Dietary branched-chain amino acids intake and new-onset hypertension: a nationwide prospective cohort study in China.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the risk of developing hypertension. METHODS: A cohort study of 14,883 Chinese adults without hypertension at baseline with were followed for an average of 8.9 years. Dietary intakes of BCAAs, including Ile, Leu, and Val, were collected using 3-day 24-h meal recall and household condiment weighing. Cox proportional hazards regression, restricted cubic splines, interaction analysis, and sensitivity analysis were used to assess the relationship between dietary BCAAs and risk of developing self-reported hypertension, adjusting for age, gender, region, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking status, physical activity, energy intake, salt intake. RESULTS: Among 14,883 study subjects, 6386(42.9%) subjects aged ≥ 45 years at baseline, 2692 (18.1%) had new-onset hypertension during the study period, with a median age of 56 years. High levels of dietary BCAAs were associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension. Compared with the 41st-60th percentile, multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for new-onset hypertension was 1.16 (95% CI 1.01-1.32) for dietary BCAAs 61st-80th percentiles, 1.30 (1.13-1.50) for 81st-95th, 1.60 (1.32-1.95) for 96th-100th. The cut-off value of new-onset hypertension risk, total BCAAs, Ile, Leu, and Val were 15.7 g/day, 4.1 g/day, 6.9 g/day, 4.6 g/day, respectively, and the proportion of the population above these intake values were 13.9%, 13.1%, 15.4%, and 14.4%, respectively. Age, BMI, and salt intake had an interactive effect on this relationship (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a significant positive association between total dietary BCAAs, Ile, Leu, Val intake and the risk of developing hypertension, after adjustment for confounders. This relationship was influenced by age, BMI, and salt intake. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism and potential role of BCAAs in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

Exploring the complex dynamics of BMI, age, and physiological indicators in early adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood biochemical indicators in early adolescence, and to provide ideas for early prevention of diseases and explore possible disease-related predictors. METHODS: 3125 participants aged 10 ∼ 14 years were selected from China from the survey of "China Nutrition and Health Surveillance ( 2016 ∼ 2017 ) ". Employing advanced statistical methods, including generalized linear models, heatmaps, hierarchical clustering, and generalized additive models, the study delved into the associations between BMI and various biochemical indicators. RESULTS: In early adolescence, indicators including systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, weight, height, BMI, hemoglobin, blood uric acid, serum creatinine, albumin, vitamin A presented increasing trends with the increase of age ( P < 0.05 ), whereas LDL-C, vitamin D, and ferritin showed decreasing trends with the increase of age ( P < 0.05 ). The increase in hemoglobin and blood uric acid levels with age was more pronounced in males compared to females ( P < 0.05 ). BMI was positively correlated with blood glucose, hemoglobin, triglyceride, LDL-C, blood uric acid, serum creatinine, ferritin, transferrin receptor, hs-CRP, total protein, vitamin A ( P < 0.05 ). There was a significant BMI × age interaction in the correlation analysis with LDL-C, transferrin receptor, serum creatinine, and hs-CRP ( P < 0.05 ). BMI was a risk factor for hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome in all age groups ( OR > 1, P < 0.05 ). CONCLUSIONS: High BMI was a risk factor for hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and MetS in early adolescents. With the focus on energy intake beginning in early adolescence, the maintenance of a healthy weight warrants greater attention.

Association between dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and hyperuricemia among Chinese adults: findings from a nationwide representative study.

