RESUMO
Identification of somatic rearrangements in cancer genomes has accelerated through analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. However, characterization of complex structural alterations and their underlying mechanisms remains inadequate. Here, applying an algorithm to predict structural variations from short reads, we report a comprehensive catalog of somatic structural variations and the mechanisms generating them, using high-coverage whole-genome sequencing data from 140 patients across ten tumor types. We characterize the relative contributions of different types of rearrangements and their mutational mechanisms, find that ~20% of the somatic deletions are complex deletions formed by replication errors, and describe the differences between the mutational mechanisms in somatic and germline alterations. Importantly, we provide detailed reconstructions of the events responsible for loss of CDKN2A/B and gain of EGFR in glioblastoma, revealing that these alterations can result from multiple mechanisms even in a single genome and that both DNA double-strand breaks and replication errors drive somatic rearrangements.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Genoma Humano , Mutação , Neoplasias/genética , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Glioblastoma/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias/patologiaRESUMO
Somatic structural variations (SVs) in cancer can shuffle DNA content in the genome, relocate regulatory elements, and alter genome organization. Enhancer hijacking occurs when SVs relocate distal enhancers to activate proto-oncogenes. However, most enhancer hijacking studies have only focused on protein-coding genes. Here, we develop a computational algorithm 'HYENA' to identify candidate oncogenes (both protein-coding and non-coding) activated by enhancer hijacking based on tumor whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data. HYENA detects genes whose elevated expression is associated with somatic SVs by using a rank-based regression model. We systematically analyze 1146 tumors across 25 types of adult tumors and identify a total of 108 candidate oncogenes including many non-coding genes. A long non-coding RNA TOB1-AS1 is activated by various types of SVs in 10% of pancreatic cancers through altered 3-dimensional genome structure. We find that high expression of TOB1-AS1 can promote cell invasion and metastasis. Our study highlights the contribution of genetic alterations in non-coding regions to tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
RESUMO
Fusion genes are well-known cancer drivers. However, most known oncogenic fusions are protein-coding, and very few involve non-coding sequences due to lack of suitable detection tools. We develop SFyNCS to detect fusions of both protein-coding genes and non-coding sequences from transcriptomic sequencing data. The main advantage of this study is that we use somatic structural variations detected from genomic data to validate fusions detected from transcriptomic data. This allows us to comprehensively evaluate various fusion detection and filtering strategies and parameters. We show that SFyNCS has superior sensitivity and specificity over existing algorithms through extensive benchmarking in cancer cell lines and patient samples. We then apply SFyNCS to 9565 tumor samples across 33 tumor types in The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort and detect a total of 165,139 fusions. Among them, 72% of the fusions involve non-coding sequences. We find a long non-coding RNA to recurrently fuse with various oncogenes in 3% of prostate cancers. In addition, we discover fusions involving two non-coding RNAs in 32% of dedifferentiated liposarcomas and experimentally validated the oncogenic functions in mouse model.
Assuntos
Fusão Gênica , Genômica , Neoplasias , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genômica/métodos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , Oncogenes , TranscriptomaRESUMO
The arms race between brood parasites and their hosts provides a classic model to study coevolution. Hosts often reject the parasitic egg, and brood parasites should therefore select host nests in which the colour of the eggs best matches that of their own. Although this hypothesis has received some support, direct experimental evidence is still lacking. Here, we report on a study of Daurian redstarts, which show a distinct egg-colour dimorphism, with females laying either blue or pink eggs. Redstarts are often parasitized by common cuckoos, which lay light blue eggs. First, we showed that cuckoo eggs were more similar in spectral reflectance to the blue than to the pink redstart egg morph. Second, we report that the natural parasitism rate was higher in blue than in pink host clutches. Third, we performed a field experiment in which we presented a dummy clutch of each colour morph adjacent to active redstart nests. In this set-up, cuckoos almost always chose to parasitize a blue clutch. Our results demonstrate that cuckoos actively choose redstart nests in which the egg colour matches the colour of their own eggs. Our study thus provides direct experimental evidence in support of the egg matching hypothesis.
