Discriminating Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Using Latent Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Profiles in Active-Duty Military Service Members.

OBJECTIVE: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly occur among military Service Members and Veterans and have heterogenous, but also overlapping symptom presentations, which often complicate the diagnoses of underlying impairments and development of effective treatment plans. Thus, we sought to examine whether the combination of whole brain gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) structural measures with neuropsychological performance can aid in the classification of military personnel with mTBI and PTSD. METHODS: Active-Duty US Service Members ( n = 156; 87.8% male) with a history of mTBI, PTSD, combined mTBI+PTSD, or orthopedic injury completed a neuropsychological battery and T1- and diffusion-weighted structural neuroimaging. Cortical, subcortical, ventricular, and WM volumes and whole brain fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) were calculated. Latent profile analyses were performed to determine how the GM and WM indicators, together with neuropsychological indicators, classified individuals. RESULTS: For both GM and WM, respectively, a 4-profile model was the best fit. The GM model identified greater ventricular volumes in Service Members with cognitive symptoms, including those with a diagnosis of mTBI, either alone or with PTSD. The WM model identified reduced FA and elevated RD in those with psychological symptoms, including those with PTSD or mTBI and comorbid PTSD. However, contrary to expectation, a global neural signature unique to those with comorbid mTBI and PTSD was not identified. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that neuropsychological performance alone is more robust in differentiating Active-Duty Service Members with mTBI and PTSD, whereas global neuroimaging measures do not reliably differentiate between these groups.

Advanced brain age in deployment-related traumatic brain injury: A LIMBIC-CENC neuroimaging study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is associated with advanced or accelerated brain aging among the United States (US) military Service Members and Veterans. METHODS: Eight hundred and twenty-two participants (mean age = 40.4 years, 714 male/108 female) underwent MRI sessions at eight sites across the US. Two hundred and one participants completed a follow-up scan between five months and four years later. Predicted brain ages were calculated using T1-weighted MRIs and then compared with chronological ages to generate an Age Deviation Score for cross-sectional analyses and an Interval Deviation Score for longitudinal analyses. Participants also completed a neuropsychological battery, including measures of both cognitive functioning and psychological health. RESULT: In cross-sectional analyses, males with a history of deployment-related mTBI showed advanced brain age compared to those without (t(884) = 2.1, p = .038), while this association was not significant in females. In follow-up analyses of the male participants, severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression symptoms, and alcohol misuse were also associated with advanced brain age. CONCLUSION: History of deployment-related mTBI, severity of PTSD and depression symptoms, and alcohol misuse are associated with advanced brain aging in male US military Service Members and Veterans.

Diffusion Imaging Findings in US Service Members With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Use diffusion tensor imaging to investigate white matter microstructure attributable to mild TBI (mTBI) and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-seven individuals with mTBI only, 16 with PTSD only, 42 with mTBI + PTSD, and 43 service members who sustained orthopedic injury. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. MAIN MEASURES: Clinical diffusion tensor imaging sequence to assess fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity within selected regions of interest. RESULTS: Corrected analyses revealed a pattern of lower white matter integrity in the PTSD group for several scalar metrics. Regions affected included primarily right hemisphere areas of the internal capsule. These differences associated with the PTSD only cohort were observed in relation to all 3 comparison groups, while the mTBI + PTSD group did not exhibit any notable pattern of white matter abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that lower resolution scan sequences are sensitive to post-acute abnormalities associated with PTSD, particularly in the right hemisphere. In addition, these findings suggest that ongoing PTSD symptoms are associated with differences in white matter diffusion that are more readily detected in a clinical scan sequence than mTBI abnormalities. Future studies are needed to prospectively assess service members prior to onset of injury to verify this pattern of results.

Relationships Between Subcortical Shape Measures and Subjective Symptom Reporting in US Service Members With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To assess interactions of subcortical structure with subjective symptom reporting associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), using advanced shape analysis derived from volumetric MRI. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-six cognitively symptomatic individuals with mTBI and 59 service members sustaining only orthopedic injury. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. MAIN MEASURES: Self-report symptom measures included the PTSD Checklist-Military, Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. High-dimensional measures of shape characteristics were generated from volumetric MRI for 7 subcortical structures in addition to standard volume measures. RESULTS: Several significant interactions between group status and symptom measures were observed across the various shape measures. These interactions were revealed in the right thalamus and globus pallidus for each of the shape measures, indicating differences in structure thickness and expansion/contraction for these regions. No relationships with volume were observed. CONCLUSION: Results provide evidence for the sensitivity of shape measures in differentiating symptomatic mTBI individuals from controls, while volumetric measures did not exhibit this same sensitivity. Disruptions to thalamic nuclei identified here highlight the role of the thalamus in the spectrum of symptoms associated with mTBI. Additional work is needed to prospectively, and longitudinally, assess these measures along with cognitive performance and advanced multimodal imaging methods to extend the utility of shape analysis in relation to functional outcomes in this population.