BACKGROUND: Certain foods and food groups could positively or negatively impact serum uric acid (SUA) levels. However, evidence on the holistic dietary strategy to prevent and control hyperuricemia (HUA) development remains limited. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research work was to explore the association of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet with SUA levels and odds of HUA among Chinese adults. METHODS: This research premise included 66,427 Chinese adults aged 18 and above who were part of the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in 2015. Dietary consumptions were assessed via the household condiment weighing approach and a three-day, 24-hour dietary recall. Total fat, saturated fat, calcium, protein, potassium, cholesterol, magnesium, fiber, and sodium were all adopted to calculate the DASH score (score range, 0-9). The associations of DASH score with SUA levels and odds of HUA were evaluated using multiple linear and logistic regression models, respectively. RESULTS: We established that a higher DASH score was linked with a lower SUA levels (ß = - 0.11; 95% CI: - 0.12, - 0.1; p < 0.001) and odds of HUA (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.87; p < 0.001) after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, education status, marital status, health behaviours and health factors. The association of the DASH diet with odds of HUA was stronger among men (p-interaction = 0.009), non-Han Chinese (p-interaction< 0.001) as well as rural residents (p-interaction< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results illustrate that the DASH diet was remarkably negatively with SUA levels and odds of HUA in the Chinese adult population.

The dynamic nexus: exploring the interplay of BMI before, during, and after pregnancy with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) risk in Chinese lactating women.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The health implications of BMI and MetS in lactating women are significant. This study aims to investigate the relationship between risk of Mets in lactation and BMI in four stages: pre-pregnancy, prenatal period, 42 days postpartum, and current lactation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1870 Lactating Women within 2 years after delivery were included from "China Child and Lactating Mother Nutrition Health Surveillance (2016-2017)". Logistic regression model and Restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to estimate the relationship between BMI and risk of MetS. ROC analysis was used to determine the threshold for the risk of MetS. Chain mediating effect analysis was used to verify the mediating effect. BMI of MetS group in all stages were higher than non-MetS group (P < 0.0001). There were significant positive correlations between BMI in each stage and ORs of MetS during lactation (P < 0.05). The best cut-off values for BMI in the four stages were 23.47, 30.49, 26.04 and 25.47 kg/m2. The non-linear spline test at BMI in 42 days postpartum, current and MetS in lactation was statistically significant (P non-linear = 0.0223, 0.0003). The mediation effect of all chains have to work through lactation BMI. The total indirect effect accounted for 80.95% of the total effect. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of MetS in lactating women is due to a high BMI base before pregnancy and postpartum. High BMI in all stages of pregnancy and postpartum were risk factors for MetS in lactation. BMI during lactation plays a key role in the risk of MetS.

[Dietary consumption of branched-chain amino acids among Chinese middle-aged and elderly population aged 50 and over in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dietary consumption of branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs)intake status of middle-aged and elderly people 50 years and older in China, and to analyze the distribution differences between different ages, genders and regions. METHODS: The research sample was derived from the 2015 Chinese adult chronic disease and nutrition monitoring data. The survey adopts the stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling method, and selects 298 monitoring points from 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities), a total of 44 218 people aged 50 years and over were sampled. Condiment weighing method, 24-hour dietary review method, and weighing method were used to obtain individual dietary data, and the dietary BCAAs intake of middle-aged and elderly people was calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table. RESULTS: In 2015, the dietary BCAAs of middle-aged and elderly people in China accounted for 45.1% of leucine, 29.8% of valine and 25.1% of isoleucine. The top six dietary sources were cereals, red meat, vegetables, fish and seafood, beans and eggs. There were differences in the intake of three branched-chain amino acids(F=1926.67, P<0.01), the intake of leucine was greater than that of valine, and the intake of valine was greater than isoleucine. There were statistically significant differences in dietary BCAAs intake between different age groups, genders, urban and rural areas and regions(P<0.01), among which men were greater than women(t=12.89, P<0.01), and the south was greater than the north(t=-6.36, P<0.01), the eastern part was larger than the central part, and the central part was larger than the western part(F=82.42, P<0.01). The intake of BCAAs decreased with the increase of age groups(F=22.69, P<0.01), and there was no significant difference in age groups over 70 years old. The dietary intake of BCAAs was higher in the eastern coastal areas and Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet. CONCLUSION: There were gender, age and geographical differences in dietary BCAAs intake among middle-aged and elderly people in China, and the contribution of various foods to dietary BCAAs was also different.

