Metal binding feature of copper‒induced metallothionein from freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense reveals its Cu‒thionein character.

Sinopotamon Henanense expresses two metal‒induced metallothioneins (MTs), Cd‒induced MT and Cu‒induced MT (ShCuMT). The Cd‒induced MT has been characterized as a Cd‒thiolate MT. However, it is unknown whether ShCuMT is a Cu‒thiolate MT. In the present study, ShCuMT was expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni‒NTA column and superdex‒75 column. And its metal‒binding feature was evaluated by DTNB reaction, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), isothermal microtitration (ITC), electrospray flight mass spectrometry (ESI‒TOF‒MS), and matrix‒assisted laser desorption ionization flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‒TOF‒MS). Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that ShCuMT possessed the cysteine‒triplet motif of a Cu‒specific MT. Expression and purification of ShCuMT illustrated that SUMO tag used as the production system for ShCuMT resulted in a high production yield. The stability order of ShCuMT binding metal ions were Cu (Ⅰ) > Cd (Ⅱ) > Zn (Ⅱ). The CD spectrum indicated that ShCuMT binding with Cu (I) exhibited a compact thiol metal clusters structure. Besides, there emerged no a visible nickel‒thiol absorption after Ni‒NTA column affinity chromatography. The ITC results implied that Cu‒ShCuMT possessed the optimal thermodynamic conformation and the highest stoichiometric number of Cu (Ⅰ). Overall, the results suggested that SUMO fusion system is a robust and inexpensive approach for ShCuMT expression and Ni‒NTA column had no influence on metal binding of ShCuMT and Cu(Ⅰ) was considered its cognate metal ion, and ShCuMT possessed canonical Cu‒thiolate characteristics. The metal binding feature of ShCuMT reported here contributes to elucidating the structure‒function relationship of ShCuMT in S. Henanense.

Cationic lipids from multi-component Passerini reaction for non-viral gene delivery: A structure-activity relationship study.

Although many types of cationic lipids have been developed as efficient gene vectors, the construction of lipid molecules with simple procedures remains challenging. Passerini reaction, as a classic multicomponent reaction, could directly give the α-acyloxycarboxamide products with biodegradable ester and amide bonds. Herein, two series of novel cationic lipids with heterocyclic pyrrolidine and piperidine as headgroups were synthesized through Passerini reaction (P-series) and amide condensation (A-series), and relevant structure-activity relationships on their gene delivery capability was studied. It was found that although both of the two series of lipids could form lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) which could effectively condense DNA, the LNP derived from P-series lipids showed higher transfection efficiency, serum tolerance, cellular uptake, and lower cytotoxicity. Unlike the A-series LNPs, the P-series LNPs showed quite different structure-activity relationship, in which the relative site of the secondary amine had significant effect on the transfection performance. The othro-isomers of the P-series lipids had lower cytotoxicity, but poor transfection efficiency, which was probably due to their unstable nature. Taken together, this study not only validated the feasibility of Passerini reaction for the construction of cationic lipids for gene delivery, but also afforded some clues for the rational design of effective non-viral lipidic gene vectors.

Self-delivery photothermal-boosted-nanobike multi-overcoming immune escape by photothermal/chemical/immune synergistic therapy against HCC.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with antiangiogenic therapy have shown encouraging clinical benefits for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, therapeutic efficacy and wide clinical applicability remain a challenge due to "cold" tumors' immunological characteristics. Tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME) continuously natural force for immune escape by extracellular matrix (ECM) infiltration, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor cell proliferation. Herein, we proposed a novel concept by multi-overcoming immune escape to maximize the ICIs combined with antiangiogenic therapy efficacy against HCC. A self-delivery photothermal-boosted-NanoBike (BPSP) composed of black phosphorus (BP) tandem-augmented anti-PD-L1 mAb plus sorafenib (SF) is meticulously constructed as a triple combination therapy strategy. The simplicity of BPSP's composition, with no additional ingredients added, makes it easy to prepare and presents promising marketing opportunities. (1) NIR-II-activated BPSP performs photothermal therapy (PTT) and remodels ECM by depleting collagen I, promoting deep penetration of therapeutics and immune cells. (2) PTT promotes SF release and SF exerts anti-vascular effects and down-regulates PD-L1 via RAS/RAF/ERK pathway inhibition, enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 mAb in overcoming immune evasion. (3) Anti-PD-L1 mAb block PD1/PD-L1 recognition and PTT-induced ICD initiates effector T cells and increases response rates of PD-L1 mAb. Highly-encapsulated BPSP converted 'cold' tumors into 'hot' ones, improved CTL/Treg ratio, and cured orthotopic HCC tumors in mice. Thus, multi-overcoming immune escape offers new possibilities for advancing immunotherapies, and photothermal/chemical/immune synergistic therapy shows promise in the clinical development of HCC.

