Decolouration of azo dyes by radicals generated from K2S2O8 automatically in homogeneous aqueous solutions.

In this work, at 15 °C and 25 °C, authors study the decolouration reactions (or degradation reactions or oxidation reactions) of 0.10 mM azo dyes (methyl orange and congo red) by (1) K2S2O8 and (2) Co2+/K2S2O8, expounding the roles of K2S2O8 and Co2+: K2S2O8 can oxidize azo dyes automatically in water by radicals; Co2+ has catalysis for oxidation of K2S2O8, whether Co2+ is from CoSO4 or Co(NO3)2, CoCl2, CoAc2. The decolouration degree of azo dyes in all systems quickens with the increase of the initial concentration of K2S2O8 and the reaction temperature. In the presence and absence of Co2+, comparative experiments are done between the oxidation of K2S2O8 and oxone, K2S2O8 shows weaker oxidation than oxone. The decolouration reaction of methyl orange (MO) in the system of (0.10 mM MO + 2.00 mM K2S2O8) accords with the second order reaction, the reaction rate constants are 4.789 M-1 min-1 at 15 °C and 5.894 M-1 min-1 at 25 °C respectively, the activation energy Ea is 14813 J/mol, and Arrhenius equation is k = 2.328 exp[-14813/(RT)].

Establishment and application of procedural pain nursing care for elderly patients after total knee replacement / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To establish the procedural pain nursing care protocols to improve the management of perioperative pain in elderly patients after total knee replacement,as well as to relief postoperative pain,and promote the rehabilitation.Methods 82 patients were randomly divided into the control group (45 cases) and the intervention group (37 cases).The control group was controlled by usual care,and the intervention group was offered with the standardized pain nursing care.The scores for postoperative pain,the satisfaction for analgesia,the complications associated with analgesia and the injection rate of Dolantin at 24,48,72h postoperatively were compared between two groups.Results The score for postoperative pain at rest in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 24 h postoperatively,but there was no statistical difference at 48 h and 72 h postoperatively.Pain scores during passive activity at 24,48h,and 72h postoperatively were significantly lower in the intervention group when compared with that of the control group.The rates of side effects at 24,48,72h postoperatively in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group.The injection rate of Dolantin in the control group were significantly higher than that in the intervention group.The score for both analgesia and life satisfactory in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the intervention group at 24,48,72h postoperatively.Conclusions Procedural pain nursing care can reduce the pestoperative pain,complications and the injection rate of Dolantin in patients after total knee replacement.It can also improve elderly patients' satisfaction of analgesia and promote early recovery of their joint function.