Anti-icing performance of hydrophobic coatings on stainless steel surfaces.

This study aims to prevent ice accumulation on the surface of drilling tools by investigating the effectiveness of hydrophobic coatings, which is one of the most promising methods to solve drilling difficulties in warm ice. Herein, four types of hydrophobic organic coatings that can be used on metal surfaces were tested to evaluate their anti-icing performance, service durability, and friction properties. All of them possess rough surfaces with microstructure characteristics such as pores, stripes, or micropapillae. They also exhibit hydrophobicity, with water contact angles of 101.6°, 100.0°, 103.1°, and 108.5°. They can significantly prolong the required freezing time of water droplets on their surfaces, effectively reduce ice adhesion, and decrease the friction between ice and their surface. The ice adhesion in the axial, tensile, and tangential directions can be reduced by 65.64 %, 56.31 %, and 72.11 %, respectively, for the coating with silicon (Si)-based and fluorine (F)-containin compounds (coating-C) at -30 °C; while it can be reduced by 85.05 %, 73.9 %, and 94.2 %, respectively, for the coatings with Si-based and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) compounds (coating-D). The two coatings mentioned above lose their anti-icing performance after 20 icing and de-icing cycles, and their hydrophobicity after 120 abrasion cycles under a load of 6 N.

The efficacy and safety of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Currently, platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is not driven by identifiable genetic events, such as sensitizing mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and translocations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Immune checkpoint inhibitors, which unleash a patient's own T cells to attack tumors, are revolutionizing the treatment paradigm of lung cancer. Anti-programmed death 1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) antibody atezolizumab have shown a significantly longer survival and manageable safety profile, being approved as first or second-line treatment options in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Only the pembrolizumab approval is limited to the PD-L1-positive NSCLC; both nivolumab and atezolizumab can be currently used irrespective of tumor PD-L1 expression. Biomarkers for the response to PD-1/PD-LI checkpoint inhibitors beyond PD-L1 expression levels are being investigated in order to select patients who are most likely to benefit from antibodies targeting the PD-1 axis.