Updated mutational spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations in ichthyosis patients with ABCA12 pathogenic variants.

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCI) is a genetically heterogeneous condition that can be caused by pathogenic variants in at least 12 genes, including ABCA12. ARCI mainly consists of congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE), lamellar ichthyosis (LI) and harlequin ichthyosis (HI). The objective was to determine previously unreported pathogenic variants in ABCA12 and to update genotype-phenotype correlations for patients with pathogenic ABCA12 variants. Pathogenic variants in ABCA12 were detected using Sanger sequencing or a combination of Sanger sequencing and whole-exome sequencing. To verify the pathogenicity of a previously unreported large deletion and intron variant, cDNA analysis was performed using total RNA extracted from hair roots. Genetic analyses were performed on the patients with CIE, LI, HI and non-congenital ichthyosis with unusual phenotypes (NIUP), and 11 previously unreported ABCA12 variants were identified. Sequencing of cDNA confirmed the aberrant splicing of the variant ABCA12 in the patients with the previously unreported large deletion and intron variant. Our findings expand the phenotype spectrum of ichthyosis patients with ABCA12 pathogenic variants. The present missense variants in ABCA12 are considered to be heterogenous in pathogenicity, and they lead to varying disease severities in patients with ARCI and non-congenital ichthyosis with unusual phenotypes (NIUP).

Treating epidermolytic ichthyosis and ichthyosis with confetti with epidermal autografts cultured from revertant skin.

BACKGROUND: No efficient treatment has been established yet for epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI) caused by pathogenic variants in KRT1 or KRT10. Patients with ichthyosis with confetti (IWC) show multiple normal-appearing spots, caused by the revertant somatic recombination of pathogenic variants that occurs at each spot independently. Additionally, some patients with EI have large areas of normal skin due to revertant postzygotic mosaicism. OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility transplanting cultured epidermal autografts (CEAs) produced from revertant epidermal keratinocytes in patients with EI and IWC. METHODS: We performed a clinical trial of treatment with CEAs produced from each patient's own revertant epidermal keratinocytes as a proof-of-concept study. This is a single-arm, open (masking not used), uncontrolled, single-assignment, treatment purpose study. The primary outcome was the rate of areas without the recurrence of ichthyosis lesions 4 weeks after the final transplant (%). The secondary outcome was the rate of areas without the recurrence of ichthyosis lesions 24 weeks after initial transplantation (%). RESULTS: We successfully produced CEAs from the genetically confirmed revertant skin of the two mosaic EI patients and one IWC patient and genetically confirmed that CEAs mainly consist of revertant wild-type cells by amplicon sequencing and droplet digital PCR analysis. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirmed the normal proliferation and safety profiling of CEAs. CEAs were transplanted to desquamated lesional sites of the patients. Four weeks after this transplantation, the rate of areas without the recurrence of ichthyosis lesions in the three cases was 39.52%, 100.0%, and 100.0% respectively, although the recurrence of ichthyosis lesions was seen at the site of CEA transplantation in all three patients at 24 weeks after transplantation. CONCLUSION: CEAs from normal skin have the potential to be a safe and local treatment option for EI and IWC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: jRCTb041190097.

Mild generalised pustular psoriasis patient with a heterozygous hypomorphic MPO variant successfully treated with granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis.

Pathogenic variants in MPO, which encodes the myeloperoxidase, were reported as causative genetic defects in several cases of generalised pustular psoriasis (GPP) in addition to patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency in 2020. However, which clinical subtypes of GPP patients have pathogenic variants in MPO remains largely undetermined, and elucidating this is clinically important. The present report outlines a mild case of GPP with a rare missense heterozygous variant, c.1810C>T p.(Arg604Cys), in MPO. Our structural analysis and functional assays to measure myeloperoxidase activity suggest that the present MPO substitution is a hypomorphic variant in MPO. Thus, the mild phenotype of the present GPP patient might be associated with an incomplete hypomorphic loss-of-function variant in MPO. Additionally, the severe intractable edematous pustules and erythema improved dramatically after five rounds of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GMA) therapy. This is the first report of GMA treatment for GPP associated with a pathogenic variant in MPO, as far as we know. Our findings suggest that GMA might be a useful and powerful tool for controlling GPP in patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency.

[Successful treatment of pre-engraftment disseminated fusariosis with high-dose liposomal amphotericin B in a cord blood transplant recipient].

A 47-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic-related changes relapsed after an allogenic bone marrow transplant and received a cord blood transplant as salvage therapy. The patient developed febrile neutropenia that was resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics and multiple, painful, nodular skin lesions on his trunk and extremities before engraftment. A skin biopsy and blood culture found mold, and the subsequent microscopic examination, mass spectrometry, and DNA sequencing of the fungal colonies identified Fusarium solani. The patient's fever and skin lesions began to improve with the administration of liposomal amphotericin B at 5 mg/kg/day. Neutrophilic engraftment occurred on day 19. Stage 3 acute skin graft-versus-host disease was cured by the application of topical steroid. Unexpectedly, a change from liposomal amphotericin B to voriconazole on day 38 exacerbated the Fusarium infection. The Fusarium infection was finally cured by the administration of liposomal amphotericin B for a total of 19 weeks. Neutrophilic engraftment, an immediate definitive diagnosis, the sufficient and long-term administration of appropriate antifungal medication, and avoidance of the systemic administration of steroids might have contributed to the successful outcome of this patient.

Patients with keratinization disorders due to ABCA12 variants showing pityriasis rubra pilaris phenotypes.

Pathogenic variants in ABCA12 are important causative genetic defects for autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCI), which include congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE), harlequin ichthyosis, and lamellar ichthyosis. In addition, pathogenic variants in ABCA12 are known to cause a localized nevoid form of CIE due to recessive mosaicism. We previously reported siblings who carried an ABCA12 variant but did not show a "congenital" phenotype. They were considered to have pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP). Here, we present a further patient with ABCA12 variants whose phenotype was not congenital ichthyosis, in an independent family. Notably, these three patients had geographic unaffected areas. Such areas are not usually found in patients with ARCI who have ABCA12 variants, suggesting mild phenotypes for these patients. Interestingly, the histological features of the ichthyotic lesions in these patients resembled those of PRP. All three patients had homozygous pathogenic missense variants in ABCA12. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of patients with ABCA12 variants.

Autoinflammatory Keratinization Disease With Hepatitis and Autism Reveals Roles for JAK1 Kinase Hyperactivity in Autoinflammation.

Heterozygous mutations in JAK1 which result in JAK-STAT hyperactivity have been implicated in an autosomal dominant disorder that features multi-organ immune dysregulation. This study identifies another previously unreported heterozygous missense JAK1 mutation, H596D, in an individual with a unique autoinflammatory keratinization disease associated with early-onset liver dysfunction and autism. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene targeting, we generated mice with an identical Jak1 knock-in missense mutation (Jak1H595D/+;I596I/+;Y597Y/+ mice) that recapitulated key aspects of the human phenotype. RNA sequencing of samples isolated from the Jak1H595D/+;I596I/+;Y597Y/+ mice revealed the upregulation of genes associated with the hyperactivation of tyrosine kinases and NF-κB signaling. Interestingly, there was a strong correlation between genes downregulated in Jak1H595D/+;I596I/+;Y597Y/+ mice and those downregulated in the brain of model mice with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome that showed cognitive and behavioral deficits, such as autism spectrum disorders. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of JAK1-associated disease and underscore how JAK1 dysfunction contributes to this autoinflammatory disorder.