Differential Age-Based Response Induced by a Commercial Probiotic Supplementation in Pastured Goats.

The potential benefit of probiotics in small ruminant production systems has largely been unexplored. We evaluated the effect of a goat commercial probiotic on health and performance indicators in pastured goats from birth until 10 months. We randomly allocated 26 newborn nursing goat kids to two groups: a control group that received saline and a treatment group that received a commercial probiotic paste orally. We evaluated select observable health indicators (inappetence, diarrhea, coughing), weight, immunity (IgA, IgG, and innate immune response), total protein, hematocrit (HCT), total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total coliforms, and prevalence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) primary virulence genes (stx1, stx2, and eae) during the experimental period. The results revealed no significant differences in the health indicators, LAB count, and total E. coli count. Prevalence of stx1 at 1 week of age and both stx1 and stx2 genes 4 months post-weaning was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in probiotic-supplemented goats. Probiotic supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the total protein and IgA 1 month post-supplementation during the pre-weaning period and innate immune markers 2 days post-weaning. The HCT in probiotic-supplemented goats was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 1 and 2 months post-weaning. The growth rate was not affected by probiotic supplementation in pre- and peri-weaned goats but was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered in goats older than 4 months in the supplemented group. In this pastured goat production study, there were mixed responses to a commercial probiotic in healthy goats based on age. The study suggests that early daily probiotic supplementation in pre-weaned pastured goats may have immune stimulation benefits, but in older healthy animals, post-weaning net benefits are unclear and further research is recommended.

The Dynamic Nexus Between International Tourism and Environmental Degradation in Top Twenty Tourist Destinations: New Insights From Quantile-on-Quantile Approach.

Tourism is one of the important factors that can affect the environmental and economic situation of any economy. This study investigates the relationship between tourist arrivals and CO2 emission in the top 20 tourist destinations using data from quarterly observations from 1995 to 2018. A unique technique via quantile-on-quantile regression and Granger causality in quantiles was used. In particular, how the quantiles of tourist arrivals impact quantiles of CO2 emission was analyzed. The empirical results suggest a combination of both positive and negative effects of tourist arrivals and CO2 emission in most tourist destinations. Predominantly, at both high and low tails, in the USA, Spain, Hong Kong, and Austria, tourist arrival has a positive effect on CO2 emission, whereas in the case of Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, and Malaysia, the association was negative. On the other hand, China, Greece, Russia, Japan, Italy, South Korea, Thailand, and Turkey have both positive and negative effects of tourism on CO2 emissions at low and high tails. Tourism can be an important factor while formulating policy for environmental and climate aspects.

Understanding Age-Related Longitudinal Dynamics in Abundance and Diversity of Dominant Culturable Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria in Pastured Goats.

Understanding gut lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in healthy hosts is an important first step in selecting potential probiotic species. To understand the dynamics of LAB in healthy goats, a cohort of thirty-seven healthy new-born goat kids was studied over a ten-month period. Total LAB was quantified using SYBR green qPCR. Seven hundred LAB isolates were characterized using microscopy, M13 RAPD genotyping and 16S rDNA sequencing. The highest and lowest LAB counts were detected at one week and ten months of age, respectively. Diverse LAB species were detected, whose identity and prevalence varied with age. The main isolates belonged to Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Limosilactibacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus johnsonni, Ligilactobacillus murinus, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Limosilactobacillus mucosae, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Ligilactobacillus agilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus/amyolovolus, Pediococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. Uniquely, L. reuteri and Pediococcus spp. were most common in pre- and peri-weaned goats, while Lactobacillus mucosae and Enterococcus spp. were predominant in goats one month and older. Based on RAPD genotyping, L. reuteri had the highest genotypic diversity, with age being a factor on the genotypes detected. This data may be relevant in the selection of age-specific probiotics for goats. The findings may also have broader implications by highlighting age as a factor for consideration in probiotic bacteria selection in other animal hosts.

Impact of cefepime therapy on mortality among patients with bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.

Extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogens are associated with extensive morbidity and mortality and rising health care costs. Scant data exist on the impact of antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcomes in patients with ESBL bloodstream infections (BSI), and no large studies have examined the impact of cefepime therapy. A retrospective 3-year study was performed at the Detroit Medical Center on adult patients with BSI due to ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli. Data were collected from the medical records of study patients at five hospitals between January 2005 and December 2007. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. One hundred forty-five patients with BSI due to ESBL-producing pathogens, including K. pneumoniae (83%) and E. coli (16.5%), were studied. The mean age of the patients was 66 years. Fifty-one percent of the patients were female, and 79.3% were African-American. Fifty-three patients (37%) died in the hospital, and 92 survived to discharge. In bivariate analysis, the variables associated with mortality (P < 0.05) were presence of a rapidly fatal condition at the time of admission, use of gentamicin as a consolidative therapeutic agent, and presence of one or more of the following prior to culture date: mechanical ventilation, stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), and presence of a central venous catheter. In multivariate analysis, the predictors of in-hospital mortality included stay in the intensive care unit (odds ratio [OR], 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 4.78), presence of a central-line catheter prior to positive culture (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 0.77 to 7.03), presence of a rapidly fatal condition at the time of admission (OR, 5.13; 95% CI, 2.13 to 12.39), and recent prior hospitalization (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 0.83 to 4.09). When carbapenems were added as empirical therapy to the predictor model, there was a trend between empirical carbapenem therapy and decreased mortality (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.26 to 1.50). When added to the model, receipt of empirical cefepime alone (n = 43) was associated with increased mortality, although this association did not reach statistical significance (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.71 to 3.87). The median length of hospital stay was shorter for patients receiving empirical cefepime than for those receiving empirical or consolidated carbapenem therapy. In multivariate analysis, empirical therapy with cefepime for BSI due to an ESBL-producing pathogen was associated with a trend toward an increased mortality risk and empirical carbapenem therapy was associated with a trend toward decreased mortality risk.

Comparison of the clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium bacteremia.

In published studies, cohorts of patients with bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) have predominantly been infected with Enterococcus faecium. Little is known about the epidemiology and outcomes associated with bacteremia due to VR Enterococcus faecalis. A retrospective study of isolates obtained from January 2008 to October 2010 was conducted at Detroit Medical Center (DMC). Unique patients with blood cultures positive for VRE were reviewed. Outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression. During the study period, 105 cases of bacteremia due to VR E. faecalis and 197 cases of bacteremia due to VR E. faecium were identified. The mean age in the study cohort was 61.5 ± 15 years; 162 subjects (53.6%) were male. After controlling for a propensity score, bacteremia due to VR E. faecalis was associated with >2-fold-lower in-hospital mortality than bacteremia due to VR E. faecium. Interestingly, bacteremia due to VR E. faecalis was associated with longer hospital stay after VRE isolation, although total length of stay was similar for groups with VR E. faecalis and VR E. faecium. Bacteremia due to VR E. faecalis was associated with a >2-fold-lower risk for mortality than bacteremia due to VR E. faecium, possibly due to the availability of ß-lactam therapeutics for treatment of VR E. faecalis.

Knowledge and attitudes about tetanus and rabies: a population-based survey from Karachi, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate public knowledge regarding predisposing factors, fatality and prevention of Tetanus and Rabies and attitudes toward vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in all the 18 towns of Karachi, the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan, from December 2007 to January 2008. Men and women of more than 18 years of age were included in the study which used a self-reporting questionarre as its tool. RESULTS: There were 1201 people interviewed by the study. The majority of respondents had known or heard about Tetanus (n = 973; 81%) and rabies (n = 699; 58%). There were 29 (2.5%) reported dog bites on the subjects themselves and 218(18%) respondents reported dog bites among their family members during the preceeding one year. Only three (11%) of these dog bite victims received some kind of vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis. The majority of the participants were not aware of the fatality of these diseases and the importance of vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis. Of the total respondents, 563 (47%) reported an injury or wound during the preceeding one year. Of them, 426 (76%) received a Tetanus injection. Out of the total study population, 1019 (85%) respondents did not know that Tetanus could be a fatal disease, and 844 (70%) did not know that Tetanus could affect and kill newborns. Literate people and males were more likely to have adequate knowledge on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Minor injuries and dog bites are a common occurrence in Karachi. Only a small proportion of these patients received post-exposure treatment. Most of the participants were not aware of the fatality of these diseases and the importance and affordability of vaccination in case of dog bites and minor trauma.

Knowledge gaps in stroke care: results of a survey of family physicians in Pakistan.

Family physicians play a pivotal role in stroke prevention (primary and secondary) and early management of stroke in developing countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether Pakistani family physicians' approach to stroke prevention and management was in accordance with established international guidelines. This was a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected family physicians in Pakistan, conducted in 2007. A total of 588 family physicians participated in the study. The data reveal that 88% of the physicians are aware of at least one of the 5 major symptoms of stroke, but only 46% are able to correctly idenitfy all 5 symptoms; 93% of the physicians check blood pressure in their adult patients regularly, and 63% use a cutoff of 140/90 mm Hg to start antihypertensive therapy in routine clinical practice; 90% ask their patients about cigarette smoking or tobacco use, but only 64% regularly advise their patients to quit smoking; 75% do not routinely check cholesterol levels in their patients; 36% treat patients with stroke by themselves, whereas 64% prefer to refer these patients to a specialist or hospital; 57% use intravenous or sublingual antihypertensive medications in patients with acute stroke with blood pressure >160/100 mm Hg; and 95% use antiplatelet agents for stroke prevention, with 70% using aspirin and 28% using clopidogrel as first-line antiplatelet therapy. These data indicate a substantial gap between international guidelines and Pakistani family physicians' management of stroke patients. There is an urgent need for stroke-related continuing medical education to propagate stroke management guidelines.