Advances in the Treatment of Pulmonary Nodules.

BACKGROUND: Early detection and accurate diagnosis of pulmonary nodules are crucial for improving patient outcomes. While surgical resection of malignant nodules is still the preferred treatment option, it may not be feasible for all patients. We aimed to discuss the advances in the treatment of pulmonary nodules, especially stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and interventional pulmonology technologies, and provide a range of recommendations based on our expertise and experience. SUMMARY: Interventional pulmonology is an increasingly important approach for the management of pulmonary nodules. While more studies are needed to fully evaluate its long-term outcomes and benefits, the available evidence suggests that this technique can provide a minimally invasive and effective alternative for treating small malignancies in selected patients. We conducted a systematic literature review in PubMed, designed a framework to include the advances in surgery, SBRT, and interventional pulmonology for the treatment of pulmonary nodules, and provided a range of recommendations based on our expertise and experience. KEY MESSAGES: As such, alternative therapeutic options such as SBRT and ablation are becoming increasingly important and viable. With recent advancements in bronchoscopy techniques, ablation via bronchoscopy has emerged as a promising option for treating pulmonary nodules. This study reviewed the advances of interventional pulmonology in the treatment of peripheral lung cancer patients that are not surgical candidates. We also discussed the challenges and limitations associated with ablation, such as the risk of complications and the potential for incomplete nodule eradication. These advancements hold great promise for improving the efficacy and safety of interventional pulmonology in treating pulmonary nodules.

Pupil calibration for pyramid wavefront sensors based on a wavefront corrector.

The pyramid wavefront sensor (PWS) presents numerous advantages, such as high energy utilization, exceptional spatial resolution, and adjustability. Precise calibration of the pupil's position and size in advance is essential for accurately extracting wavefront slope information from the captured pupil image by the PWS. What we believe to be a novel calibration method is proposed using a wavefront corrector to enhance the sharpness of the pupil images in the PWS. An experimental setup using a crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) is established to validate this method. Both physical experiments and simulated results demonstrate that our proposed method can achieve accurate calibration of the pupil image with an error within 4 pixels for pupil size and not exceeding 3 pixels for position, meeting practical application requirements. The proposed PWS calibration method exhibits excellent repeatability and robustness, making it directly applicable in astronomical adaptive optics systems.

Fluorescent Self-Reporting Lipid Nanoparticles for Nitric Oxide/Gene Co-Delivery and Combination Therapy.

The combination cancer therapy of nitric oxide (NO) with gene therapy is a promising method for tumor treatment. However, efficient co-delivery of gas and therapeutic genes to tumor cells remains a challenge. Herein, we designed a nano-sized ultraviolet (UV) light-responsive cationic lipid vector DPNO(Zn). Fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal imaging experiments revealed that DPNO(Zn) lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) could rapidly release NO under low-power UV light irradiation. Moreover, the fluorescence turn-on might take place along with the release of NO, indicating the self-reporting ability. Gene delivery experiments showed that DPNO(Zn) LNPs had good gene transfection ability, making such materials a good candidate for gas/gene combination therapy. In vitro antitumor assay demonstrated that the co-delivery system was more effective in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation than individual NO or pTrail treatment. Studies on the mechanism of tumor cell apoptosis induced by NO/pTrail co-delivery showed that NO could not only effectively increase the accumulation of p53 protein in tumor cells, thereby promoting the activation of caspase-3, but also induce mitochondrial damage. On the other hand, the Trail protein expressed by pTrail gene could enhance the degree of NO-induced caspase-3 activation, indicating the synergistic effect. These results proved that DPNO(Zn) LNP may serve as a multifunctional nanocarrier for potential tumor therapy.