Assuntos
Parasitos , Passeriformes , Animais , Feminino , Comportamento de Nidação , ÓvuloRESUMO
The escape of bladder cancer from immunosurveillance causes monotherapy to exhibit poor efficacy; therefore, designing a multifunctional nanoparticle that boosts programmed cell death and immunoactivation has potential as a treatment strategy. Herein, we developed a facile one-pot coprecipitation reaction to fabricate cluster-structured nanoparticles (CNPs) assembled from Fe3O4 and iron chlorophyll (Chl/Fe) photosensitizers. This nanoassembled CNP, as a multifunctional theranostic agent, could perform red-NIR fluorescence and change the redox balance by the photoinduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attenuate iron-mediated lipid peroxidation by the induction of a Fenton-like reaction. The intravesical instillation of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPs modified with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) may target the BC wall through glycoproteins in the BC cavity, allowing local killing of cancer cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced singlet oxygen and causing chemodynamic therapy (CDT)-mediated ferroptosis. An interesting possibility is reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory after PDT-CDT treatment, which was demonstrated by the reduction of PD-L1 (lower "off" signal to the effector immune cells), IDO-1, TGF-ß, and M2-like macrophages and the induction of CD8+ T cells on BC sections. Moreover, the intravesical instillation of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPs may enhance the large-area distribution on the BC wall, improving antitumor efficacy and increasing survival rates from 0 to 91.7%. Our theranostic CNPs not only demonstrated combined PDT-CDT-induced cytotoxicity, ROS production, and ferroptosis to facilitate treatment efficacy but also opened up new horizons for eliminating the immunosuppressive effect by simultaneous PDT-CDT.
Assuntos
Ferroptose , Nanopartículas , Neoplasias , Fotoquimioterapia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Clorofila , Compostos Férricos , Humanos , Imunização , Imunoterapia , Ferro , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The development of optical organic nanoparticles (NPs) is desirable and widely studied. However, most organic dyes are water-insoluble such that the derivatization and modification of these dyes are difficult. Herein, we demonstrated a simple platform for the fabrication of organic NPs designed with emissive properties by loading ten different organic dyes (molar masses of 479.1-1081.7 g/mol) into water-soluble polymer nanosponges composed of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) (PSMA). The result showed a substantial improvement over the loading of commercial dyes (3.7-50% loading) while preventing their spontaneous aggregation in aqueous solutions. This packaging strategy includes our newly synthesized organic dyes (> 85% loading) designed for OPVs (242), DSSCs (YI-1, YI-3, YI-8), and OLEDs (ADF-1-3, and DTDPTID) applications. These low-cytotoxicity organic NPs exhibited tunable fluorescence from visible to near-infrared (NIR) emission for cellular imaging and biological tracking in vivo. Moreover, PSMA NPs loaded with designed NIR-dyes were fabricated, and photodynamic therapy with these dye-loaded PSMA NPs for the photolysis of cancer cells was achieved when coupled with 808 nm laser excitation. Indeed, our work demonstrates a facile approach for increasing the biocompatibility and stability of organic dyes by loading them into water-soluble polymer-based carriers, providing a new perspective of organic optoelectronic materials in biomedical theranostic applications.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas , Fotoquimioterapia , Corantes , Polímeros , ÁguaRESUMO
In species that are subject to brood parasitism, individuals often vary in their responses to parasitic eggs, with some rejecting the eggs while others do not. While some factors, such as host age (breeding experience), the degree of egg matching and the level of perceived risk of brood parasitism have been shown to influence host decisions, much of the variation remains unexplained. The host personality hypothesis suggests that personality traits of the host influence its response to parasitic eggs, but few studies have tested this. We investigated the relationship between two personality traits (exploration and neophobia) and a physiological trait (breathing rate) of the host, and egg-rejection behaviour in a population of Daurian redstarts Phoenicurus auroreus in northeast China. We first show that exploratory behaviour and the response to a novel object are repeatable for individual females and strongly covary, indicating distinct personality types. We then show that fast-exploring and less neophobic hosts were more likely to reject parasitic eggs than slow-exploring and more neophobic hosts. Variation in breathing rate-a measure of the stress-response-did not affect rejection behaviour. Our results demonstrate that host personality, along the bold-shy continuum, predicts the responses to parasitic eggs in Daurian redstarts, with bold hosts being more likely to reject parasitic eggs.