Utilization and outcome of thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke in Pakistan.

Our objective was to identify the outcome of patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPa) in Pakistan and compare these data to available regional and international data. The charts of all patients treated with r-tPa for acute stroke at two centers in Pakistan (Aga Khan University, Karachi and Liaquat National hospital, Karachi) were retrospectively reviewed. We identified 21 patients. The utilization of tPa at Aga Khan Hospital was 18/1,185 patients (1.5%) from 2005 to 2007 while at Liaquat National Hospital was 3/575 patients (0.52%) over 1 year (2007). Mean time interval between stroke onset and start of r-tPa infusion was 169 min. Three patients (14%) developed fatal hemorrhage and two (10%) developed non-fatal hemorrhage. Four patients (19%) died. We identified protocol violations in seven patients (33%). In conclusion, the utilization of thrombolytic therapy is low and complication rate is high. Interventions for training physicians are needed.

The asymmetric role of freight and passenger transportation in testing EKC in the US economy: evidence from QARDL approach.

This study examines the association between transportation services (i.e., passenger and freight) and carbon emissions concerning the US economy. The monthly data for this study were collected for the period from 2000 M1 to 2019 M8. In this study, QARDL econometric approach as discussed by Cho et al. (2015) has been used to tests the relationship between transportation services and CO2 emissions. Due to the chaotic and nonlinear behavior of our concerning variables, it was quite difficult to gauge the principle properties of their variations. Therefore, we relied on QARDL, which has been missing in previous researches. By utilizing the QARDL method, this research assesses the long-term stability of the nexus across the quantiles to provide an econometric framework that is more flexible than the traditional ones. In particular, the authors have analyzed how the quantiles of transportation (i.e., passenger and freight) influence the quantiles of CO2 emissions (environmental degradation). The empirical evidence revealed the negative significant relationship of both the transportation system (i.e., passenger and freight) with carbon emissions; however, this relationship holds at low quantiles of freight transport, whereas the same relationship has been observed at the majority of quantiles of passenger transport. So, this depicts that the transportation system of the USA helps to reduce CO2 emissions. Therefore, to maintain this situation, the government shall introduce more technologies that are fuel-efficient and promote clean consumption, thus reducing CO2 emissions, boosting economic growth, and making green transportation services.

Total parotidectomy under local anesthesia: a novel technique.

Parotidectomy is a common procedure usually done for a parotid mass necessitating a histological diagnosis. Operation is normally performed under General anesthesia with a nerve stimulator to facilitate facial nerve stimulation. We describe a new technique with reports of three cases, making total parotidectomy under local anesthesia possible. The ascending cervical branch of cervical plexus and the auriculotemporal nerve were anesthetized by bupivacaine 0.25% (2mg/kg) and lignocaine with adrenaline 7 mg/kg. Effective onset of anesthesia was within 15-25 minutes and the operations lasted between 2-3 hours without any complications. This offers advantage in high-risk patients where general anesthesia is contraindicated. The facial nerve can be easily identified with on command movements by the patient rendering the use of nerve stimulator or injection of the dye superfluous. This technique makes total parotidectomy an outpatient procedure and facilitates an early discharge.

A rare presentation of myxofibrosarcoma as a Pancoast tumor: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Myxofibrosarcoma is an aggressive soft tissue neoplasm, classified as a variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Most often, it occurs in middle to late adult life peaking in the seventh decade and involving the lower extremities (77%), trunk (12%), and retroperitoneum or mediastinum (8%). We report the first case of thoracic myxofibrosarcoma presenting as a Pancoast tumor. CASE PRESENTATION: A 48-year-old non-tobacco smoking African-American man presented with a slow-growing mass in his neck along with 11 kg weight loss over 9 months. A review of his systems was positive for hoarseness and lowgrade intermittent fever without any shortness of breath or cough. A physical examination revealed a mass on the left side of his neck superior to his sternoclavicular joint measuring 3 × 3 × 1 cm. He had ptosis and miosis of his left eye. His breath sounds were decreased and coarse at the left apex. A neurological examination revealed 3/5 strength in his left upper arm. The remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable. Ultrasound of his neck showed an ill-defined heterogeneous mass lateral to his left thyroid lobe. A computed tomography scan of his chest showed a large multiloculated pleural-based mass in his left lung surrounding the adjacent neurovascular structures. A percutaneous biopsy was non-diagnostic. Subsequently, he underwent a left thoracotomy with biopsy. The mass extended from his anterior mediastinum medially at the level of the pulmonary trunk, superiorly into the superior sulcus and posteriorly into his chest wall. Surgical pathology confirmed the diagnosis of myxofibrosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: Here we present a case of Pancoast tumor with myxofibrosarcoma as the underlying etiology. Pancoast syndrome generally entails an infiltrating lesion in the superior sulcus presenting with upper extremity pain, atrophy of the hand muscles, and Horner's syndrome. The differential diagnosis of Pancoast syndrome includes inflammatory and infectious etiologies, as well as neoplasms of benign and malignant nature. Of the neoplasms implicated, the most common are non-small cell lung carcinomas; myxofibrosarcoma presenting as a Pancoast tumor has not been reported in the literature.