Quantitative structural neuroimaging of mild traumatic brain injury in the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium (CENC): Comparison of volumetric data within and across scanners.

BACKGROUND: An important component of the multicentre Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium (CENC) project is the development of improved quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, including volumetric analysis. Although many studies routinely employ quality assurance (QA) procedures including MR and human phantoms to promote accuracy and monitor site differences, few studies perform rigorous direct comparisons of these data nor report findings that enable inference regarding site-to-site comparability. These gaps in evaluating cross-site differences are concerning, especially given the well-established differences that can occur between data acquired on scanners with different manufacturer, hardware or software. METHODS: This study reports findings on (1) a series of studies utilizing two MR phantoms to interrogate machine-based variability using data collected on the same magnet, (2) a human phantom repeatedly imaged on the same scanner to investigate within-subject, within-site variability and (3) a human phantom imaged on three different scanners to examine within subject, between-site variability. RESULTS: Although variability is relatively minimal for the phantom scanned on the same magnet, significantly more variability is introduced in a human subject, particularly when regions are relatively small or multiple sites used. CONCLUSION: Vigilance when combining data from different sites is suggested and that future efforts address these issues.

Supervised learning technique for the automated identification of white matter hyperintensities in traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are foci of abnormal signal intensity in white matter regions seen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). WMHs are associated with normal ageing and have shown prognostic value in neurological conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). The impracticality of manually quantifying these lesions limits their clinical utility and motivates the utilization of machine learning techniques for automated segmentation workflows. METHODS: This study develops a concatenated random forest framework with image features for segmenting WMHs in a TBI cohort. The framework is built upon the Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs) and ANTsR toolkits. MR (3D FLAIR, T2- and T1-weighted) images from 24 service members and veterans scanned in the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium's (CENC) observational study were acquired. Manual annotations were employed for both training and evaluation using a leave-one-out strategy. Performance measures include sensitivity, positive predictive value, [Formula: see text] score and relative volume difference. RESULTS: Final average results were: sensitivity = 0.68 ± 0.38, positive predictive value = 0.51 ± 0.40, [Formula: see text] = 0.52 ± 0.36, relative volume difference = 43 ± 26%. In addition, three lesion size ranges are selected to illustrate the variation in performance with lesion size. CONCLUSION: Paired with correlative outcome data, supervised learning methods may allow for identification of imaging features predictive of diagnosis and prognosis in individual TBI patients.

Postoperative imaging of the orbital contents.

Ophthalmologists perform a wide array of interventions on the orbital contents. The surgical treatment of glaucoma, cataracts, retinal detachment, and ocular trauma or malignancy results in alteration of the standard anatomy, which is often readily evident at radiologic examinations. The ability to accurately recognize the various imaging manifestations after orbital surgery is critical for radiologists to avoid misdiagnosis. Of particular importance is familiarity with the numerous types of implanted devices, such as glaucoma drainage devices, orbital implants, and eyelid weights. Although knowledge of patients' surgical history is helpful, this information is often not available at the time of interpretation. Fortunately, there are characteristic posttreatment findings that enable diagnosis. The imaging features of the most commonly performed ophthalmologic procedures are highlighted, with emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, because they are currently the primary modalities involved in evaluating the orbits. Glaucoma drainage devices and orbital implants after enucleation are two of the more pertinent implanted devices because their composition has substantially evolved over the past 2 decades, which affects their imaging appearance. Some devices, such as the Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant and platinum-weighted eyelid implants, may distort radiologic images. The MR imaging safety profiles of numerous implanted devices are also reported.

Brachial plexopathy: a review of traumatic and nontraumatic causes.

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews brachial plexus anatomy in the context of key landmarks, illustrates common findings of traumatic and nontraumatic causes of brachial plexopathies, describes symptoms associated with these maladies, and explains how proper diagnosis impacts clinical decisions. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of brachial plexus anatomy and of the imaging sequelae of traumatic and nontraumatic plexopathies enables the radiologist to more easily identify these afflictions, thereby facilitating a multidisciplinary treatment plan and improving patient outcome.

Computed tomography imaging manifestations of commonly used materials in posttraumatic craniofacial repair.