[Status of dietary energy and consumption of food among Chinese diabetics aged 45 years and above in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the macronutrient and food intake of diabetics aged 45 years and above in China. METHODS: The research data was based on the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in 2015. The dietary nutrition status of diabetics living in community was investigated by questionnaire, condiments weighing and 3 days-24 hours dietary questionnaire. Assessment was compared with the recommended amount of macronutrient energy supply ratio in The guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China(2020 edition). The macronutrient energy supply ratio of patients with different types of diabetes was evaluated and their food intake was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The median of daily intake of total energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate were 1585 kcal, 50.1 g, 62.4 g and 200.1 g, respectively. The energy ratios of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 12.6%, 36.3% and 52.1%, respectively. In diabetics, the proportion of protein, fat and carbohydrate energy ratios that meet the recommendations in The guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China(2020 edition) were 20.5%, 21.7% and 40.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is an unreasonable macronutrient energy ratio in the diet of diabetic over 45 years old in China, which mainly shows that the proportion of protein energy supply ratio in most diabetics is low, and the proportion of fat energy ratio exceeds the standard is high.

Association between dietary essential amino acids intake and metabolic biomarkers: influence of obesity among Chinese children and adolescents.

Essential amino acids (EAAs) are involved in growth and development in children and adolescents. This study was aimed at exploring the relationship between dietary EAA intakes and metabolic biomarker, and the influence of obesity in children and adolescents. A total of 3566 subjects were analysed. Participators were classified according to weight status. Metabolic biomarkers were determined using standardized methods and conditions. Normal, overweight, and obesity statuses were defined according to the Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) BMI cutoff points based on age- and sex-specific screening criteria. In normal-weight group, blood uric acid was negatively correlated with dietary Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, and His, and zinc was negatively correlated with Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, His, Met, and Trp. In overweight group, TC was negatively correlated with Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, and His, and LDL-C was negatively correlated with Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, His, and Met, while TG was positively correlated with Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, and Met. In obesity group, hemoglobin was positively related to Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, His, and Trp, while vitamin D was positively correlated with His and Trp. The serum creatinine was negatively correlated with Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, His, and Met in normal-weight group, and positively correlated with Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, His, Met, Trp, His, and Trp in obesity group. Dietary amino acid score (AAS) and Leu intake were protective factors for obesity. The association between fasting blood glucose and EAAs intake was weak and labile. Metabolic biomarkers and EAA intakes were only related under certain weight status. The dietary AAS is positively correlated with HDL-C, LDL-C, serum creatinine, albumin, serum vitamin D, and zinc. The subtle relationship of EAAs and kidney function should be explored further. There is a complex relationship between EAAs and metabolic biomarkers, and overweight and obesity have a certain influence on this relationship.

[Impact of overweight and obesity on the relationship between serum vitamin D and fasting blood glucose in children aged 6-17 years in Shandong Province].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between serum vitamin D and fasting blood glucose in children and adolescents, and its influence on overweight and obesity. METHODS: Using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, 13 districts and counties in Shandong Province were selected as survey points, and a total of 26 elementary schools, 26 junior high schools and 13 high schools were selected. Questionnaire surveys and physical examination were conducted on children and adolescents aged 6-17.Serum vitamin D and fasting blood glucose were uniformly measured. The "BMI Classification Standard for Overweight and Obesity Screening for Chinese School-age Children and Adolescents" was used to determine overweight and obesity. Statistical method adopt t-test and generalized linear regression model for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 3562 children aged 6-17 years were investigated, 2666 were healthy, 446 were overweight, 450 were obese, including 131 peripheral obesity and 319 abdominal obesity. The fasting blood glucose level of the 13-17-year-old group was significantly higher than that of the 6-12-year-old group(t=-3.13, P=0.002), and the male was significantly higher than that of the female(t=7.87, P& lt; 0.001). In the healthy and obesity group, there was a negative correlation between serum vitamin D and fasting blood glucose(P& lt; 0.05). In overweight group, serum vitamin D was not significantly related to fasting blood glucose(P& gt; 0.05). Serum vitamin D and fasting blood glucose were negatively correlated with healthy bodies in female group and 13-17 years old group, and the abdominal obesity bodies in the 6-12 year old group(P& lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: The fasting blood glucose of adolescents aged 13-17 is significantly higher than that of children aged 6-12, and the fasting blood glucose of men is significantly higher than that of women. Different gender, age, and overweight and obesity status have an impact on the relationship between serum vitamin D and fasting blood glucose.

