Biliary complications after adult-to-adult living-donor liver transplantation: An international multicenter study of 3633 cases.

In living-donor liver transplantation, biliary complications including bile leaks and biliary anastomotic strictures remain significant challenges, with incidences varying across different centers. This multicentric retrospective study (2016-2020) included 3633 adult patients from 18 centers and aimed to identify risk factors for these biliary complications and their impact on patient survival. Incidences of bile leaks and biliary strictures were 11.4% and 20.6%, respectively. Key risk factors for bile leaks included multiple bile duct anastomoses (odds ratio, [OR] 1.8), Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (OR, 1.4), and a history of major abdominal surgery (OR, 1.4). For biliary anastomotic strictures, risk factors were ABO incompatibility (OR, 1.4), blood loss >1 L (OR, 1.4), and previous abdominal surgery (OR, 1.7). Patients experiencing biliary complications had extended hospital stays, increased incidence of major complications, and higher comprehensive complication index scores. The impact on graft survival became evident after accounting for immortal time bias using time-dependent covariate survival analysis. Bile leaks and biliary anastomotic strictures were associated with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.7 and 1.8 for graft survival, respectively. The study underscores the importance of minimizing these risks through careful donor selection and preoperative planning, as biliary complications significantly affect graft survival, despite the availability of effective treatments.

Propensity Score-matched Analysis Comparing Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Minor Liver Resections of the Anterolateral Segments: an International Multi-center Study of 10,517 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of robotic minor liver resections (RMLR) versus laparoscopic (L) MLR of the anterolateral segments. BACKGROUND: Robotic liver surgery has been gaining prominence over the years with increasing usage for a myriad of hepatic resections. Robotic liver resections(RLR) has demonstrated non-inferiority to laparoscopic(L)LR while illustrating advantages over conventional laparoscopy especially for technically difficult and major LR. However, the advantage of RMLR for the anterolateral(AL) (segments II, III, IVb, V and VI) segments, has not been clearly demonstrated. METHODS: Between 2008 to 2022, 15,356 of 29,861 patients from 68 international centres underwent robotic(R) or laparoscopic minor liver resections (LMLR) for the AL segments Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed for matched analysis. RESULTS: 10,517 patients met the study criteria of which 1,481 underwent RMLR and 9,036 underwent LMLR. A PSM cohort of 1,401 patients in each group were identified for analysis. Compared to the LMLR cohort, the RMLR cohort demonstrated significantly lower median blood loss (75ml vs. 100ml, P<0.001), decreased blood transfusion (3.1% vs. 5.4%, P=0.003), lower incidence of major morbidity (2.5% vs. 4.6%, P=0.004), lower proportion of open conversion (1.2% vs. 4.5%, P<0.001), shorter post operative stay (4 days vs. 5 days, P<0.001), but higher rate of 30-day readmission (3.5% vs. 2.1%, P=0.042). These results were then validated by a 1:2 PSM analysis. In the subset analysis for 3,614 patients with cirrhosis, RMLR showed lower median blood loss, decreased blood transfusion, lower open conversion and shorter post operative stay than LMLR. CONCLUSION: RMLR demonstrated statistically significant advantages over LMLR even for resections in the AL segments although most of the observed clinical differences were minimal.

Value of lymph node dissection in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of lymph node dissection (LND) on outcomes following resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane were searched from inception to 30th January 2023 for studies that compared LND with no LND (NLND) among patients with ICC. To limit the effect of unbalanced covariates, only studies that utilized propensity score-based methods were included. Subgroup analysis of patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) ICC was analyzed. RESULTS: Among 3776 patients with ICC, individuals in the LND versus NLND cohorts had comparable overall survival (OS) (Hazard ratio [HR] 0.78, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.57-1.06, P = 0.11), disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 0.84, 95 % CI 0.70-1.01, P = 0.07) and risk of major complications (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95 % CI 0.70-1.62, P = 0.75). Subgroup analysis of cN0 patients, OS was significantly higher in patients who underwent LND (HR 0.61, 95 % CI 0.50-0.74, P < 0.01), with a non-significant trend towards improved DFS (HR 0.81, 95 % CI 0.65-1.01, P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: This study found no differences in long-term survival or morbidity following LND for ICC. Subgroup analysis of cN0 patients, who underwent LND detected improved OS with a trend towards better DFS, compared to patients with NLND.

