidence of PR3 in inflamed intestinal tissues in a patient with UC and with rare initial presentation of intestinal pseudo-obstruction-induced recurrent bilious vomiting. Whether the clinical features of the present case constitute overlap syndrome with other autoimmune disease or a disease variation of UC warrants further investigation. Notably, the patient's serum PR3-ANCA titers remained high in coincidence with increased disease activity and nonresponse to steroid therapy, but became lower after infliximab treatment. PR3-ANCA as a potential serum biomarker to aid in making differential diagnoses of UC in children, correlating disease activity, and predicting therapeutic responses was also reviewed.

Low-Value Care at the Actionable Level of Individual Health Systems.

Importance: Low-value health care remains prevalent in the US despite decades of work to measure and reduce such care. Efforts have been only modestly effective in part because the measurement of low-value care has largely been restricted to the national or regional level, limiting actionability. Objectives: To measure and report low-value care use across and within individual health systems and identify system characteristics associated with higher use using Medicare administrative data. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study of health system-attributed Medicare beneficiaries was conducted among 556 health systems in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Compendium of US Health Systems and included system-attributed beneficiaries who were older than 65 years, continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B for at least 12 months in 2016 or 2017, and eligible for specific low-value services. Statistical analysis was conducted from January 26 to July 15, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Use of 41 individual low-value services and a composite measure of the 28 most common services among system-attributed beneficiaries, standardized to distance from the mean value. Measures were based on the Milliman MedInsight Health Waste Calculator and published claims-based definitions. Results: Across 556 health systems serving a total of 11 637 763 beneficiaries, the mean (SD) use of each of the 41 low-value services ranged from 0% (0.01%) to 28% (4%) of eligible beneficiaries. The most common low-value services were preoperative laboratory testing (mean [SD] rate, 28% [4%] of eligible beneficiaries), prostate-specific antigen testing in men older than 70 years (mean [SD] rate, 27% [8%]), and use of antipsychotic medications in patients with dementia (mean [SD] rate, 24% [8%]). In multivariable analysis, the health system characteristics associated with higher use of low-value care were smaller proportion of primary care physicians (adjusted composite score, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.04-0.26] for systems with less than the median percentage of primary care physicians vs -0.16 [95% CI, -0.27 to -0.05] for those with more than the median percentage of primary care physicians; P < .001), no major teaching hospital (adjusted composite, 0.10 [95% CI, -0.01 to 0.20] without a teaching hospital vs -0.18 [95% CI, -0.34 to -0.02] with a teaching hospital; P = .01), larger proportion of non-White patients (adjusted composite, 0.15 [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.32] for systems with >20% of non-White beneficiaries vs -0.06 [95% CI, -0.16 to 0.03] for systems with ≤20% of non-White beneficiaries; P = .04), headquartered in the South or West (adjusted composite, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.14-0.43] for the South and 0.22 [95% CI, 0.02-0.42] for the West compared with -0.09 [95% CI, -0.26 to 0.08] for the Northeast and -0.44 [95% CI, -0.60 to -0.28] for the Midwest; P < .001), and serving areas with more health care spending (adjusted composite, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.11-0.35] for areas above the median level of spending vs -0.24 [95% CI, -0.36 to -0.12] for areas below the median level of spending; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this large cohort study suggest that system-level measurement and reporting of specific low-value services is feasible, enables cross-system comparisons, and reveals a broad range of low-value care use.

A nationwide study of the risk of all-cause, sudden death, and cardiovascular mortality among antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan.