An expansive array of materials exists within the armamentarium of craniofacial surgeons. For patients undergoing repair of posttraumatic injuries, computed tomography is the imaging modality of choice in the postoperative setting. Therefore, radiologists will invariably encounter implants constructed with various materials, depending on the surgeon's preference. The appearance of these materials on computed tomography is broad, ranging from hyperdense to radiolucent. To avoid misdiagnosis, radiologists should be familiar with all of the materials currently in use.

Microstructural Organization of Distributed White Matter Associated With Fine Motor Control in US Service Members With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common form of brain injury. While most individuals recover from mTBI, roughly 20% experience persistent symptoms, potentially including reduced fine motor control. We investigate relationships between regional white matter organization and subcortical volumes associated with performance on the Grooved Pegboard (GPB) test in a large cohort of military Service Members and Veterans (SM&Vs) with and without a history of mTBI(s). Participants were enrolled in the Long-term Impact of Military-relevant Brain Injury Consortium-Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium. SM&Vs with a history of mTBI(s) (n = 847) and without mTBI (n = 190) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and the GPB test. We first examined between-group differences in GPB completion time. We then investigated associations between GPB performance and regional structural imaging measures (tractwise diffusivity, subcortical volumes, and cortical thickness) in SM&Vs with a history of mTBI(s). Lastly, we explored whether mTBI history moderated associations between imaging measures and GPB performance. SM&Vs with mTBI(s) performed worse than those without mTBI(s) on the non-dominant hand GPB test at a trend level (p < 0.1). Higher fractional anisotropy (FA) of tracts including the posterior corona radiata, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus were associated with better GPB performance in the dominant hand in SM&Vs with mTBI(s). These findings support that the organization of several white matter bundles are associated with fine motor performance in SM&Vs. We did not observe that mTBI history moderated associations between regional FA and GPB test completion time, suggesting that chronic mTBI may not significantly influence fine motor control.

Persistent MRI Findings Unique to Blast and Repetitive Mild TBI: Analysis of the CENC/LIMBIC Cohort Injury Characteristics.

INTRODUCTION: MRI represents one of the clinical tools at the forefront of research efforts aimed at identifying diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Both volumetric and diffusion MRI findings in mild TBI (mTBI) are mixed, making the findings difficult to interpret. As such, additional research is needed to continue to elucidate the relationship between the clinical features of mTBI and quantitative MRI measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Volumetric and diffusion imaging data in a sample of 976 veterans and service members from the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium and now the Long-Term Impact of Military-Relevant Brain Injury Consortium observational study of the late effects of mTBI in combat with and without a history of mTBI were examined. A series of regression models with link functions appropriate for the model outcome were used to evaluate the relationships among imaging measures and clinical features of mTBI. Each model included acquisition site, participant sex, and age as covariates. Separate regression models were fit for each region of interest where said region was a predictor. RESULTS: After controlling for multiple comparisons, no significant main effect was noted for comparisons between veterans and service members with and without a history of mTBI. However, blast-related mTBI were associated with volumetric reductions of several subregions of the corpus callosum compared to non-blast-related mTBI. Several volumetric (i.e., hippocampal subfields, etc.) and diffusion (i.e., corona radiata, superior longitudinal fasciculus, etc.) MRI findings were noted to be associated with an increased number of repetitive mTBIs versus. CONCLUSIONS: In deployment-related mTBI, significant findings in this cohort were only observed when considering mTBI sub-groups (blast mechanism and total number/dose). Simply comparing healthy controls and those with a positive mTBI history is likely an oversimplification that may lead to non-significant findings, even in consortium analyses.

White Matter Hyperintensities and Mild TBI in Post-9/11 Veterans and Service Members.

INTRODUCTION: The neurobehavioral significance of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) seen on magnetic resonance imaging after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear, especially in Veterans and Service Members with a history of mild TBI (mTBI). In this study, we investigate the relation between WMH, mTBI, age, and cognitive performance in a large multisite cohort from the Long-term Impact of Military-relevant Brain Injury Consortium-Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The neuroimaging and neurobehavioral assessments for 1,011 combat-exposed, post-9/11 Veterans and Service Members (age range 22-69 years), including those with a history of at least 1 mTBI (n = 813; median postinjury interval of 8 years) or negative mTBI history (n = 198), were examined. RESULTS: White matter hyperintensities were present in both mTBI and comparison groups at similar rates (39% and 37%, respectively). There was an age-by-diagnostic group interaction, such that older Veterans and Service Members with a history of mTBI demonstrated a significant increase in the number of WMHs present compared to those without a history of mTBI. Additional associations between an increase in the number of WMHs and service-connected disability, insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and worse performance on tests of episodic memory and executive functioning-processing speed were found. CONCLUSIONS: Subtle but important clinical relationships are identified when larger samples of mTBI participants are used to examine the relationship between history of head injury and radiological findings. Future studies should use follow-up magnetic resonance imaging and longitudinal neurobehavioral assessments to evaluate the long-term implications of WMHs following mTBI.

