[Tissue distribution of Qingfei Paidu Decoction based on HPLC-MS/MS].

The tissue distribution of Qingfei Paidu Decoction was studied by HPLC-MS/MS in vivo. Hypersil GOLD C_(18) column(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.9 µm) was used for gradient elution with acetonitrile as the mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid solution as the mobile phase B. High-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion scanning mode and multiple response monitoring(MRM) mode was employed to analyze the behaviors of the active components of Qingfei Paidu Decoction in diffe-rent tissues. The results showed that 19, 9, 17, 14, 22, 19, 24, and 2 compounds were detected in plasma, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, large intestine, and brain, respectively. The compounds belonged to 8 groups, covering 14 herbs in the prescription. After administration with Qingfei Paidu Decoction, the compounds were rapidly distributed in various tissues, especially in the lung, liver, large intestine, and kidney. The majority of the compounds displayed secondary distribution. This study comprehensively analyzed the distribution rules of the main active components in Qingfei Paidu Decoction and provided a basis for the clinical application.

[Research progress of steroidal saponins in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and their microbial transformation].

Steroidal saponins, important natural organic compounds in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, have good biological activity. Structural modification of steroidal saponins by microbial transformation could produce a large number of products with novel structures and excellent bioactivity, which can provide functional compounds for the research and development of steroidal drugs. This study summarized the research progress in steroidal saponins and their microbial transformation in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis contains 112 steroidal saponins, 8 of which are used as substrates in 35 transformation reactions by 25 microbial species, with the highest transformation rate of 95%. Diosgenin is the most frequently used substrate. Furthermore, the strains, culture medium, reaction conditions, transformation rate, transformation reaction characteristics, and biological activities of the transformed products were summarized. This review may provide reference for the further research on microbial transformation of steroidal saponins in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

[Evaluation and optimization of content determination method of Chrysanthemi Flos in Chinese Pharmacopoeia].

This study discovered that the resolution of 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid(isochlorogenic acid A) in the content determination method of Chrysanthemi Flos in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(ChP)(2020 edition) was poor, which affected accurate quantification. We tested the method in ChP with chromatographic columns of seven brands to clarify the problems in the existing method, optimized the chromatographic conditions by adjusting the mobile phase composition and elution ratio and replacing the chromatographic column packing, and carried out the reproducibility assay for the new method. The two methods were compared for the content determination results of Chrysanthemi Flos prepared from six different varieties. As evaluated by the resolution based on different chromatographic columns of seven brands, the existing method failed to separate isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid D well. The peaks of the two components were not completely separated on three chromatographic columns, and isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid D generated a co-effluent peak in the other four columns. Isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid D could be completely separated under the optimized chromatographic conditions. The difference in the peak areas of isochlorogenic acid A+isochlorogenic acid D obtained by the optimized method and the method in ChP was not significant, with deviation less than 3.0%, which further proved that the result measured by the method in ChP was the co-effluent of isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid D. The optimized method can ensure the accurate quantification of isochlorogenic acid A. The existing content determination method of Chrysanthemi Flos has the problem of poor resolution. It is recommended to revise the chromatographic conditions for the content determination method of Chrysanthemi Flos to improve the resolution of isochlorogenic acid A and ensure its accurate quantification.

[Determination of neohesperidin and naringin in Qingfei Paidu Granules by RP-HPLC and their transfer rates in preparation process].

The present study established an RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of two active components in Qingfei Paidu Granules and investigated the transfer rates of neohesperidin and naringin in the preparation process to provide references for improving the quality control standard and production of Qingfei Paidu Granules.RP-HPLC was performed on a YMC Triart C_(18) column(4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 µm)with column temperature of 30 ℃, acetonitrile(A) and 0.2% phosphoric acid solution(B) as mobile phases for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min~(-1) and detection wavelength of 284 nm.Good linearity was observed for naringin at 0.10-1.0 µg(R~2=0.999 9) and neohesperidin at 0.12-1.2 µg(R~2=0.999 9).The average recovery of naringin was 99.52% with an RSD of 1.2%, and that of neohesperidin was 100.8% with an RSD of 1.2%.The transfer rates of naringin and neohesperidin between medicinal materials, extracts, concentrates, and granules were measured by this method.The average transfer rate of naringin from medicinal materials to granules was 54.89%±4.38%, and that of neohesperidin was 57.63%±5.88%.The process from medicinal materials to extracts was presumedly the key link affecting the whole preparation process.The established method is simple and sensitive and can be adopted for the quality control of Qingfei Paidu Granules.Meanwhile, it can be used to investigate the transfer rate of neohesperidin and naringin in the preparation of Qingfei Paidu Granules, and further improve the quality control standard of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus in Qingfei Paidu Granules.

