Pesticide Residues and Risk Assessment from Monitoring Programs in the Largest Production Area of Leafy Vegetables in South Korea: A 15-Year Study.

Leafy vegetables are widely consumed in South Korea, especially in the form of kimchi and namul (seasoned vegetables) and are used for wrapping meat. Therefore, the management of pesticide residues in leafy vegetables is very important. A total of 17,977 samples (49 leafy vegetables) were mainly collected in the largest production area of leafy vegetables (Gwangju Metropolitan City and Chonnam Province) in South Korea. They were analyzed within the government's monitoring programs (Gwangju Metropolitan City) of pesticide residues between 2005 and 2019. Pesticide residues were found in 2815 samples (15.7%), and 426 samples (2.4%) from among these exceeded the specified maximum residue limits (MRLs). Samples exceeding the MRLs were mostly detected in spinach, ssamchoo (brassica lee ssp. namai), crown daisy, lettuce, and perilla leaves. Azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, and procymidone were the most frequently detected pesticides. However, procymidone, diniconazole, and lufenuron were found to most frequently exceed the MRLs. The rate of MRLs exceeding has been managed below the average (2.4%) more recently than in the past in this area. Further, leafy vegetables with the most violations of the MRLs in our study in South Korea were not harmful to health by a risk assessment (the range of the hazard index was 0.001-7.6%).

Pesticide residues in leafy vegetables, stalk and stem vegetables from South Korea: a long-term study on safety and health risk assessment.

South Korea has a unique food culture. South Koreans enjoy wrapping meat and eating or making kimchi (traditionally fermented Korean food) and eating using raw leafy vegetables, stalk and stem vegetables. Therefore, there is a high chance of being exposed to pesticide residues of vegetables. The objective of this study was to investigate pesticide residues in leafy vegetables, stalk and stem vegetables from South Korea. A total of 8496 samples were mainly collected from Gwangju and Jeonnam area (the largest production region of leafy vegetables, stalk and stem vegetables) in South Korea from 2010 to 2014. A total of 230 pesticides were used for multi-residue analysis of pesticides. Among 8496 samples, 61 different pesticides (1029 times) were detected in 890 samples, of which 118 samples (1.4%) exceeded the Korea maximum residue limits (MRLs). Samples exceeding the MRLs were mostly found in leafy vegetables (brassica lee ssp. namai, leafy lettuce, spinach, perilla leaves, crown daisy, marsh mallow, aster scaber, pimpinella brachycarpa) and Chinese chive. Procymidone, dimethomorph and azoxystrobin were the most frequently found pesticides. A risk assessment of pesticides exceeding the MRLs was evaluated by calculating the estimated daily intake (EDI) and the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The ratio of EDI to ADI was 0.003-30.4%.