Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method.

Brake friction materials (BFMs) have a critical role in ensuring the safety as well as the reliability of automotive braking systems. However, traditional BFMs, typically made from asbestos, are associated with environmental and health concerns. Therefore, this results in a growing interest in developing alternative BFMs that are eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective. This study investigates the effect of varying concentrations of epoxy, rice husk, alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) on the mechanical and thermal properties of BFMs prepared using the hand layup method. In this study, the rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were filtered through a 200-mesh sieve. Note that the BFMs were fabricated using different combinations and concentrations of the materials. Their mechanical properties, such as density, hardness, flexural strength, wear resistance, and thermal properties, were investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of the ingredients significantly influence the mechanical and thermal properties of the BFMs. A specimen made from epoxy, rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with concentrations of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%, respectively, produced the best properties for BFMs. On the other hand, the density, hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and wear rate values of this specimen were 1.23 g/cm3, 81.2 Vickers (HV), 57.24 MPa, 4.08 GPa, and 8.665 × 10-7 mm2/kg. In addition, this specimen had better thermal properties than the other specimens. These findings provide valuable insights into developing eco-friendly and sustainable BFMs with suitable performance for automotive applications.

Exploring the relationship between hadith narrators in Book of Bukhari through SPADE algorithm.

As one of the law resources of Muslim society, hadith is very important to learn. Unlike most hadith-related research, which studies more about content, we examine the relationship pattern between hadith narrators. In the study of hadith science, a series of hadith narrators who narrate a hadith is referred to as a sanad. This hadith sanad must be connected to the Prophet as the primary source of a hadith. Therefore, research related to the relationship between narrators is fundamental because it affects the quality and validity of a hadith. This paper analyzes the pattern of hadith narrators using Sequential Pattern Discovery using Equivalence Classes (SPADE). We separate the data of the narrators from the content, whereas, in the hadith books we use, the two are still mixed. This study, therefore, provides detailed information on the steps in the analysis of the patterns of hadith narrators. Some of the highlights of this paper are:•Algorithm 1 provides the detailed steps in data preprocessing to obtain the "clean data" needed in analyzing the pattern of narrator relationships.•Algorithm 2 provides a detailed description of analyzing the pattern between hadith narrators using SPADE.