[Traditional use of Paris polyphylla and its active components].

This paper reviewed the traditional use of Paris polyphylla and its active components, aiming to provide reference for the development and utilization of this plant. It was found that P. polyphylla has been used as a medicinal plant by eight ethnic minorities. A total of 62 experiential effective recipes, including 29 simple recipes and 33 compound recipes, were analyzed for their indications, traditional processing methods, medicinal compatibilities, and administration doses. The top three in the eight ethnic minorities sorted by the quantity of folk recipes were the Yi nationality(18), Naxi nationality(13) and Bai nationality(12). P. polyphylla has been widely employed for the treatment of nine categories of diseases, especially the dermatologic diseases, trauma, and toxicosis currently. The collating of material basis for its traditional functions revealed 26 active components, among which 19 were steroidal saponins capable of resisting cancer, furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses, bacteria, inflammation and stopping bleeding. This study preliminarily proved the efficacy of P. polyphylla in treating cancer and respiratory system, digestive system, and genitourinary system diseases, which has provided clues for related basic research of P. polyphylla and development of new preparations.

[Identification and attribution of chemical constituents of Qingfei Paidu Decoction based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS technology].

UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS was developed for the identification of chemical constituents in Qingfei Paidu Decoction, which will clarify its material basis. ACQUITY UHPLC HSS T3 chromatography column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 µm) was used with 0.1% formic acid(B)-acetonitrile(A) as the mobile phase in gradient elution. The decoction was detected by high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry equipped with an ESI ion source in positive and negative mode. Based on the accurate mass measurements, retention time, mass fragmentation patterns combined with comparison of reference and literature reports, a total of 87 major compounds including 43 flavonoids, 9 alkaloids, 4 triterpenoid saponins, 1 sesquiterpene, 2 coumarins, 10 phenolic acids and 18 other compounds were tentatively screened and characterized. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS was employed to comprehensively elucidate the chemical components in Qingfei Paidu Decoction, which basically covered 20 Chinese medicines except gypsum in Qingfei Paidu Decoction. These collective results provide a scientific basis for further research on the quality control standard of Qingfei Paidu Decoction.

Adjusting synchronizability of coupled oscillatory power networks via feedback control schemes.

In this paper, the reliable synchronization of oscillatory power networks with different topologies is investigated by presenting two simple control strategies, namely, phase feedback control and frequency feedback control. The power networks are modeled by the coupled second-order Kuramoto oscillators that represent both consumers and generators. Through the simulations on the power networks with control, it is found that both the proposed control strategies can effectively enhance the synchronizability of the power networks, except for the case when the frequency feedback strategy is adopted for a coupled power network with the WS structure. In this case, it is observed that the critical coupling strength reaches the smallest value when the feedback control strength is equal to one and a sudden drop of order parameter occurs as the control strength further increases. This work provides innovative ideas for constructing a cost-effective power system.

[Study on assay strategy of total tritepenoid saponins in traditional Chinese medicines using total saponins from Akebiae Caulis as an example].

Due to lack of reference substances,the content of triterpenoid saponins in traditional Chinese medicines is usually characterized by colorimetric determination of total saponins. However,the specificity of colorimetric method is poor,and the determination result is not accurate enough. So,in this paper,the content determination method of total triterpenoid saponins was studied by taking Akebiae Caulis saponins as an example. The contents of three main saponin aglycones,including arjunolic acid,hederagenin and oleanolic acid,were determined by HPLC method. Referring to the content determination method of total flavonol glycosides in Ginkgo biloba leaves in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the content of Akebiae Caulis saponins was obtained by multiplying the total content of the three above-mentioned aglycones with conversion coefficient. LC-MS/MS analysis results showed that mutongsaponin C and aponin PJIwere the two main triterpene saponins in Akebiae Caulis,and they shared the same molecular formula. So,the average value of the ratios of the molecular weight between mutongsaponin C and the three aglycones was defined as the conversion coefficient.The three aglycones were separated on an ACE Excel 3 C18-AR column( 4. 6 mm×150 mm,3 µm),and methanol-water( containing0. 04% glacial acetic acid and 0. 02% triethylamine) was used as mobile phase with gradient elution. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm,and the flow rate was 0. 5 m L·min-1. The results showed that there was a good linearity among the ranges of 1. 053-16. 84,0. 200-3. 200 and 1. 515-24. 24 µg for arjunolic acid,hederagenin and oleanolic acid,respectively. Their average recoveries were97. 90%,97. 50% and 100. 5%,with RSD of 2. 0%,2. 9% and 2. 9%,respectively. The results of methodological investigation met the requirements of content determination. The conversion coefficient was 2. 31. This method is simple and reliable,and can be used for the determination of total triterpenoid saponins in Akebiae Caulis. The assay strategy can be used for the determination of total triterpenoid saponins in other traditional Chinese medicines.