Novel Benchmark for Adult-to-Adult Living-donor Liver Transplantation: Integrating Eastern and Western Experiences.

OBJECTIVE: To define benchmark values for adult-to-adult living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). BACKGROUND: LDLT utilizes living-donor hemiliver grafts to expand the donor pool and reduce waitlist mortality. Although references have been established for donor hepatectomy, no such information exists for recipients to enable conclusive quality and comparative assessments. METHODS: Patients undergoing LDLT were analyzed in 15 high-volume centers (≥10 cases/year) from 3 continents over 5 years (2016-2020), with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Benchmark criteria included a Model for End-stage Liver Disease ≤20, no portal vein thrombosis, no previous major abdominal surgery, no renal replacement therapy, no acute liver failure, and no intensive care unit admission. Benchmark cutoffs were derived from the 75th percentile of all centers' medians. RESULTS: Of 3636 patients, 1864 (51%) qualified as benchmark cases. Benchmark cutoffs, including posttransplant dialysis (≤4%), primary nonfunction (≤0.9%), nonanastomotic strictures (≤0.2%), graft loss (≤7.7%), and redo-liver transplantation (LT) (≤3.6%), at 1-year were below the deceased donor LT benchmarks. Bile leak (≤12.4%), hepatic artery thrombosis (≤5.1%), and Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI ® ) (≤56) were above the deceased donor LT benchmarks, whereas mortality (≤9.1%) was comparable. The right hemiliver graft, compared with the left, was associated with a lower CCI ® score (34 vs 21, P < 0.001). Preservation of the middle hepatic vein with the right hemiliver graft had no impact neither on the recipient nor on the donor outcome. Asian centers outperformed other centers with CCI ® score (21 vs 47, P < 0.001), graft loss (3.0% vs 6.5%, P = 0.002), and redo-LT rates (1.0% vs 2.5%, P = 0.029). In contrast, non-benchmark low-volume centers displayed inferior outcomes, such as bile leak (15.2%), hepatic artery thrombosis (15.2%), or redo-LT (6.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Benchmark LDLT offers a valuable alternative to reduce waitlist mortality. Exchange of expertise, public awareness, and centralization policy are, however, mandatory to achieve benchmark outcomes worldwide.

Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Repeat Hepatectomy for Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to compare radiofrequency ablation (RFA) versus repeat hepatectomy (RH) for patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) after a previous liver resection. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to October 2021 for randomized controlled trials and propensity-score matched studies. Individual participant survival data of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were extracted and reconstructed followed by one-stage and two-stage meta-analysis. Secondary outcomes were major complications and length of hospital stay (LOHS). RESULTS: A total of seven studies (1317 patients) were analysed. In both one-stage and two-stage meta-analysis, there was no significant difference in OS between the RFA and RH cohorts (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.15, 95% CI 0.98-1.36, P = 0.094 and HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.77-1.64, P = 0.474 respectively), while the RFA group had a higher hazard rate of disease recurrence compared to the RH group (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.13-1.50, P < 0.001 and HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.09-1.57, P = 0.013, respectively). RFA was associated with fewer major complications and shorter LOHS versus RH (Odds Ratio 0.34, 95% CI 0.15-0.76, P = 0.009 and Weighted Mean Difference - 4.78, 95% CI - 6.30 to - 3.26, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RH may be associated with superior DFS for rHCC, at the expense of higher morbidity rate and longer LOHS. However, OS is comparable between both modalities. As such, these techniques may be utilized as complementary strategies depending on individual patient and disease factors. Large-scale, randomized, prospective studies are required to corroborate these findings.

Living donor hepatectomy in medium volume liver transplant centre has comparable outcomes to high volume centres: validation of donabedian quality assurance framework.