Association between serum magnesium and blood count: influence of type 2 diabetes and central obesity.

The relationship between serum Mg and blood cell counts in Chinese adult diabetes or central obesity was assessed by investigating 8163 subjects with China Health and Nutrition Survey (mean age 59⋅6 years, 54⋅9 % men). Participants were classified according to blood Mg (below 0⋅65 mmol/l, or 0⋅66-0⋅94 mmol/l or above 0⋅95 mmol/l), type 2 diabetes (yes/no) and central obesity (yes/no). Leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets (PLT), Hb and glycated Hb (HbA1c) were determined using standardised methods and conditions. HbAc1, leucocytes and PLT were significantly higher among subjects with central obesity than without central obesity (P < 0⋅05). A significant increase for Hb, erythrocytes, PLT, but not leucocytes, across progressive Mg groups was observed in subjects without diabetes (P < 0⋅05). Hb, erythrocytes and HbAc1 were significantly higher among subjects with higher Mg than in subjects with lower Mg with diabetes (P < 0⋅05). Central obesity disturbed the positive association between PLT count and serum Mg. Type 2 diabetes caused metabolism disorder in serum Mg, blood sugar and blood cell count. Hb, erythrocytes and PLT, but not leucocytes, are positively correlated with serum Mg, but this association is somehow disturbed by type 2 diabetes or central obesity.

[Sleep conditions of adult residents in Shandong Province from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the sleep conditions of adults in Shandong Province. METHODS: From 2010 to 2012, 10 201 residents aged ≥6 years old were selected from 7 counties and cities in Shandong Province by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method in proportion to the population. A face-to-face interview was conducted with a questionnaire uniformly formulated by "China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance"to investigate and analyze the sleep status of residents aged 18 years and above. RESULTS: A total of 6626 people over the age of 18 were investigated. The average daily sleep was(7. 84±1. 29) h. There was no significant difference between male((7. 80 ± 1. 07) h) and female((7. 86 ± 1. 18) h). However, there was significant difference between males((7. 87±1. 17) h) and females((8. 01±1. 27) h) in rural areas(t = 3. 08, P < 0. 01). There was significant difference in different regions(big cities(7. 62± 1. 17) h, small and medium-sized cities(7. 85 ± 0. 89) h, rural areas(7. 95 ±1. 23) h, F = 39. 733, P<0. 001) and in different age groups(18-44 years old(7. 97±0. 98) h, 45-49 years old(7. 80±1. 07) h, 60 years old and above(7. 74±1. 33) h, F =21. 642, P<0. 001), the average daily sleep time was decreased with increasing age. The insufficient sleep rate was 9. 8%, there was no significant different between male(9. 5%)and female(10. 1%). There was significant difference in different regions(big cities15. 3%, small and medium-sized cities 5. 2%, rural areas 9. 7%, χ~2= 105. 870, P <0. 001) and in different age groups(18-44 years old 5. 1%, 45-59 years old 9. 7%, 60 years old and above 15. 3%, χ~2= 114. 308, P < 0. 001). Big cities had the higher insufficient sleep rate than medium-sized cities and rural areas, The insufficient sleep rate showed an upward trend with the increase of age. The proportion of excessive sleep was9. 3%. The difference between male(8. 4%) and female(10. 0%) was statistically significant(t = 2. 11, P < 0. 05). There were statistically significant differences in different regions(7. 0% in large cities, 6. 0% in medium and small cities, 12. 8% in rural areas, χ~2= 77. 156, P< 0. 01) and different, age groups(6. 7% in 18-44 years old, 6. 1% in 45-59 years old, 16. 8% in 60 years old and above, χ~2= 175. 556, P <0. 01). The rate of excessive sleep in rural areas was higher than that in cities, and the rate of excessive sleep in the 45-59 age group was the highest. CONCLUSION: Insufficient sleep is common in adult residents in Shandong Province. The insufficient sleep is more significant among elderly population and residents of big cities. The problem of excessive sleep also exists.