Assuntos
Parasitos , Passeriformes , Animais , China , Feminino , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Humanos , Comportamento de Nidação , Óvulo , PersonalidadeRESUMO
Nanotechnology has rapidly promoted the development of a new generation of industrial and commercial products; however, it has also raised some concerns about human health and safety. To evaluate the toxicity of the great diversity of nanomaterials (NMs) in the traditional manner, a tremendous number of safety assessments and a very large number of animals would be required. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the use of alternative testing strategies or methods that reduce, refine, or replace (3Rs) the use of animals for assessing the toxicity of NMs. Autophagy is considered an early indicator of NM interactions with cells and has been recently recognized as an important form of cell death in nanoparticle-induced toxicity. Impairment of autophagy is related to the accelerated pathogenesis of diseases. By using mechanism-based high-throughput screening in vitro, we can predict the NMs that may lead to the generation of disease outcomes in vivo. Thus, a tiered testing strategy is suggested that includes a set of standardized assays in relevant human cell lines followed by critical validation studies carried out in animals or whole organism models such as C. elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans), zebrafish (Danio rerio), and Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster)for improved screening of NM safety. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which NMs perturb biological systems, including autophagy induction, is critical for a more comprehensive elucidation of nanotoxicity. A more profound understanding of toxicity mechanisms will also facilitate the development of prevention and intervention policies against adverse outcomes induced by NMs. The development of a tiered testing strategy for NM hazard assessment not only promotes a more widespread adoption of non-rodent or 3R principles but also makes nanotoxicology testing more ethical, relevant, and cost- and time-efficient.
Assuntos
Autofagia , Nanoestruturas/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
Although exome sequencing data are generated primarily to detect single-nucleotide variants and indels, they can also be used to identify a subset of genomic rearrangements whose breakpoints are located in or near exons. Using >4,600 tumor and normal pairs across 15 cancer types, we identified over 9,000 high confidence somatic rearrangements, including a large number of gene fusions. We find that the 5' fusion partners of functional fusions are often housekeeping genes, whereas the 3' fusion partners are enriched in tyrosine kinases. We establish the oncogenic potential of ROR1-DNAJC6 and CEP85L-ROS1 fusions by showing that they can promote cell proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Furthermore, we found that â¼4% of the samples have massively rearranged chromosomes, many of which are associated with upregulation of oncogenes such as ERBB2 and TERT. Although the sensitivity of detecting structural alterations from exomes is considerably lower than that from whole genomes, this approach will be fruitful for the multitude of exomes that have been and will be generated, both in cancer and in other diseases.
Assuntos
Exoma/genética , Éxons/genética , Fusão Gênica/genética , Rearranjo Gênico , Genoma Humano , Mutação/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Células Cultivadas , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Genômica/métodos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP40/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP40/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Células NIH 3T3 , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
To evaluate the iron ion release profile of zero-valent iron (ZVI)-based nanoparticles (NPs) and their relationship with lysosomes in cancer cells, silica and mesoporous silica-coated ZVI NPs (denoted as ZVI@SiO2 and ZVI@mSiO2) were synthesized and characterized for the following study of cytotoxicity, intracellular iron ion release, and their underlying mechanisms. ZVI@mSiO2 NPs showed higher cytotoxicity than ZVI@SiO2 NPs in the OEC-M1 oral cancer cell line. In addition, internalized ZVI@mSiO2 NPs deformed into hollow and void structures within the cells after a 24-h treatment, but ZVI@SiO2 NPs remained intact after internalization. The intracellular iron ion release profile was also accordant with the structural deformation of ZVI@mSiO2 NPs. Burst iron ion release occurred in ZVI@mSiO2-treated cells within an hour with increased lysosome membrane permeability, which induced massive reactive oxygen species generation followed by necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, inhibition of endosome-lysosome system acidification successfully compromised burst iron ion release, thereby reversing the cell fate. An in vivo test also showed a promising anticancer effect of ZVI@mSiO2 NPs without significant weight loss. In conclusion, we demonstrated the anticancer property of ZVI@mSiO2 NPs as well as the iron ion release profile in time course within cells, which is highly associated with the surface coating of ZVI NPs and lysosomal acidification.
Assuntos
Ferro/uso terapêutico , Nanopartículas Metálicas/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Cultivadas , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Humanos , Ferro/farmacologia , Lisossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Masculino , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Dióxido de Silício/químicaRESUMO
Previous studies have established that a subset of head and neck tumors contains human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences and that HPV-driven head and neck cancers display distinct biological and clinical features. HPV is known to drive cancer by the actions of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, but the molecular architecture of HPV infection and its interaction with the host genome in head and neck cancers have not been comprehensively described. We profiled a cohort of 279 head and neck cancers with next generation RNA and DNA sequencing and show that 35 (12.5%) tumors displayed evidence of high-risk HPV types 16, 33, or 35. Twenty-five cases had integration of the viral genome into one or more locations in the human genome with statistical enrichment for genic regions. Integrations had a marked impact on the human genome and were associated with alterations in DNA copy number, mRNA transcript abundance and splicing, and both inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements. Many of these events involved genes with documented roles in cancer. Cancers with integrated vs. nonintegrated HPV displayed different patterns of DNA methylation and both human and viral gene expressions. Together, these data provide insight into the mechanisms by which HPV interacts with the human genome beyond expression of viral oncoproteins and suggest that specific integration events are an integral component of viral oncogenesis.