Feasibility and Safety of Endosonography-Guided Transvascular Needle Aspiration in the Diagnosis of Thoracic and Abdominal Lesions: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic techniques, including endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), are used as the initial approach for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer and the diagnosis of thoracic and abdominal lesions. Historically, the transvascular approach has been avoided because of concerns about bleeding. OBJECTIVES: This article is a systematic review of studies evaluating the feasibility and safety of transvascular needle aspiration (TVNA) under the guidance of EBUS or EUS in the diagnosis of thoracic and abdominal lesions. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify studies evaluating the application of EBUS/EUS-guided TVNA (EBUS/EUS-TVNA) for lesions located at the contralateral side of the vessel for which the transvascular approach was the best puncture path. We performed a meta-analysis of diagnostic yield estimations. We also reviewed the complications related to the procedure. RESULTS: Eleven observational studies were included in the final analysis. Meta-analysis yielded a pooled overall diagnostic yield of 82.10% (95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.89) for TVNA, with an I2 value of 52%. No publication bias was detected by Egger's test (p = 0.8528). The overall complications included minor bleeding, minor hematoma, pseudo-aneurysm of the aorta, hemoptysis, acute hypoxic respiratory failure, and moderate bleeding. The major complication rate was 2.71%. CONCLUSIONS: EBUS/EUS-TVNA is feasible and probably safe when performed by experienced endoscopists in carefully selected patients. In view of the potential risks associated with the transvascular approach, especially the development of hematoma and pseudoaneurysm, the fanning technique was avoided, and the area of aspiration should be assessed by EUS for 3 min after each aspiration. Most importantly, EBUS/EUS-TVNA should only be performed if the results will impact the clinical management.

Matrine Targets BTF3 to Inhibit the Growth of Canine Mammary Tumor Cells.

The canine mammary tumor model is more suitable for studying human breast cancer, and the safety concentrations of matrine and the biotin-labeled matrine probe were determined in canine primary mammary epithelial cells, and then selected canine mammary tumor cell lines CHMm and CHMp were incubated with matrine, and cell viability was detected by CCK-8. The biotin-labeled matrine probe was used to pull-down the targets of matrine in canine mammary tumor cells, and the targets were screened in combination with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and Genecards database, and verified by qPCR and western blot. The results showed that the maximum non-cytotoxic concentrations of matrine and biotin-labeled matrine probe in canine primary mammary epithelial cells were 250 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Matrine and biotin-labeled matrine probe had a proliferation inhibitory effect time-dependently on CHMm and CHMp cells within a safe concentration range, and induced autophagy in cells. Then BTF3 targets were obtained by applying ABPP and Genecards screening. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) findings indicated that matrine could increase the heat stability of BTF3 protein. Pull-down employing biotin-labeled matrine probe with CHMm and CHMp cell lysates revealed that BTF3 protein was detected in the biotin-labeled matrine probe group and that BTF3 protein was significantly decreased by the addition of matrine. The qPCR and western blot findings of CHMm and CHMp cells treated with matrine revealed that matrine decreased the expression of the BTF3 gene and protein with the extension of the action time, and the impact was more substantial at the protein level, respectively.

A Series of Polymer-Supported Polyoxometalates as Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Degradation of Organic Dye.

Photocatalytic degradation technology has developed rapidly in the treatment of organic pollutants due to its high efficiency, mild reaction conditions and easy control. In this paper, a series of heterogeneous photocatalysts, BWZ-en-R (BWZ = [BW11Z(H2O)O39]7-, Z = Zn, Cd, Mn, en = ethylenediamine, R = Merrifield resin), were prepared by using ethanediamine as a linker to immobilize Keggin-type transition elements substituting tungstoborates on Merrifield resin and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The photocatalytic properties of BWZ-en-R (Z = Zn, Cd, Mn) for the degradation of methyl red (MR) were investigated. The results show that the BWZ-en-R (Z = Zn, Cd, Mn) photocatalysts exhibited high photodegradation ability for MR under the irradiation of ultraviolet light, and were easily separated from the reaction media. The maximum degradation rate (%) of MR (40 mL, 25 µM, pH = 2) reached 96.4% for the BWMn-en-R photocatalyst (40 mg) after being irradiated for 30 min, making this a promising photocatalyst candidate for dye degradation. Moreover, the influences of some factors, such as the Z-substituted elements in the BWZ, the BWZ-en-R dosage and the MR initial concentration, on the photocatalytic degradation rate of MR were also examined.

BeHere: a VR/SAR remote collaboration system based on virtual replicas sharing gesture and avatar in a procedural task.

