Molecular docking, synthesis, anticancer activity, and metabolomics study of boronic acid ester-containing fingolimod derivatives.

In recent years, drugs that contain boronic acid groups, such as ixazomib (Ninlaro™) and bortezomib (Velcade™), have been used in the treatment of bone marrow cancer. The activity of compounds has been found to increase with the addition of boron atoms to the structure. In addition to these compounds, studies have found that fingolimod (FTY720) is more effective against breast cancer than cisplatin. Therefore, in this study, the first examples of boron-containing derivatives of fingolimod were designed and synthesized; in addition, their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized boron-containing drug candidates were found to significantly inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis-mediated cell death in HT-29 (colorectal cells), SaOs-2 (osteosarcoma cells), and U87-MG (glioblastoma cells). Moreover, we revealed that the anticancer effects of boron-containing fingolimod compounds were found to be significantly enhanced over boron-free control groups and, strikingly, over the widely used anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. The metabolomic analysis confirmed that administration of the boron-containing drug candidates induces significant changes in the metabolite profiles in HT-29, SaOs-2, and U87-MG cells. Altogether, our results showed that boron-containing fingolimod compounds can be further examined to reveal their potential as anticancer drug candidates.

Computer design, synthesis, and bioactivity analyses of drugs like fingolimod used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a very common disease of vital importance. In the MS treatment, some drugs such as fingolimod which help to protect nerves from damage are used. The main goal of the drug therapy in MS is to take control of the inflammation which leads to the destruction of myelin and axons in nerve cell and thus prevent and stop the progression of the disease. Fingolimod (FTY720) is an orally active immunomodulatory drug that has been used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. It is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator which prevents lymphocytes from contributing to an autoimmune reaction by inhibiting egress of lymphocytes them from lymph nodes. In this study, we have computer designed, synthesized and characterized two novel derivatives of FTY720, F1-12h and F2-9, and have determined their underlying mechanism of their beneficial effect in SH-SY5Y, SK-N-SH, and U-118 MG cell lines. For this purpose, we first determined the regulation of the cAMP response element (CRE) activity and cAMP concentration by F1-12h and F2-9 together with FTY720 using pGL4.29 luciferase reporter assay and cAMP immunoassay, respectively. Then, we have determined their effect on MS- and GPCR-related gene expression profiles using custom arrays along with FTY720 treatment at non-toxic doses (EC10). It was found that both derivatives significantly activate CRE and increase cAMP concentration in all three cell lines, indicating that they activate cAMP pathway through cell surface receptors as FTY720 does. Furthermore, F1-12h and F2-9 modulate the expression of the pathway related genes that are important in inflammatory signaling, cAMP signaling pathway, cell migration as well as diverse receptor and transcription factors. Expression of the genes involved in myelination was also increased by the treatment with F1-12h and F2-9. In summary, our data demonstrate that the two novel FTY720 derivatives act as anti-inflammatory ultimately by influencing the gene expression via the cAMP and downstream transcription factor CRE pathway. In conclusion, F1-12h and F2-9 might contribute future therapies for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Synthesis and Functional Investigations of Computer Designed Novel Cladribine-Like Compounds for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.

Cladribine (2-CdA) is used as an anti-cancer drug but is currently studied as a potential treatment for use in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we computer designed, synthesized, and characterized two novel derivatives of 2-CdA, K1-5d and K2-4c, and investigated their underlying mechanism of beneficial effect using the CCRF-CEM and RAJI cell lines. For this purpose, we first determined their effect on MS and DNA damage and repair-related gene expression profiles using custom arrays along with 2-CdA treatment at non-toxic doses. Then, we determined whether cells underwent apoptosis after treatment with 2-CdA, K1-5d, and K2-4c in CCRF-CEM and RAJI cells, using the DNA fragmentation assay. It was found that both derivatives modulated the expression of the pathway-related genes that are important in inflammatory signaling, apoptosis, ATM/ATR, double-strand break repair, and the cell cycle. Furthermore, 2-CdA, K1-5d, and K2-4c significantly activated apoptosis in both cell lines. In summary, our data demonstrate that although both derivatives act as anti-inflammatory and apoptotic agents, inducing the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and activating the ultimate tumor suppressor p53 in T and B lymphocytes, the K1-5d derivative has shown more promising activities for further studies.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some novel thebaine derivatives: N-(tetrazol-1H-5-yl)-6,14-endoethenotetrahydrothebaine incorporating the 1,3,4-oxadiazole or the 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety.

In this study, we synthesized some novel N-(tetrazol-1H-5-yl)-6,14-endoethenotetrahydrothebaine 7α-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as potential analgesic agents. The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of their IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass spectral data. The analgesic activity was evaluated by a rat-hot plate test model and a rat tail-flick model. Compound 12 showed analgesic activity higher than that of morphine. In addition to a histopathological and biochemical evaluation, the LD50 dose for the most active compound 12 was determined.

Fast method for synthesis of alkyl and aryl-N-methylnitrones.

A simple, fast, efficient and eco-friendly procedure was developed for the synthesis of alkyl and aryl-N-methylnitrones. The corresponding nitrones of aromatic aldehydes, aliphatic aldehydes and alicyclic carbonyl compounds were prepared from N-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride and Na2CO3-Na2SO4 by simply grinding at room temperature without using solvent.

4-[2-(2,2-Dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl-idene)hydrazin-1-yl]benzo-nitrile.