[Qualitative and quantitative analysis on non-triterpenoids in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus].

In order to improve the quality control level of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus(LLF) and to explore the changes of chemical components after processing,the HPLC method for fingerprint and simultaneous determination of the major polar components in LLF were established. The octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as the stationary phase,with acetonitrile as the mobile phase A and0. 2% formic acid as the mobile phase B in a gradient elution procedure at a flow rate of 1. 0 m L·min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm and the column temperature was 25 ℃. There were 22 common peaks,20 of which were selected from the fingerprint of LLF and its wine-steamed product,respectively,and 14 chromatographic peaks were identified with reference substances. With the same chromatographic conditions,seven components were quantitatively analyzed and the results of system adaptability and methodology investigation all met the requirements of content determination. Compared with the crude LLF,the content of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and salidroside significantly increased in wine-steamed LLF,while the contents of iridoid glycosides generally decreased. The method provided a basis for quality control of LLF and its processed products as well as the related preparations.

[Diuretic effect and material basis of Clematidis Armandii Caulis in rats].

To search for the active diuretic fractions of Clematidis Armandii Caulis( CAC) and determine its main active chemical components by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry( LC-MS) and diuretic activity evaluation. CAC 75% ethanol extracts and extracts from different polar solvents were orally administered to saline-loaded rats at different doses. 6 h urinary volume,p H and contents of electrolyte Na+,K+and Cl-were measured. The chemical components of the active fractions were separated and identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry( UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method. As compared with the control group,the urine volume was increased by 44%( P< 0. 01) and 34%( P < 0. 05) in CAC75% ethanol extract 57. 74 and 28. 8 mg·kg-1 groups respectively; the Na+excretion was increased by 52%( P< 0. 01) and 45%( P<0. 05),respectively; while the Cl-excretion was increased by 101%( P<0. 01) and 85%( P<0. 05),respectively. The urine volume,Na+excretion and Cl-excretion were increased by 50%( P< 0. 01),58%( P< 0. 05),and 65%( P< 0. 05) respectively in petroleum ether extract 70. 98 mg·kg-1 group as compared with the control group. While for the n-butanol extract 194. 18 mg·kg-1 group,the urine volume,Na+and Cl-excretion were increased by 42%( P<0. 01),41%( P<0. 05) and 97%( P<0. 01),respectively. The diuretic activity of other fractions was not obvious. There was no statistical difference in K+excretion in all groups. The results of LC-MS analysis showed that six compounds,including two sterols,one chromogen and three fatty acids,were identified from petroleum ether extract.Fourteen compounds,including six triterpenoid saponins,six lignin glycosides,one sterol glycoside and one phenolic glycoside,were identified from the n-butanol extract. All the results suggested that the ethanol extract of CAC had remarkable diuretic activity and its main effective components included sterol,triterpenoid saponin and lignin glycosides.

Influences of adding negative couplings between cliques of Kuramoto-like oscillators.

We study the dynamics in a clustered network of coupled oscillators by considering positive and negative coupling schemes. Second order oscillators can be interpreted as a model of consumers and generators working in a power network. Numerical results indicate that coupling strategies play an important role in the synchronizability of the clustered power network. It is found that the synchronizability can be enhanced as the positive intragroup connections increase. Meanwhile, when the intragroup interactions are positive and the probability p that two nodes belonging to different clusters are connected is increased, the synchronization has better performance. Besides, when the intragroup connections are negative, it is observed that the power network has poor synchronizability as the probability p increases. Our simulation results can help us understand the collective behavior of the power network with positive and negative couplings.