BACKGROUND: Given the complexity of living donor hepatectomy, it is expected that high hospital volume will better outcomes. This study aims to evaluate post-operative outcomes for living donor hepatectomy in a medium volume liver transplant centre and compare to outcomes in high volume centres. Also, it serves as a validation tool for framework of structure-process-outcome model for safe living donor hepatectomy program. METHODS: 204 donors who underwent donor hepatectomy between June 1996 to September 2019 were reviewed retrospectively and compared to outcomes in high volume centres. RESULTS: At 6 months, overall donor morbidity rate was 20/204 (9.8%). Wound complications were most common at 5/204 (2.5%). Majority of complications were either Clavien grade 1 or 2 and only 3 donors had Clavien grade 3 complications. There was zero donor mortality. DISCUSSION: Our centre's donor morbidity rate of 9.8% is the one of the lowest reported in the published literature. With increased experience, stringent donor selection and enhanced perioperative care by a multi-disciplinary team, outcomes in a medium volume centre can match the outcomes reported in high volume centres. The framework for quality in terms of structure, process and outcomes is presented which can be adopted for developing programs.

Watchful waiting to surgery in men with mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic inguinal hernia: an individual participant data meta-analysis of long-term follow-up of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Individual studies on men with mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic inguinal hernia who have opted for watchful waiting (WW) vary considerably. Furthermore, long-term data on such patients who cross over to herniorrhaphy is scarce. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched systematically from inception to 3rd April 2024 for long-term follow-up of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on men with mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic inguinal hernia. Individual participant survival data of cross over rates from WW to herniorrhaphy were extracted, reconstructed and combined. Secondary outcome was reason for cross over to herniorrhaphy. RESULTS: Long-term follow-up of three RCTs with 592 participants was included. A total of 344/592 participants crossed over to herniorrhaphy during a median follow up period that ranged from 3.2 to 12.0 years. The median cumulative cross over rate was 54.2% (95% CI 45.5% - 66.3%). The cumulative 1-year, 5-year, and 10- year cross over rates were 28.7% (95% CI 25.2% - 32.5%), 51.5% (95% CI 47.4% - 55.6%), and 70.6% (95% CI 66.2% - 74.9%) respectively. During follow-up, the most frequent reasons for cross over to herniorrhaphy were increased pain 198/344 (57.6%) and incarceration 15/344 (4.4%). CONCLUSION: This study provides valuable long-term data for patient counselling, indicating that while WW is a safe strategy for men with mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic inguinal hernia, symptoms would likely progress eventually, necessitating operative repair.

Does Indocyanine Green Utilization during Esophagectomy Prevent Anastomotic Leaks? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Indocyanine Green (ICG) is a promising technique for the assessment of gastric conduit and anastomosis perfusion during esophagectomy. ICG integration may be helpful in minimizing the risk of anastomotic leak (AL). Literature evidence is sparse, while the real effect of ICG assessment on AL minimization remains unsolved. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare short-term outcomes between ICG-guided and non-ICG-guided (nICG) esophagogastric anastomosis during esophagectomy for cancer. Materials and Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were queried up to 25 April 2024. Studies that reported short-term outcomes for ICG versus non-ICG-guided (nICG) anastomosis in patients undergoing esophagectomy were considered. Primary outcome was AL. Risk ratio (RR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) were utilized as effect size measures, whereas to assess relative inference we used 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Overall, 1399 patients (11 observational studies) were included. Overall, 576 (41.2%) underwent ICG gastric conduit assessment. The patients' ages ranged from 22 to 91 years, with 73% being male. The cumulative incidence of AL was 10.4% for ICG and 15.4% for nICG. Compared to nICG, ICG utilization was related to a reduced risk for postoperative AL (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.23-0.99; p = 0.05). No differences were found in terms of pulmonary complications (RR 0.83), operative time (SMD -0.47), hospital length of stay (SMD -0.16), or 90-day mortality (RR 1.70). Conclusions: Our study seems to indicate a potential impact of ICG in reducing post-esophagectomy AL. However, because of limitations in the design of the included studies, allocation/reporting bias, variable definitions of AL, and heterogeneity in ICG use, caution is required to avoid potential overestimation of the ICG effect.

Breast implant capsule-associated squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: New concerns have been raised by the US Food and Drug Administration regarding breast implant capsule-associated squamous cell carcinoma (BICA-SCC) but very little is known about this emerging topic. To gain a better understanding of the disease, a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of patients with BICA-SCC were performed. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were searched from inception to 26th February 2023 for studies including patients with BICA-SCC. Individual patient data were extracted and pooled. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies reported 19 patients with BICA-SCC, commonly presented with swelling (84.2%), pain (73.7%), and erythema (21.1%). The median age at SCC diagnosis was 52.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 46.0-60.0) years. The median time from breast augmentation to SCC diagnosis was 20.0 (IQR 15.0-35.0) years. The majority of patients (68.4%) were found to have extracapsular spread at SCC diagnosis. All patients with breast implants in situ underwent implant removal with at least 60.0% of patients undergoing capsulectomy. The mean follow-up period was 17.6 months with 1-year overall survival of 80.8% and 1-year disease-free survival of 53.0%. CONCLUSION: While rare, surgeons should counsel patients on the risks of malignancy including BICA-SCC before breast implantation and consider the possibility of BICA-SCC when treating patients with late-onset peri-implant changes. A centralized registry is needed to better understand and improve outcomes in patients with BICA-SCC.