In this paper, we focus on the significance of remote collaboration using virtual replicas, avatar, and gesture on a procedural task in industry; thus, we present a Virtual Reality (VR)/Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) remote collaboration system, BeHere, based on 3D virtual replicas and sharing gestures and avatar. BeHere enables a remote expert in VR to guide a local worker in real-time to complete a procedural task in the real-world. For the remote VR site, we construct a 3D virtual environment using virtual replicas, and the user can manipulate them by using gestures in an intuitive interaction and see their partners' 3D virtual avatar. For the local site, we use SAR to enable the local worker to see instructions projected onto the real-world based on the shared virtual replicas and gestures. We conducted a formal user study to evaluate the prototype system in terms of performance, social presence, workload, and ranking and user preference. We found that the combination of visual cues of gestures, avatar, and virtual replicas plays a positive role in improving user experience, especially for remote VR users. More significantly, our study provides useful information and important design implications for further research on the use of gesture-, gaze- and avatar-based cues as well as virtual replicas in VR/AR remote collaboration on a procedural task in industry. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10055-023-00748-5.

Platelets lipidomics study of blood stasis rat model by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

This study analyzed a lipidomic profile of platelets from blood stasis rats by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The blood stasis rat was established by low-dose continuous subcutaneous injection of adrenaline, and the evaluation indexes included hemorheology and platelet aggregation. Principal component analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis were used to analyze platelet lipidomics, and p-value < 0.05, fold change > 1.5, and variable importance plot > 2 were used to screen potential biomarkers. Then, the biomarkers were optimized by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Compared with the normal rat, the blood stasis model group's whole blood viscosity and platelet aggregation rate were also significantly increased at different shear rates (p < 0.05). Twenty-four potential lipid biomarkers showed significant changes in platelets between the two groups. Among them, six long-chain acylcarnitine components and three sphingosine components showed a consistent downward trend, suggesting that these two kinds of components may play an essential role in the process of platelet aggregation. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based lipidomics studies provide much information to understand the pathology of platelets in blood stasis.

Ultrasensitive multiplex SERS immunoassay based on porous Au-Ag alloy nanoparticle-amplified Raman signal probe and encoded photonic crystal beads.

An ultrasensitive multiplex surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunoassay was developed using porous Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles (p-AuAg NPs) as Raman signal amplification probe coupling with encoded photonic crystal microsphere. p-AuAg NPs were synthesized and modified with the second antibody (Ab2) and Raman tag (mercaptobenzoic acid, MBA) to prepare a Raman signal-amplified probe. The high porosity of the p-AuAg NPs enables significant coupling of the localized surface plasmon resonance and thus abundant inherent hotspots for Raman signal enhancement. 3D-ordered silver nanoparticles-coated silica photonic crystal beads (Ag/SPCBs) were prepared as encoded SERS substrate for multiplex detection using their reflection peaks. The signal-amplified probe was used for multiplex detection of tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP). The wide linear ranges of 10-7-103 ng/mL for CEA and 10-4-103 ng/mL for AFP with detection limits of 1.22 × 10-8 ng/mL and 2.47 × 10-5 ng/mL for CEA and AFP at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were obtained. The proposed multiplex SERS immunoassay method displays ultrahigh sensitivity, wide linear range, and excellent specificity, which can be successfully applied to measure clinical serum samples with satisfactory results. The research provides a novel SERS signal enhancement strategy for the multiplex bioassay.

Saprophytic Bacillus Accelerates the Release of Effective Components in Agarwood by Degrading Cellulose.

The value of Agarwood increases with time due to the gradual release of its major components, but the mechanism behind this remains unclear. Herein we reveal that the potential driving force of this process is the degradation of cellulose in Agarwood by its saprophytic Bacillus subtilis. We selected 10-year-old Agarwood from different places and then isolated the saprophytic bacteria. We confirmed these bacteria from different sources are all Bacillus and confirmed they can degrade cellulose, and the highest cellulase activity reached 0.22 U/mL. By co-cultivation of the bacterium and Agarwood powder, we found that three of the strains could release the effective components of Agarwood, while they had little effect in increasing the same components in living Aquilaria sinensis. Finally, we demonstrated that these saprophytic Bacillus subtilis have similar effects on Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim and Dalbergiaod orifera T. Chen, but not on Illicium verum Hook. f, Cinnamomum cassia Presl and Phellodendron chinense Schneid. In conclusion, our experiment revealed that the saprophytic Bacillus release the effective components of Agarwood by degrading cellulose, and we provide a promising way to accelerate this process by using this bacterial agent.