[Content change of main components in processed Ligustrum lucidum fruits of different processing time and their characteristic quality standard based on UPLC technology].

To investigate the dynamic change law of the main components in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus during the wine-steaming process and attempt to establish the characteristic quality standard of wine-steamed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus by determining the content of salidroside and specnuezhenide using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) technology at different processing time points (12, 15, 18, 21, 24 h). The chromatographic separation was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC®BEH C18 column (2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 µm) with acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase for gradient elution; and the detection wavelength was set at 280 nm; the flow rate was 0.5 mL·min⁻¹, and the column temperature was set at 40 °C. The results showed that the two components were well separated in the above conditions. The salidroside and specnuezhenide showed a good linear relationship within the range of 10.19-326 ng and 49.53-1 585 ng, respectively. Their average recovery was 103.4% and 101.7% with RSD of 0.81% and 0.79%, respectively. With the extension of processing time, the content of specnuezhenide was decreased, while salidroside was gradually increased. For the 27 batches of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, the content of salidroside was between 0.042 5% and 0.192 4%, and that of specnuezhenide was between 0.829 7% and 5.218 0%. While for the 25 batches of wine-steamed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, the content of the first one was between 0.229 2% and 1.045 8%, and the latter one was between 0.743 8% and 3.645 4%. As compared with Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, the ratio of specnuezhenide to salidroside was significantly decreased in the wine-steamed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus. According to the experimental results, the quality standard of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus is tentatively fixed as follows: the content of specnuezhenide shall not be less than 0.80%, and the ratio of specnuezhenide content/salidroside content (Sp/Sa) should not be smaller than 15. As for the wine-steamed ones, the content of salidroside should not be less than 0.20%, and specnuezhenide content should not be less than 0.70%; Sp/Sa should not be greater than 8. The method established in this study is simple and reliable, which could be used for the content detection of salidroside and specnuezhenide in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus samples. The characteristic quality standard established in this study could be used to distinguish the Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and wine-steamed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus.

[Quantitative determination of febrifugine by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with internal standard method].

A quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance method(qNMR) was established for determination of the absolute content of febrifugine. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of febrifugine was obtained in DMSO-d6 with hydroquinone as the internal standard substance on a Bruker Ascend 600 MHz superconducting nuclear resonance spectrometer at 298 K. The specific parameters were as follows: the observing frequency was 600 MHz,spectra width was 7 211 Hz, pulse width was 9.70 µs, pulse sequence was zg30,scan times was 32 and relaxation time was 2 s. The proton signal peaked at δ 7.71 for febrifugine and δ 6.55 for hydroquinone were selected as the quantification peaks. Linear regression of quantitative peak area ratio of febrifugine-hydroquinone versus their mass ratio yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.999 6 and a regression equation of Y=0.083 3X+0.008 6．The linear range of febrifugine was 2.17-17.07 g·L⁻¹,the precision RSD was 0.78%(n=6),the repeatability RSD was 1.2%(n=6),and the contents of three batches of febrifugine sample were 94.91%,95.09% and 95.52%,respectively. The content of febrifugine was 96.44% determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The relative error of the content of febrigugine determinted by qNMR and HPLC methods was 1.27%. The results showed that the internal standard method of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy could be used to determine the absolute content of febrifugine.

[Treating Moderately Severe Acute Pancreatitis with Raw Rhubarbs by Intranasal Jejuna Injection: a Randomized Clinical Analysis].

Objective To observe clinical efficacy of raw rhubarbs (by intranasal jejuna injection) for moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP) , and its effects on gastrointestinal tract and coagulation fibrinolysis. Methods Totally 84 MSAP patients were randomly assigned to the control group and the treatment group by random number table, 42 in each group. All patients received routine medica- tion. Enteral nutrition by intranasal jejuna injection was input under the endoscope within 48 h of onset. Pa- tients in the treatment group additionally used raw rhubarbs (by intranasal jejuna injection) , 100 mL each time, twice per day, with the treatment duration for 3 -7 days. The recovery of gastrointestinal tract func- tion (passage of gas by anus, recovery time of bowel sound, distension disappearance time, abdominal pain disappearance time) was observed, prothrombin time (PT) , activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) , fibrinogen (Fib) content, platelet (PLT) count, D-dimer (DD), protein C were determined. Clinical efficacy was assessed as well. Results Compared with the control group, time for gas passage by anus, recovery time of bowel sound, distension disappearance time, and ab- dominal pain disappearance time were shortened, PT, APTT, Fib content, thrombin time, and DD decreased, and protein C increased in the treatment group (P <0. 05). The incidence rate of complications was lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P <0. 05). The cure rate was elevated (P < 0. 05). There was no statistical difference in the total effective rate between the two groups (P >0. 05). Conclusion Intranasal jejuna injection of raw rhubarbs in treating moderately severe acute pancreatitis could improve symptoms of gastrointestinal tract and coagulation fibrinolysis.