Comparing resting-state connectivity of working memory networks in U.S. Service members with mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent among military populations, and both have been associated with working memory (WM) impairments. Previous resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) research conducted separately in PTSD and mTBI populations suggests that there may be similar and distinct abnormalities in WM-related networks. However, no studies have compared rsFC of WM brain regions in participants with mTBI versus PTSD. We used resting-state fMRI to investigate rsFC of WM networks in U.S. Service Members (n = 127; ages 18-59) with mTBI only (n = 46), PTSD only (n = 24), and an orthopedically injured (OI) control group (n = 57). We conducted voxelwise rsFC analyses with WM brain regions to test for differences in WM network connectivity in mTBI versus PTSD. Results revealed reduced rsFC between ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), lateral premotor cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) WM regions and brain regions in the dorsal attention and somatomotor networks in both mTBI and PTSD groups versus controls. When compared to those with mTBI, individuals with PTSD had lower rsFC between both the lateral premotor WM seed region and middle occipital gyrus as well as between the dlPFC WM seed region and paracentral lobule. Interestingly, only vlPFC connectivity was significantly associated with WM performance across the samples. In conclusion, we found primarily overlapping patterns of reduced rsFC in WM brain regions in both mTBI and PTSD groups. Our finding of decreased vlPFC connectivity associated with WM is consistent with previous clinical and neuroimaging studies. Overall, these results provide support for shared neural substrates of WM in individuals with either mTBI or PTSD.

Distinct patterns of resting-state connectivity in U.S. service members with mild traumatic brain injury versus posttraumatic stress disorder.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is highly prevalent in military populations, with many service members suffering from long-term symptoms. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with mTBI and predicts worse clinical outcomes. Functional neuroimaging research suggests there are both overlapping and distinct patterns of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in mTBI versus PTSD. However, few studies have directly compared rsFC of cortical networks in military service members with these two conditions. In the present study, U.S. service members (n = 137; ages 19-59; 120 male) underwent resting-state fMRI scans. Participants were divided into three study groups: mTBI only, PTSD only, and orthopedically injured (OI) controls. Analyses investigated group differences in rsFC for cortical networks: default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), salience, somatosensory, motor, auditory, and visual. Analyses were family-wise error (FWE) cluster-corrected and Bonferroni-corrected for number of network seeds regions at the whole brain level (pFWE < 0.002). Both mTBI and PTSD groups had reduced rsFC for DMN and FPN regions compared with OI controls. These group differences were largely driven by diminished connectivity in the PTSD group. rsFC with the middle frontal gyrus of the FPN was increased in mTBI, but decreased in PTSD. Overall, these results suggest that PTSD symptoms may have a more consistent signal than mTBI. Our novel findings of opposite patterns of connectivity with lateral prefrontal cortex highlight a potential biomarker that could be used to differentiate between these conditions.

Subcortical shape and neuropsychological function among U.S. service members with mild traumatic brain injury.

In a recent manuscript, our group demonstrated shape differences in the thalamus, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala in a cohort of U.S. Service Members with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Given the significant role these structures play in cognitive function, this study directly examined the relationship between shape metrics and neuropsychological performance. The imaging and neuropsychological data from 135 post-deployed United States Service Members from two groups (mTBI and orthopedic injured) were examined. Two shape features modeling local deformations in thickness (RD) and surface area (JD) were defined vertex-wise on parametric mesh-representations of 7 bilateral subcortical gray matter structures. Linear regression was used to model associations between subcortical morphometry and neuropsychological performance as a function of either TBI status or, among TBI patients, subjective reporting of initial concussion severity (CS). Results demonstrated several significant group-by-cognition relationships with shape metrics across multiple cognitive domains including processing speed, memory, and executive function. Higher processing speed was robustly associated with more dilation of caudate surface area among patients with mTBI who reported more than one CS variables (loss of consciousness (LOC), alteration of consciousness (AOC), and/or post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)). These significant patterns indicate the importance of subcortical structures in cognitive performance and support a growing functional neuroanatomical literature in TBI and other neurologic disorders. However, prospective research will be required before exact directional evolution and progression of shape can be understood and utilized in predicting or tracking cognitive outcomes in this patient population.