Contact precautions: more is not necessarily better.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether increases in contact isolation precautions are associated with decreased adherence to isolation practices among healthcare workers (HCWs). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study from February 2009 to October 2009. SETTING: Eleven teaching hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: HCWs. METHODS: One thousand thirteen observations conducted on HCWs. Additional data included the number of persons in isolation, types of HCWs, and hospital-specific contact precaution practices. Main outcome measures included compliance with individual components of contact isolation precautions (hand hygiene before and after patient encounter, donning of gown and glove upon entering a patient room, and doffing upon exiting) and overall compliance (all 5 measures together) during varying burdens of isolation. RESULTS: Compliance with hand hygiene was as follows: prior to donning gowns/gloves, 37.2%; gowning, 74.3%; gloving, 80.1%; doffing of gowns/gloves, 80.1%; after gown/glove removal, 61%. Compliance with all components was 28.9%. As the burden of isolation increased (20% or less to greater than 60%), a decrease in compliance with hand hygiene (43.6%-4.9%) and with all 5 components (31.5%-6.5%) was observed. In multivariable analysis, there was an increase in noncompliance with all 5 components of the contact isolation precautions bundle (odds ratio [OR], 6.6 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-37.44]; P = .03) and in noncompliance with hand hygiene prior to donning gowns and gloves (OR, 10.1 [95% CI, 1.84-55.54]; P = .008) associated with increasing burden of isolation. CONCLUSIONS: As the proportion of patients in contact isolation increases, compliance with contact isolation precautions decreases. Placing 40% of patients under contact precautions represents a tipping point for noncompliance with contact isolation precautions measures.

Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci with reduced susceptibility to daptomycin.

A retrospective case-case control study was conducted, including 60 cases with daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-resistant enterococci (DNS-VRE) matched to cases with daptomycin-susceptible VRE and to uninfected controls (1∶1∶3 ratio). Immunosuppression, presence of comorbid conditions, and prior exposure to antimicrobials were independent predictors of DNS-VRE, although prior daptomycin exposure occurred rarely. In summary, a case-case control study identified independent risk factors for the isolation of DNS-VRE: immunosuppression, multiple comorbid conditions, and prior exposures to cephalosporines and metronidazole.

Predictors of the intracerebral hemorrhage volume in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhage volume is an important predictor of outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). It is not clear why in some patients ICH volume is larger than in others. Identification of modifiable factors responsible for large-volume hemorrhage in hypertensive patients may help to reduce ICH-related morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify predictors of large-volume ICH in hypertensive patients. METHODS: At a tertiary care center in Karachi (Pakistan), 157 hypertensive patients with ICH were prospectively analyzed in 2008-2009, and hemorrhage volumes were determined using CT or MRI and various factors, including duration of hypertension, medical treatment, compliance, co-morbidity, and hematologic and coagulation profiles. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of high-volume hemorrhage. A volume >30 mm(3) was defined as high-volume hemorrhage. RESULTS: Of 157 patients with hypertensive ICH evaluated, 133 patients were included in the study, and 24 patients with brain stem, cerebellum and pure intraventricular hemorrhage were excluded. The mean age of the study patients was 55 years; 56 patients (70%) were male. High-volume hemorrhage (>30 mm(3)) was noted in 47 (35%) patients. Mortality was significantly increased in patients with high-volume ICH (32 vs. 6% in patients with low-volume ICH). In univariate analysis, factors significantly associated with large-volume ICH were male gender (p = 0.002), hypertension lasting >10 years (p = 0.03), warfarin treatment (p = 0.05), use of >1 anti-hypertensive agent (p = 0.001) and poor compliance with medication (p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, use of >1 anti-hypertensive agent and poor compliance were also predictors of large-volume ICH. CONCLUSION: High-volume hemorrhage was less common (28%) in our patients with hypertension and ICH. Use of >1 anti-hypertensive agent and poor compliance were predictors of large-volume ICH.