[Investigation on stability and degradation kinetics of febrifugine].

To investigate the stability and degradation kinetics of febrifugine. The results showed that within 24 hours, febrifugine content was decreased by only 1% in mobile phase solvent, but its content was decreased to be 90% of the initial content in the water, methanol, 50% methanol and 10% acetonitrile solution. When the pH value of the solution was between 3 and 7, the retention rate of febrifugine in 24 hours was over 98%, but its content was decreased by about 12% in alkaline solution (pH 9.0). The higher the temperature, the worse the stability of febrifugine. At 40-80 ℃, the content of febrifugine was decreased to be 60% of its initial content in 10 hours, but the content was decreased by only 5% in 10 h at 20 ℃.However, no matter 40 ℃or 60 ℃, febrifugine was mainly transformed into isofebrifugine, and the total content of febrifugine and isofebrifugine was equal to their initial total content in 10 hours, while incase of 80 ℃, the total content was decreased to be 83.33% in 10 h, which suggested that the structure of febrifugine was absolutely changed, not just isomerized to be isofebrigugine at high temperature. Light had a significant impact on the stability of febrifugine. Under bright light, the content of febrifugine was reduced by about 23% in 108 h, but it only decreased by about 10% in the natural light or darkness. In artificial gastric fluid (pH 1.4) and artificial intestinal fluid (pH 6.8), the content of febrifugine was decreased by less than 5% in 10 h. After storage at high temperature(60 ℃), high humidity [(75±1)%] and strong light (3 000 lx) conditions for 10 d, the content of solid febrifugine was decreased by 0.27%, 7.6% and 5.39%, respectively. The degradation of febrifugine basically complied with the first-order reaction kinetic process in the following conditions: in water, methanol, 50%methanol and 10% acetonitrile solvents, alkaline solution (pH>7), different light intensity and different temperatures (20,40 ℃). Therefore, no matter the isolation and purification of febrifugine or the production of the related preparations, it should be done fast in the acidic solution, low temperature and dark conditions, while the febrifugine solid should be kept in dry and dark conditions.

[Simultaneous determination of febrifugine and isofebrifugine in Dichroa febrifuga root by HPLC method].

To develop the HPLC method for simultaneous determination of febrifugine and isofebrifugine in Dichroa febrifuga root, and on the basis of this, the feasibility of quantitative analysis of multi-component by a single-marker (QAMS) model for the determination of the two alkaloids was investigated. The chromatographic separation was performed on an octadecyl bonded silica gel column with mixed solvent consisting of acetonitrile-water-glacial acetic acid-triethylamine (9∶91∶0.36∶0.745) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min⁻¹. The detection wavelength was set at 225 nm, and the column temperature was set at 30 ℃. The linear range of febrifugine and isofebrifugine were 10.7-426 ng and 10.6-424 ng, respectively. Their average recovery were 98.33% (RSD 2.7%) and 100.4% (RSD 1.8%), respectively. On the basis of this established method, febrifugine was used as the internal reference substance to calculate the relative correction factors (RCF) and the relative retention values (RRV) of isofebrifugine to febrifugine. Through a series of methodology evaluations, the two alkaloids were simultaneously assayed only by quantitative determination of febrifugine. This result played the part of demonstration role for the application of QAMS model in the determination of isomers.

[Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Evodiae Fructus based on the UPLC technology].