A randomized trial comparing cadaveric dissection and examination of prosections as applied surgical anatomy teaching pedagogies.

Anatomy is an important component in the vertical integration of basic science and clinical practice. Two common pedagogies are cadaveric dissection and examination of prosected specimens. Comparative studies mostly evaluate their immediate effectiveness. A randomized controlled trial design was employed to compare both the immediate and long-term effectiveness of dissection and prosection. Eighty third-year medical students undergoing their surgical rotation from the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine were randomized into two groups: dissection and prosection. Each participated in a one-day hands-on course following a similar outline that demonstrated surgical anatomy in the context of its clinical relevance. A pre-course test was conducted to establish baseline knowledge. A post-course test was conducted immediately after and at a one-year interval to evaluate learner outcome and knowledge retention. A post-course survey was conducted to assess participant perception. Thirty-nine and thirty-eight participants for the dissection and prosection groups, respectively, were included for analysis. There was no significant difference between mean pre-course test scores between the dissection and prosection groups [12.6 (3.47) vs. 12.7 (3.16), P > 0.05]. Both the mean immediate [27.9 (4.30) vs. 24.9 (4.25), P < 0.05] and 1 year [23.9 (4.15) vs. 19.9 (4.05), P < 0.05] post-course test scores were significantly higher in the dissection group. However, when adjusted for course duration [dissection group took longer than prosection group (mean 411 vs. 265 min)], these findings were negated. There is no conclusive evidence of either pedagogy being superior in teaching surgical anatomy. Based on learner surveys, dissection provides a greater learner experience.

Elective surgical versus conservative management of complicated diverticulitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: There is no consensus on the optimal treatment for patients with complicated diverticulitis. In this systematic review and meta-analysis we aimed to determine the indications for elective surgery in complicated diverticulitis by comparing conservative treatment with elective surgery. METHODS: A meta-analysis of recurrence, morbidity and stoma rates was performed using a random effects model. Patient-reported quality of life (QoL) and cost-effectiveness outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. RESULTS: Eleven randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies with a total of 7415 patients were included. In statistical terms, the recurrence of diverticulitis was significantly higher in the conservatively treated group than in the elective surgery group (odds ratio [OR] 0.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.51). The stoma rate (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.88-2.92) and the morbidity rate (OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.24-8.23) were significantly higher in the elective surgery group than in the conservatively treated group. There was some evidence for a significant increase in QoL and long-term cost-effectiveness in the elective surgery group than in the conservatively treated group. CONCLUSIONS: Indications for elective surgery should not include the prevention of emergency colostomy or complications. Elective surgical resection may be considered in patients with complicated diverticulitis with the goal of improving their QoL and long-term cost-effectiveness.

Tietze's Syndrome Post-COVID-19 Infection in an Adult Patient.