Network pharmacology-based study on the mechanism of scutellarin against zearalenone-induced ovarian granulosa cell injury.

Zearalenone(ZEA) is a kind of mycotoxin widely existing in nature, its toxic effects can lead to the reproductive disorders in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of scutellarin against ovarian granulosa cell(GCs) injury induced by ZEA based on network pharmacology, molecular docking method. The results show that 293 drug targets of scutellarin were found from PhamMapper database, and 583 disease targets were selected from Genecards database. Finally, 57 scutellarin targets were obtained for the repair of GCs injury with gene intersection. The protein-protein interaction(PPI), gene ontology(GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) analysis indicated that MAPK signaling pathway was most likely activated by scutellarin. Scutellarin with JNK or Caspase-3 had minimal and negative free binding energy in molecular docking analysis, indicating that they might be the acting targets of scutellarin. Cell viability was significantly decreased in ZEA treated cells. However, GCs viability, the level of estradiol(E2) and progesterone(P4) were significantly increased with addition of scutellarin to ZEA treated cells. Western blot analysis showed that scutellarin significantly reduced the expression of JNK, c-jun and Cleaved-caspasee-3 in GCs compared with ZEA treatment. In conclusion, scutellarin could alleviate the ovarian GCs injury by down-regulating the expression of JNK, c-jun and Cleaved-caspase-3 through the activation of MAPK/JNK signaling pathway. Our results will provide a theoretical foundation for the treatment of reproductive disorders with scutellarin.

LINC00667 promotes the proliferation, migration, and pathological angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer through stabilizing VEGFA by EIF4A3.

To better treat patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the investigations on novel molecules affecting NSCLC progression are of vital importance. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are identified as pivotal regulators that can affect the cellular activities of carcinomas. Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 667 (LINC00667) is a newly found lncRNA, and its expression pattern and potent mechanisms are still obscure in NSCLC. Our study was the first to illustrate that LINC00667 was upregulated in NSCLC and LINC00667 silence refrained the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of NSCLC cells in vitro. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was modulated by LINC00667 at posttranscriptional level. Furthermore, mechanism experiments depicted that LINC00667 recruited eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (EIF4A3) to stabilize VEGFA messenger RNA. Eventually, rescue assays implied that LINC00667 modulated NSCLC progression via EIF4A3-stabilized VEGFA. Jointly, these findings hinted that LINC00667 was a tumor promoter in NSCLC, providing guidance for the exploration on NSCLC treatment.

Modeling of the neural mechanism underlying the terrestrial turning of the salamander.

In order to explore the neural mechanism underlying salamander terrestrial turning, an improved biomechanical model is proposed by modifying the forelimb structure of the existing biomechanical model. Based on the proposed improved biomechanical model, a new spinal locomotor network model is constructed which contains the interneuron networks and motoneuron pool. Control methods are also developed for the new model which increase its transient response speed, control the initial swing order of the forelimbs, and generate different walking turning gait and turning on the spot (turning without moving forward). The simulation results show that the biomechanical model controlled by the new spinal locomotor network model can generate different walking turning and turning on the spot, and can control posture and the initial swing order of the forelimbs. Moreover, the transient response speed of the proposed model is very rapid. This paper thus provides a useful tool for exploring the operational mechanism of the spinal circuitry of the salamander. In addition, the research results presented here may inspire the construction of artificial spinal control networks for bionic robots.

A new model of the spinal locomotor networks of a salamander and its properties.

A salamander is an ideal animal for studying the spinal locomotor network mechanism of vertebrates from an evolutionary perspective since it represents the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial animal. However, little is known about the spinal locomotor network of a salamander. A spinal locomotor network model is a useful tool for exploring the working mechanism of the spinal networks of salamanders. A new spinal locomotor network model for a salamander is built for a three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical model of the salamander using a novel locomotion-controlled neural network model. Based on recent experimental data on the spinal circuitry and observational results of gaits of vertebrates, we assume that different interneuron sets recruited for mediating the frequency of spinal circuits are also related to the generation of different gaits. The spinal locomotor networks of salamanders are divided into low-frequency networks for walking and high-frequency networks for swimming. Additionally, a new topological structure between the body networks and limb networks is built, which only uses the body networks to coordinate the motion of limbs. There are no direct synaptic connections among limb networks. These techniques differ from existing salamander spinal locomotor network models. A simulation is performed and analyzed to validate the properties of the new spinal locomotor networks of salamanders. The simulation results show that the new spinal locomotor networks can generate a forward walking gait, a backward walking gait, a swimming gait, and a turning gait during swimming and walking. These gaits can be switched smoothly by changing external inputs from the brainstem. These properties are consistent with those of a real salamander. However, it is still difficult for the new spinal locomotor networks to generate highly efficient turning during walking, 3D swimming, nonrhythmic movements, and so on. New experimental data are required for further validation.