Assuntos
Genoma Humano/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/virologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Papillomaviridae/fisiologia , Sequência de Bases , Metilação de DNA/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Genes Neoplásicos , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Integração Viral/genéticaRESUMO
Three types of biocompatible films were fabricated via electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption of oppositely charged cationic polyurethane and anionic polysaccharides with different primary structures, including sodium hyaluronate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate. The adsorption behaviors of films were investigated by using the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) as a model drug at various pH values and salt concentrations. The relationship between the type of polysaccharide and the adsorption behavior of LbL films was comparatively studied. It was found that the adsorption capacity increased with an increase of the initial concentration of MB in the concentration range of the experiment to all of the films, and the pH of environment ranged from 3.0 to 9.0. The Langmuir equation fit perfectly to the experiment data. In addition, a pseudo second-order adsorption model can well describe the adsorption behaviors of MB for three films. The results showed that the type of side chains and the charge density of the polysaccharides played key roles in the adsorption properties of the PU/polysaccharide multilayer films.
Assuntos
Carboximetilcelulose Sódica/química , Ácido Hialurônico/química , Poliuretanos/química , Adsorção , Azul de Metileno/química , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
Chemoresistance is a major challenge in cancer therapy. Cisplatin is commonly used for chemotherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer (HNC), but it increases control of the disease by only 10-15%. Downregulation of proapoptotic pathways is a key determinant for chemoresistance in which gelsolin (GSN) is critically involved. We analyzed the association between GSN expression and cisplatin resistance in HNC cell lines, animals with HNC and cancer tissue samples from 58 cisplatin-treated patients with HNC. GSN expression levels were positively associated with chemoresistance in vitro and in vivo. Cisplatin-induced GSN downregulation was associated with the cleavage of GSN and the promotion of apoptosis. GSN silencing facilitated cisplatin-induced apoptosis in chemoresistant cells. In contrast, intact gelsolin was prosurvival in the presence of cisplatin by interacting with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). In chemosensitive cells, cisplatin suppressed GSN-XIAP interaction, promoted translocation of XIAP from the perinuclear region to the nucleus and induced apoptosis. In chemoresistant cells, GSN was highly expressed, and cisplatin had no significant effect on GSN-XIAP interaction and apoptosis. We conclude that GSN is important for chemoresistance in HNC and may be an appropriate therapeutic target in chemoresistant cancers.
Assuntos
Cisplatino/uso terapêutico , Gelsolina/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Apoptose , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Inativação Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Fenótipo , Técnicas do Sistema de Duplo-Híbrido , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Somatic structural variations (SVs) in cancer can shuffle DNA content in the genome, relocate regulatory elements, and alter genome organization. Enhancer hijacking occurs when SVs relocate distal enhancers to activate proto-oncogenes. However, most enhancer hijacking studies have only focused on protein-coding genes. Here, we develop a computational algorithm "HYENA" to identify candidate oncogenes (both protein-coding and non-coding) activated by enhancer hijacking based on tumor whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data. HYENA detects genes whose elevated expression is associated with somatic SVs by using a rank-based regression model. We systematically analyze 1,146 tumors across 25 types of adult tumors and identify a total of 108 candidate oncogenes including many non-coding genes. A long non-coding RNA TOB1-AS1 is activated by various types of SVs in 10% of pancreatic cancers through altered 3-dimensional genome structure. We find that high expression of TOB1-AS1 can promote cell invasion and metastasis. Our study highlights the contribution of genetic alterations in non-coding regions to tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
RESUMO
Despite the abundance of somatic structural variations (SVs) in cancer, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their formation remain unclear. Here, we use 6,193 whole-genome sequenced tumors to study the contributions of transcription and DNA replication collisions to genome instability. After deconvoluting robust SV signatures in three independent pan-cancer cohorts, we detect transcription-dependent replicated-strand bias, the expected footprint of transcription-replication collision (TRC), in large tandem duplications (TDs). Large TDs are abundant in female-enriched, upper gastrointestinal tract and prostate cancers. They are associated with poor patient survival and mutations in TP53, CDK12, and SPOP. Upon inactivating CDK12, cells display significantly more TRCs, R-loops, and large TDs. Inhibition of G2/M checkpoint proteins, such as WEE1, CHK1, and ATR, selectively inhibits the growth of cells deficient in CDK12. Our data suggest that large TDs in cancer form due to TRCs, and their presence can be used as a biomarker for prognosis and treatment.