In the title compound, C(13)H(11)N(3)O(4), the dioxane ring adopts an envelope conformation with the C atom bonded to the dimethyl group in the flap position [deviation = 0.613 (1) Å]. The nitrile group and the attached benzene ring are roughly coplanar [maximum deviation = 0.087 (1) Å]. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond involving the hydrazinyl group generates an S(6) ring. The N-N and C-N bond lengths indicate that the compound may be a mixture of the azo and hydrazone tautomeric forms but the presence of the N-bound H atom supports the hydrazone form. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O, C-H⋯N and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

N-Cyano-7α-methoxy-carbonyl-6,14-endo-ethenotetra-hydro-northebaine.

IN THE TITLE COMPOUND (SYSTEMATIC NAME: methyl 17-cyano-3,6-dimeth-oxy-4,5α-ep-oxy-6,14-endo-ethenomorphinan-7-carboxyl-ate), C(23)H(24)N(2)O(5), the dihydro-furan ring adopts a twist conformation, while the piperidine ring is in a chair conformation. The benzene-fused cyclo-hexene ring adopts an envelope conformation. An intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed. Inter-molecular C-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form C(5) chains along the a and b axes, respectively, and together they form a three-dimensional network.

1-Meth-oxy-3-o-tolyl-bicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2,2-dicarbonitrile.

In the title compound, C(18)H(18)N(2)O, the cyclo-hexene and cyclo-hexane rings of the bicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-5-ene unit adopt distorted boat conformations. In the crystal, mol-ecules exist as C-H⋯N hydrogen-bonded centrosymmetric R(2) (2)(14) dimers, which are further linked by C-H⋯π inter-actions.

Dimethyl cis-2-methyl-3-p-tolyl-isoxazolidine-4,5-dicarboxyl-ate.

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(15)H(19)NO(5), the isoxazole ring adopts an envelope conformation. In the crystal structure, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules, in which they may be effective in the stabilization of the structure.

2-Methyl-3-(5-methyl-2-thien-yl)-5-phenyl-perhydro-pyrrolo[3,4-d]isoxazole-4,6-dione.

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(17)H(16)N(2)O(3)S, the phenyl ring is oriented with respect to the thio-phene and succinimide rings at dihedral angles of 88.08 (3) and 57.81 (3)°, respectively; the dihedral angle between the thio-phene and succinimide rings is 35.69 (3)°. The isoxazole ring adopts an envelope conformation with the N atom at the flap position. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into infinite chains along the b axis. Weak C-H⋯π inter-actions may further stabilize the structure.

7α-Methoxy-carbonyl-6,7,8,14-tetra-hydro-6,14-endo-ethenothebaine.

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(23)H(27)NO(5), the furan ring adopts an envelope conformation. Intra-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions result in the formation of S(5) and S(6) motifs. In the crystal structure, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules through C(6) and C(8) chains along the [100] and [010] directions, generating a two-dimensional network.

Dimethyl trans-3-(4-bromo-phen-yl)-2-methyl-isoxazolidine-4,5-dicarboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C(14)H(16)BrNO(5), the isoxazolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation, with the N atom at the flap. In the crystal, inter-molecular C-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R(3) (3)(18) ring motifs which are fused into a ribbon-like structure extending along the b axis.

9-(4-Methoxy-phen-yl)-3,3,6,6-tetra-methyl-3,4,6,7-tetra-hydro-2H-xanthene-1,8(5H,9H)-dione.

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(24)H(28)O(4), the three six-membered rings of the xanthene system are not planar, having envelope, boat and envelope conformations. In the crystal structure, C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules, generating centrosymmetric R(2) (2)(12), R(4) (4)(28) and R(2) (2)(16) ring motifs and forming a three-dimensional network.

2,5-Dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-thio-phen-2-yl)perhydro-pyrrolo[3,4-d]isoxazole-4,6-dione.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(14)N(2)O(3)S, exhibits intra-molecular C-H⋯S and inter-molecular C-H⋯S, C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C-S⋯N [S⋯N = 2.980 (2) Å, C-S⋯N = 145.78 (17)°] and C-H⋯π inter-actions; these inter-actions generate two C(5) chains and S(4), S(6) and R(4) (4)(28) ring motifs. The isoxazole ring has an envelope conformation; the N atom, which is the flap atom, is displaced by 0.261 (2) Šfrom the plane defined by the remaining four atoms. The dihedral angle between the succinimide and thio-phene rings is 46.8 (2)°.

(3R,3aS,6aR)-2,5-Dimethyl-3-(5-phenyl-2-thien-yl)perhydro-pyrrolo[3,4-d][1,2]oxazole-4,6-dione.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C(17)H(16)N(2)O(3)S, exhibits intra-molecular C-H⋯S and inter-molecular C-H⋯S and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C-S⋯N [S⋯N = 3.033 (2) Šand C-S⋯N = 142.76 (9)°] inter-actions, and C-H⋯π inter-actions; these inter-actions generate S(4), S(6) and R(2) (2)(14) ring motifs. The isoxazole ring adopts an envelope conformation, with the N atom displaced by 0.672 (2) Šfrom the plane of the other ring atoms. The thio-phene ring is oriented with respect to the succinimide and phenyl rings at dihedral angles of 40.03 (12) and 5.21 (13)°, respectively. The dihedral angle between the succinimide and phenyl rings is 39.38 (12)°.

A novel synthesis of bromobenzenes using molecular bromine.

Certain substituted bromobenzenes have been synthesized in acceptable yields using a novel Sandmeyer type reaction. The reactions are relatively quick and possibly proceed via a radical mechanism.

The syntheses of some novel (naphthalen-1-yl-selenyl)acetic acid derivatives.

Some new (naphthalen-1-yl-selenyl)acetic acids derivatives 7a-d have been synthesized by two different methods, using naphthylselenols or naphthylselenocyanates. The structures of the products were investigated by spectroscopic methods.