Tietze's syndrome is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by chest well swelling and inflammation of the costal cartilages. We describe a gentleman with repeated presentations to the emergency department (ED) with left-sided chest and sternoclavicular pain on a background of recent asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. He had elevated inflammatory markers and MRI subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of Tietze's syndrome. Anti-inflammatory medications and colchicine eventually led to a complete resolution of symptoms. This case highlights how Tietze's syndrome -- a disorder that is potentially self-limiting, can cause great distress and should be a differential diagnosis of chest pain after excluding life-threatening etiologies related to COVID-19.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on choice of central venous access device for delivery of chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: Ensuring reliable central venous access with the fewest complications is vital for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. A systematic review and network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the safety, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness of different types of central venous access devices (CVADs) for patients receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to August 20, 2021 for randomized controlled trials comparing the various CVADs (ie, nontunneled central venous catheters [CVCs], peripherally inserted CVCs [PICCs], totally implantable venous access ports [TIVAPs], and tunneled CVCs). RESULTS: A total of 11 eligible randomized controlled trials of 2585 patients were identified. TIVAPs were associated with a lower odds of overall complications, device removal due to complications, and thrombotic and mechanical complications compared with PICCs (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.69; OR, 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.93; OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.23-0.62; and OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13-0.95, respectively). Tunneled CVCs were associated with a higher odds of overall complications, device removal due to complications, and infective complications compared with TIVAPs (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.30-2.17; OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.34-4.73; and OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.14-3.90, respectively). The ranking probability using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve values indicated that TIVAPs had the lowest probability of overall complications, removal due to complications, and thrombotic complications. CONCLUSIONS: TIVAPs were found to be superior in terms of complications and quality of life compared with other CVADs, without compromising cost-effectiveness, and should be considered the standard of care for patients receiving chemotherapy.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of outcomes after open, mini-laparotomy, hybrid, totally laparoscopic, and robotic living donor right hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: A systematic review and network meta-analysis was performed to compare outcomes after living donor right hepatectomy via the following techniques: conventional open (Open), mini-laparotomy (Minilap), hybrid (Hybrid), totally laparoscopic (Lap), and robotic living donor right hepatectomy (Robotic). METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Scopus were searched from inception to August 2021 for comparative studies of patients who underwent living donor right hepatectomy. RESULTS: Nineteen studies comprising 2,261 patients were included. Operation time was longer in Lap versus Minilap and Open (mean difference 65.09 min, 95% confidence interval 3.40-126.78 and mean difference 34.81 minutes, 95% confidence interval 1.84-67.78), and in Robotic versus Hybrid, Lap, Minilap, and Open (mean difference 144.72 minutes, 95% confidence interval 89.84-199.59, mean difference 113.24 minutes, 95% confidence interval 53.28-173.20, mean difference 178.33 minutes, 95% confidence interval 105.58-251.08 and mean difference 148.05 minutes, 95% confidence interval 97.35-198.74, respectively). Minilap and Open were associated with higher blood loss compared to Lap (mean difference 258.67 mL, 95% confidence interval 107.00-410.33 and mean difference 314.11 mL, 95% confidence interval 143.84-484.37) and Robotic (mean difference 205.60 mL, 95% confidence interval 45.92-365.28 and mean difference 261.04 mL, 95% confidence interval 84.26-437.82). Open was associated with more overall complications compared to Minilap (odds ratio 2.60, 95% confidence interval 1.11-6.08). Recipient biliary complication rate was higher in Minilap and Open versus Hybrid (odds ratio 3.91, 95% confidence interval 1.13-13.55 and odds ratio 11.42, 95% confidence interval 2.27-57.49), and lower in Open versus Minilap (OR 0.07, 95% confidence interval 0.01-0.34). CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive donor right hepatectomy via the various techniques is safe and feasible when performed in high-volume centers, with no major differences in donor complication rates and comparable recipient outcomes once surgeons have mounted the learning curve.

Impact of donor age on recipient morbidity and mortality after living donor liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Evidence for use of graft from older donors in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has been conflicting. This study aims to clarify the impact of donor age on recipient morbidity and mortality after adult LDLT. METHODS: A total of 90 live liver donors and recipients who underwent primary adult-to-adult LDLT were divided into three groups according to donor age: donors in 20s (D-20s) group, donors in 30s and 40s (D-30s and 40s) group and donors in 50s & 60s (D-50s and 60s) group. Multivariate analyses were conducted to look for independent risk/prognostic factors. Donor age was analysed as a continuous variable to determine an optimal cut off. RESULTS: Overall donor morbidity was 4/90 (4.44%), major donor morbidity was 1/90 (1.11%) and there was no donor mortality. Recipients in the D-20s group had better 1-, 3- and 5-year recipient survival than recipients in the D-50s and 60s group (96%, 91%, 91% versus 73%, 58%, 58%, respectively) (P = 0.020). Donor age was identified to be an independently significant risk factor for increased major complications (P = 0.007) and prognostic factor for reduced overall survival (P = 0.014). The optimal donor age cut off was determined to be 46.5 years old. CONCLUSION: Older donors are associated with poorer recipient outcomes after adult-to-adult LDLT. Usage of liver grafts from older donors should be carefully considered when choosing liver grafts for patients undergoing LDLT.