INTRODUCTION: Studies have reported higher risks of mortality for patients with schizophrenia, compared to the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of all-cause, sudden death, and cardiovascular mortality among patients with schizophrenia in terms of types of antipsychotics. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study assessed the risk of mortality among antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia. The study linked the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) claims and National Register of Death databases from 2001 to 2015. Patients were hierarchically assigned to the following index antipsychotic treatment groups: atypical long acting injection (LAI), typical LAI, atypical oral, and typical oral. RESULTS: A total of 68,159 antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia were analyzed. Under the hierarchical grouping, the largest percentages of patients were on atypical oral antipsychotic regimens (65.51%), followed by typical oral (14.00%), typical LAI (12.84%), and atypical LAI (7.65%). Typical oral patients had the highest incidence of all-cause mortality of 27.48 per 1000 patient-years and the atypical LAI group had the lowest incidence (13.95 per 1000 patient-years). Compared to typical oral users, there were lower risks of all-cause mortality for users of atypical LAI (aHR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.47-0.81), typical LAI (aHR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.55-0.78), and atypical orals (aHR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.49-0.62). CONCLUSION: Compared to typical oral users, we found a lower risk of all-cause mortality, sudden death, and cardiovascular mortality among schizophrenia users of LAIs and oral atypicals. Further research is warranted to characterize the risk of mortality among users of more recently available LAIs in the Asia Pacific region and elsewhere.

Quantitative analysis in clinical applications of brain MRI using independent component analysis coupled with support vector machine.

PURPOSE: To effectively perform quantification of brain normal tissues and pathologies simultaneously, independent component analysis (ICA) coupled with support vector machine (SVM) is investigated and evaluated for effective volumetric measurements of normal and lesion tissues using multispectral MR images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Synthetic and real MR data of normal brain and white matter lesion (WML) data were used to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and WML volume measurements by using the proposed ICA+SVM method to analyze three sets of MR images, T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and proton density/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. RESULTS: The Tanimoto indexes of GM/WM classification in the normal synthetic data calculated by the ICA+SVM method were 0.82/0.89 for data with 0% noise level. As for clinical MR data experiments, the ICA+SVM method clearly extracted the normal tissues and white matter hyperintensity lesions from the MR images, with low intra- and inter-operator coefficient of variations. CONCLUSION: The experiments conducted provide evidence that the ICA+SVM method has shown promise and potential in applications to classification of normal and pathological tissues in brain MRI.

Correction: Staining Pattern Classification of Antinuclear Autoantibodies Based on Block Segmentation in Indirect Immunofluorescence Images.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113132.].

Clustering Analysis of Aging Diseases and Chronic Habits With Multivariate Time Series Electrocardiogram and Medical Records.

BACKGROUND: With recent technology, multivariate time-series electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis has played an important role in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. However, discovering the association of wide range aging disease and chronic habit with ECG analysis still has room to be explored. This article mainly analyzes the possible relationship between common aging diseases or chorionic habits of medical record and ECG, such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, or the habit of smoking. METHODS: In the research, we first conducted different ECG features, such as those of reduced binary pattern, waveform, and wavelet and then performed a k-means clustering analysis on the correlation between ECGs and the aforementioned diseases and habits, from which it is expected to find a firm association between them and the best characteristics that can be used for future research. RESULTS: In summary, we discovered a weak and strong evidence between ECG and medical records. For strong evidence, most patients with diabetes are always assigned into a specified group no matter the number of classes in the k-means clustering, which means we can find their association between them. For weak evidence, smokers, obesity, and hypertension have less unique ECG feature vector, enabling clustering them into specific groups, so the ECGs might be used to identify smokers, obesity, and hypertension. It is also interesting that we found obesity and hypertension, which are thought to be related to cardiovascular system. However, they are not highly correlated in our clustering analysis, which might indirectly tell us that the impact of obesity and hypertension to our body is various. In addition, the clustering effect of waveform feature is better than the other two methods.

Band expansion-based over-complete independent component analysis for multispectral processing of magnetic resonance images.

Independent component analysis (ICA) has found great promise in magnetic resonance (MR) image analysis. Unfortunately, two key issues have been overlooked and not investigated. One is the lack of MR images to be used to unmix signal sources of interest. Another is the use of random initial projection vectors by ICA, which causes inconsistent results. In order to address the first issue, this paper introduces a band-expansion process (BEP) to generate an additional new set of images from the original MR images via nonlinear functions. These newly generated images are then combined with the original MR images to provide sufficient MR images for ICA analysis. In order to resolve the second issue, a prioritized ICA (PICA) is designed to rank the ICA-generated independent components (ICs) so that MR brain tissue substances can be unmixed and separated by different ICs in a prioritized order. Finally, BEP and PICA are combined to further develop a new ICA-based approach, referred to as PICA-BEP to perform MR image analysis.