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Lung cancer in never smokers (LCINS) accounts for up to 25% of all lung cancers and has been associated with exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and air pollution in observational studies. Here, we evaluate the mutagenic exposures in LCINS by examining deep whole-genome sequencing data from a large international cohort of 871 treatment-naïve LCINS recruited from 28 geographical locations within the Sherlock-Lung study. KRAS mutations were 3.8-fold more common in adenocarcinomas of never smokers from North America and Europe, while a 1.6-fold higher prevalence of EGFR and TP53 mutations was observed in adenocarcinomas from East Asia. Signature SBS40a, with unknown cause, was found in most samples and accounted for the largest proportion of single base substitutions in adenocarcinomas, being enriched in EGFR-mutated cases. Conversely, the aristolochic acid signature SBS22a was almost exclusively observed in patients from Taipei. Even though LCINS exposed to secondhand smoke had an 8.3% higher mutational burden and 5.4% shorter telomeres, passive smoking was not associated with driver mutations in cancer driver genes or the activities of individual mutational signatures. In contrast, patients from regions with high levels of air pollution were more likely to have TP53 mutations while exhibiting shorter telomeres and an increase in most types of somatic mutations, including a 3.9-fold elevation of signature SBS4 (q-value=3.1 × 10-5), previously linked mainly to tobacco smoking, and a 76% increase of clock-like signature SBS5 (q-value=5.0 × 10-5). A positive dose-response effect was observed with air pollution levels, which correlated with both a decrease in telomere length and an elevation in somatic mutations, notably attributed to signatures SBS4 and SBS5. Our results elucidate the diversity of mutational processes shaping the genomic landscape of lung cancer in never smokers.
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Brain cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Somatic structural variations (SVs), large-scale alterations in DNA, remain poorly understood in pediatric brain tumors. Here, we detect a total of 13,199 high-confidence somatic SVs in 744 whole-genome sequences of pediatric brain tumors from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Atlas. The somatic SV occurrences have tremendous diversity among the cohort and across different tumor types. We decompose mutational signatures of clustered complex SVs, non-clustered complex SVs, and simple SVs separately to infer their mutational mechanisms. Our finding of many tumor types carrying unique sets of SV signatures suggests that distinct molecular mechanisms shape genome instability in different tumor types. The patterns of somatic SV signatures in pediatric brain tumors are substantially different from those in adult cancers. The convergence of multiple SV signatures on several major cancer driver genes implies vital roles of somatic SVs in disease progression.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Genoma Humano , Criança , Humanos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Oncogenes , Mutação/genética , Instabilidade GenômicaRESUMO
Brain cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Somatic structural variations (SVs), large scale alterations in DNA, remain poorly understood in pediatric brain tumors. Here, we detect a total of 13,199 high confidence somatic SVs in 744 whole-genome-sequenced pediatric brain tumors from Pediatric Brain Tumor Atlas. The somatic SV occurrences have tremendous diversity among the cohort and across different tumor types. We decompose mutational signatures of clustered complex SVs, non-clustered complex SVs, and simple SVs separately to infer the mutational mechanisms of SV formation. Our finding of many tumor types carrying unique sets of SV signatures suggests that distinct molecular mechanisms are active in different tumor types to shape genome instability. The patterns of somatic SV signatures in pediatric brain tumors are substantially different from those in adult cancers. The convergence of multiple signatures to alter several major cancer driver genes suggesting the functional importance of somatic SVs in disease progression.
RESUMO
Fusion genes are well-known cancer drivers. However, very few known oncogenic fusions involve non-coding sequences. We develop SFyNCS with superior performance to detect fusions of both protein-coding genes and non-coding sequences from transcriptomic sequencing data. We validate fusions using somatic structural variations detected from the genomes. This allows us to comprehensively evaluate various fusion detection and filtering strategies and parameters. We detect 165,139 fusions in 9,565 tumor samples across 33 tumor types in the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. Among them, 72% of the fusions involve non-coding sequences and many are recurrent. We discover two long non-coding RNAs recurrently fused with various partner genes in 32% of dedifferentiated liposarcomas and experimentally validated the oncogenic functions in mouse model.