ENIGMA MILITARY BRAIN INJURY: A COORDINATED META-ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION MRI FROM MULTIPLE COHORTS.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and comorbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment.

Comparing Two Processing Pipelines to Measure Subcortical and Cortical Volumes in Patients with and without Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

PURPOSE: To compare volumetric results from NeuroQuant® and FreeSurfer in a service member setting. Since the advent of medical imaging, quantification of brain anatomy has been a major research and clinical effort. Rapid advancement of methods to automate quantification and to deploy this information into clinical practice has surfaced in recent years. NeuroQuant® is one such tool that has recently been used in clinical settings. Accurate volumetric data are useful in many clinical indications; therefore, it is important to assess the intermethod reliability and concurrent validity of similar volume quantifying tools. METHODS: Volumetric data from 148 U.S. service members across three different experimental groups participating in a study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were examined. Groups included mTBI (n = 71), posttraumatic stress disorder (n = 22), or a noncranial orthopedic injury (n = 55). Correlation coefficients and nonparametric group mean comparisons were used to assess reliability and concurrent validity, respectively. RESULTS: Comparison of these methods across our entire sample demonstrates generally fair to excellent reliability as evidenced by large intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC = .4 to .99), but little concurrent validity as evidenced by significantly different Mann-Whitney U comparisons for 26 of 30 brain structures measured. CONCLUSION: While reliability between the two segmenting tools is fair to excellent, volumetric outcomes are statistically different between the two methods. As suggested by both developers, structure segmentation should be visually verified prior to clinical use and rigor should be used when interpreting results generated by either method.

Susceptibility Weighted Imaging and White Matter Abnormality Findings in Service Members With Persistent Cognitive Symptoms Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a major health concern among active duty service members and Veterans returning from combat operations, and it can result in variable clinical and cognitive outcomes. Identifying biomarkers that can improve diagnosis and prognostication has been at the forefront of recent research efforts. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of abnormalities identified using more traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences such as fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) to more advanced MRI sequences such as susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) among a cohort of active duty service members experiencing persistent cognitive symptoms after mTBI. One-hundred and fifty-two active duty service members (77 mTBI, 58 orthopedically injured [OI] only, 17 post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] only) underwent MRI and neuropsychological evaluation at a large military treatment facility. Results demonstrated that FLAIR white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were present in all three groups at statistically similar rates (41% mTBI, 49% OI, and 29% PTSD). With the exception of a single OI participant showing a small discrete SWI lesion, SWI abnormalities were overwhelmingly present in mTBI patients (22% mTBI, 1% OI, and 0% PTSD). Functionally, mTBI participants with and without SWI abnormalities did not differ in demographics, symptom reporting, or cognitive performance. However, mTBI participants with and without WMH did differ for on measures of working memory with the mTBI participants with WMH having worse cognitive performance. No other significant differences were noted for those participants with and without imaging abnormalities for either the OI or PTSD only cohorts. These results appear to illustrate the sensitivity and specificity of SWI findings though these results did not have any significant functional impact in this cohort. In contrast, WMHs noted on FLAIR imaging were not sensitive or specific findings, but functionally relevant among mTBI participants. These findings emphasize the complexity of injury and functional outcome in mTBI patients that requires additional examination.

Volumetric and shape analyses of subcortical structures in United States service members with mild traumatic brain injury.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a significant health concern. The majority who sustain mTBI recover, although ~20 % continue to experience symptoms that can interfere with quality of life. Accordingly, there is a critical need to improve diagnosis, prognostic accuracy, and monitoring (recovery trajectory over time) of mTBI. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been successfully utilized to examine TBI. One promising improvement over standard volumetric approaches is to analyze high-dimensional shape characteristics of brain structures. In this study, subcortical shape and volume in 76 Service Members with mTBI was compared to 59 Service Members with orthopedic injury (OI) and 17 with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) only. FreeSurfer was used to quantify structures from T1-weighted 3 T MRI data. Radial distance (RD) and Jacobian determinant (JD) were defined vertex-wise on parametric mesh-representations of subcortical structures. Linear regression was used to model associations between morphometry (volume and shape), TBI status, and time since injury (TSI) correcting for age, sex, intracranial volume, and level of education. Volumetric data was not significantly different between the groups. JD was significantly increased in the accumbens and caudate and significantly reduced in the thalamus of mTBI participants. Additional significant associations were noted between RD of the amygdala and TSI. Positive trend-level associations between TSI and the amygdala and accumbens were observed, while a negative association was observed for third ventricle. Our findings may aid in the initial diagnosis of mTBI, provide biological targets for functional examination, and elucidate regions that may continue remodeling after injury.