[Resource investigation of wild Codonopsis pilosula in Tanchang county of Gansu].

Tanchang county is the distribution of wild medicinal plant resource-rich region, in order to ascertain Tanchang county Codonopsis pilosula wild resources and reserves of the status quo, according to the fourth national Chinese medicine resources survey technology solutions, using sets of plots and investigating combined route survey method, the county wild C. pilosula var. modesta and C. pilosula resources were investigated by a comprehensive survey designed to reveal the distribution of the county's wildlife resources and herbs C. pilosula reserves. The results showed that in Tanchang county seven ecological zones 53 plots, wild C. pilosula distributed in there were 6 ecological zones 11 plots, accounting for 85.71% of the survey area, wild C. pilosula var. modesta was found only in an ecoregions plots, overlapping with C. pilosula region, accounting for 14.29% of the survey area. C. pilosula herbs reserves were calculated as about 461.85 t, economic capacity of 254.02 t, annual amount of acceptance 25.40 t. C. pilosula var. modesta herbs reserves were calculated as 67.75 t, economic capacity of 36.16 t, acceptance annual amount 3.62 t. The total ash C. pilosula was 3.25%, alcohol-soluble extract was 63.86%, while the C. pilosula var. modesta total ash was 3.69%, alcohol-soluble extract was 68.32%. C. pilosula is suitable for broad range, but wild resource is scarce, C. pilosula var. modesta is suitable for relatively narrow scope, and wild resource is scarce, it is recommended to strengthen the protection of wild resources and the rational development and utilization.

Model-based wavefront sensorless adaptive optics system for large aberrations and extended objects.

A model-based wavefront sensorless (WFSless) adaptive optics (AO) system with a 61-element deformable mirror is simulated to correct the imaging of a turbulence-degraded extended object. A fast closed-loop control algorithm, which is based on the linear relation between the mean square of the aberration gradients and the second moment of the image intensity distribution, is used to generate the control signals for the actuators of the deformable mirror (DM). The restoration capability and the convergence rate of the AO system are investigated with different turbulence strength wave-front aberrations. Simulation results show the model-based WFSless AO system can restore those images degraded by different turbulence strengths successfully and obtain the correction very close to the achievable capability of the given DM. Compared with the ideal correction of 61-element DM, the averaged relative error of RMS value is 6%. The convergence rate of AO system is independent of the turbulence strength and only depends on the number of actuators of DM.

Mapping of Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene pmCH89 in a Putative Wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium Introgression Line.

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a globally serious disease adversely affecting wheat production. The Bgt-resistant wheat breeding line CH09W89 was derived after backcrossing a Bgt resistant wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium partial amphiploid TAI7045 with susceptible wheat cultivars. At the seedling stage, CH09W89 exhibited immunity or high resistance to Bgt pathotypes E09, E20, E21, E23, E26, Bg1, and Bg2, similar to its donor line TAI7045 and Th. intermedium. No Th. intermedium chromatin was detected based on genomic in situ hybridization of mitotic chromosomes. To determine the mode of inheritance of the Bgt resistance and the chromosomal location of the resistance gene, CH09W89 was crossed with two susceptible wheat cultivars. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the adult resistance to Bgt E09 in CH09W89 was controlled by a single recessive gene, which was tentatively designated as pmCH89. Two polymorphic SSR markers, Xwmc310 and Xwmc125, were linked to the resistance gene with genetic distances 3.1 and 2.7 cM, respectively. Using the Chinese Spring aneuploid and deletion lines, the resistance gene and its linked markers were assigned to chromosome arm 4BL in the bin 0.68-0.78. Due to its unique position on chromosome 4BL, pmCH89 appears to be a new locus for resistance to powdery mildew. These results will be of benefit for improving powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding programs.