Robotic versus laparoscopic ventral hernia repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and propensity score matched studies.

PURPOSE: There has not been a consensus on the superiority of a surgical approach for minimally invasive ventral hernia repair. This systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) aims to compare clinical, and patient-reported outcomes of robotic-assisted ventral hernia repair (rVHR) to traditional endo-laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (lapVHR). METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and Scopus from inception to 16th March 2021. We selected randomised controlled trials and propensity score matched studies comparing rVHR to lapVHR. A meta-analysis was done for the outcomes of operative time, length of hospital stay, open conversion, recurrence, surgical site occurrence and cost. RESULTS: A total of 5 studies (3732 patients) were included in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Significantly shorter operative times were reported with the lapVHR as compared to rVHR (weighted mean difference (WMD): 62.52, 95% CI: 50.84-74.19). There was also significantly less rates of open conversion with rVHR as compared to lapVHR (WMD: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.09-0.54). No significant differences in patient-reported outcomes that was discernible from the two papers that reported them. CONCLUSION: Overall, rVHR is comparable to lapVHR with longer operative times but less open conversion. It is, therefore, important to have proper patient selection to maximise the utility of rVHR.

Evaluation of Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Largest Southeast Asian Transplantation Center: Benchmarking With Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation (A2ALL) Experience.

BACKGROUND: The volume-outcome relation for complex surgical procedures such as living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) generally favors high volume (HV) centers. It is important for low to medium volume (MV) centers to evaluate their centers' performance against HV centers to allow early detection and correction of potential systemic issues. There is a dearth of national and international comprehensive registries for LDLT that may allow reasonable risk-adjusted comparisons for benchmarking. This study aims to evaluate the LDLT program by comparing our center's performance against HV centers of the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation cohort. STUDY DESIGN: Patient outcomes from a MV transplant center were compared with 11 HV transplant centers from the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation cohort. Outcomes evaluated included length of hospital stay, same admission mortality, 90-day mortality, and overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 1381 patients were analzyed. HV 1 to 4, 6, 8, 9, and 11 centers had a shorter median length of hospital stay compared with the MV center (All Dunnett corrected P values all less than .05). HV 9 and 11 centers had lower same admission mortality compared with the MV center (Dunnett corrected P = .023 and .015). After adjusting for other significant predictors, the MV center had comparable 90-day mortality rates and overall survival rates to all HV centers. CONCLUSION: This benchmarking exercise has demonstrated that the limitation of low institutional case volume can be overcome with a protocol-based framework to implement a safe LDLT program. This framework presented can be adopted for developing programs.

An Epidemiological Meta-Analysis on the Worldwide Prevalence, Resistance, and Outcomes of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhosis.

Background and Aims: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common and potentially fatal complication of liver cirrhosis. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of SBP among liver cirrhotic patients according to geographical location and income level, and risk factors and outcomes of SBP. Methods: A systematic search for articles describing prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of SBP was conducted. A single-arm meta-analysis was performed using generalized linear mix model (GLMM) with Clopper-Pearson intervals. Results: Ninety-Nine articles, comprising a total of 5,861,142 individuals with cirrhosis were included. Pooled prevalence of SBP was found to be 17.12% globally (CI: 13.63-21.30%), highest in Africa (68.20%; CI: 12.17-97.08%), and lowest in North America (10.81%; CI: 5.32-20.73%). Prevalence of community-acquired SBP was 6.05% (CI: 4.32-8.40%), and 11.11% (CI: 5.84-20.11%,) for healthcare-associated SBP. Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms were found in 11.77% (CI: 7.63-17.73%) of SBP patients. Of which, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was most common (6.23%; CI: 3.83-9.97%), followed by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms (6.19%; CI: 3.32-11.26%), and lastly vancomycin-resistant enterococci (1.91%; CI: 0.41-8.46%). Subgroup analysis comparing prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and outcomes between income groups was conducted to explore a link between socioeconomic status and SBP, which revealed decreased risk of SBP and negative outcomes in high-income countries. Conclusion: SBP remains a frequent complication of liver cirrhosis worldwide. The drawn link between income level and SBP in liver cirrhosis may enable further insight on actions necessary to tackle the disease on a global scale.