An UPLC method was developed for the studies of fingerprint and quantification of multi-components for Evodiae Fructus. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column (2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 µm) with mobile phase of 0.2% formic acid-acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid-water in gradient mode, and the detection wavelength was set at 320 nm．Dehydroevodiamine was used as the reference peak, there were 24 common peaks in the fingerprint of 29 samples were detected, and among them 10 chromatographic peaks were identified with the reference substance and they were neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, hyperin, isorhamnetin-3-O-ß-D-rutinoside, dehydroevodiamine, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, evocarpine and dihydroevocarpine. The fingerprint data was evaluated with similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine (Version 2008A), and the similarity of 19 batches of Evodiae Fructus was greater than 0.9 in the 29 samples. In addition, 9 components including neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, hyperin, isorhamnetin-3-O-ß-D-rutinoside, dehydroevodiamine, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, evocarpine and dihydroevocarpine were simultaneously determined at the same chromatographic conditions, whose peak area integral values showed good linear relationship at the range of 0.000 46-0.138, 0.000 146-0.175, 0.000 412-0.124, 0.000 448-0.134, 0.000 452-0.136, 0.003 38-0.169, 0.000 44-0.132, 0.001 07-0.128, 0.001 71-0.128, respectively. Their average recoveries were 100.3%, 100.4%, 101.6%, 97.51%, 102.9%, 101.4%, 103.8%, 104.0%, 95.99%, and RSD were 2.4%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 0.80%, 1.9%, 2.1%, 1.1%, 2.2%, 2.4%, respectively. The established UPLC method not only realized the full separation of all chemical constituents of Evodiae Fructus within 20 minutes, but also achieved the chromatographic fingerprint determination and simultaneous multi-components determination of Evodiae Fructus at the same chromatographic conditions. Compared with other methods in literatures, the method has the following characteristics of strong specificity, good separation, high purity of chromatographic peaks, simplity and feasibility, which provides better means for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of Evodiae Fructus.

[Integrative research of QAMS model used in assay of flavonoids in Epimedii Folium, its processed products and finished Chinese medicines].

Through a series of methodology investigations, we established a new method for simultaneous analysis of epimedins A, B, C, icariin and baohuoside I in Epimedii Folium by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Meanwhile, using Icariin as an internal reference substance to establish the relative correct factors and relative retention values of Epimedins A, B, C and Baohuoside I to Icariin, then using the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) model, the five analytes can be quantitatively determined in Epimedii Folium and its processed products as well as Kanggu Zengsheng capsule only by measuring the content of icariin in the corresponding samples. All these analysis are completed in the same chromatorgraphic conditions. This paper played the part of demonstration role in the popularization and application of QAMS method established in a single herb to the proprietary Chinese medicines containing this herb.

[Study on UPLC fingerprint of red ginseng based on good separation and good purity of chromatographic peaks].

This study is to establish the UPLC fingerprint of red ginseng. The separation was performed on a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm,1.7 µm), with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water for gradient elution. The detection wavelength was set at 203 nm. The UPLC fingerprint of red ginseng was established by using sample chromatography of 22 different purchase areas and 26 common peaks were found. Compared with the reference substances, 11 of the common peaks were identified as ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rb1, 20(S)-ginsenoside F1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rb3, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3, respectively. It is worth noting that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 are the characteristic ingredients of red ginseng, and they could be used not only for distinguishing red ginseng and ginseng, but also for process controlling of the preparation of red ginseng. The similarity was analyzed with' Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chinese Materia Medica, and the similarity of 18 batches samples is up to 0.9. Compared to the literature methods, the method is simple, time-saving,specific for the separation of ginsenosides from red ginseng. So, this method could be used for the species identification and quality control of ginseng, red ginseng and American ginseng, and it will alsoprovide a theoretical basis of raising quality standards of the above mentioned Chinese herb medicines.

[HPLC specific chromatograms of Xingnaojing injection].

To establish and analyze the HPLC specific chromatograms of Xingnaojing injection manufactured by different factories. The separation was performed on a Thermo BDS Hypersil C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm), with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.02% formic acid aqueous solution for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 mL•min⁻¹, and the column temperature was 35 ℃. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm, and the sample size was 20 µL. Eleven chromatographic peaks were identified as characteristic peaks of HPLC specific chromatograms of Xingnaojing injection, after analyzing 29 batches of Xingnaojing injection samples. Compared with the reference substances, seven of them were identified as eucarvone, camphor, curcumenone, curcumenol, curdione, curzerenone and germacrone, respectively. HPLC specific chromatograms of Xingnaojing injection manufactured by three factories could be easily classified into three categories after investigation with computer-aided similarity evaluation system combined with principal component analysis. The established HPLC specific chromatograms provide a basis for scientific evaluation and effective control of the quality of Xingnaojing injection.