Association between serum magnesium and blood lipids: influence of type 2 diabetes and central obesity.

To assess the changes in the relationship between serum Mg and blood lipids of Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or central obesity, a total of 8163 subjects (mean age 59·6 years, 54·9 % men) were analysed. Participants were classified according to blood Mg (below 0·65 mmol/l, 0·65-0·95 mmol/l and above 0·95 mmol/l), T2D (yes/no) and central obesity (yes/no). Blood lipids (TAG, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) were determined by standardised methods and conditions. A significant increase in blood lipids, with the exception of HDL-cholesterol, across progressive Mg groups in all subjects was noted (P0·05). TAG, TC, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher among subjects with T2D than those without T2D (P<0·05). Multivariable models for TAG and LDL-cholesterol failed to attain statistical significance in diabetics, by using a generalised linear or parsimonious model. TAG, TC, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher among subjects with T2D or central obesity. Blood lipids, with the exception of HDL-cholesterol, were associated with serum Mg, but this association was somehow influenced by T2D in LDL-cholesterol. In addition, multivariable models for both TAG and LDL-cholesterol failed to attain statistical significance among subjects with T2D, different from subjects without T2D.

Secular trends in salt and soy sauce intake among Chinese adults, 1997-2011.

Salt and soy sauce are the main ways of sodium intake in Chinese dietary. In this study, we used the data of the China Health and Nutrition Surveys to describe the secular trends of salt and soy sauce intake among Chinese adults from 1997 to 2011. Trends were tested by multiple linear regression models. During the past 14 years, the consumption of sodium, salt and soy sauce intake values decreased significantly across the six study periods (p < .0001) among both men and women. Averaged salt values decreased by 4.9 g/d in men and 4.1 g/d in women. Mean soy sauce intake values decreased by 9.0 g/d among men and 7.3 g/d among women. Similar significant trends were observed in all age groups, activity levels and regions (p < .0001).

[Sleep conditions of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old in Shandong Province in 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the sleep conditions of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old in Shandong Province. METHODS: The data of physical activity from " 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance " in Shandong Province were used. A total of 1808 children aged 6 to 17 years old in urban and rural schools were investigated to analyze their sleep conditions by multi-stage stratified cluster random samplingand a unified questionnaire. RESULTS: the average sleeping time of children aged 6 to 17 years old in Shandong Province was 8. 62 h, and there was no significant difference between children of different genders( male 8. 66 h, n = 900, female 8. 59 h, n = 908) and children of different regions( urban 8. 64 h, n =982, rural 8. 61 h, n = 826). The lack of sleep rate among children aged 6-17 years old was 60. 1%( n = 1808), that of boys( 58. 3%) was lower than that of girls( 61. 8%), and that of urban( 59. 9%) and rural( 60. 3%) was close, with no statistically significant difference. However, there were statistically significant differences between urban and rural lack of sleep rates between the ages 6 to 11 years old( t = 3. 57, P <0. 01) and between the ages 15 to 17 years old( t = 8. 60, P < 0. 001). With the increase of age, the average sleep time decreased, the lack of sleep rate showed a downward trend. CONCLUSION: The average sleeping time of average daily sleep time, lack of sleep rate, children and adolescents children aged 6 to 17 years old is insufficient and the rate of sleep deficiency is high in shandong province.

[Risk assessment of nonylphenol exposure in vegetable oil of residents in six cities of Shandong Province in 2014-2015].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level of nonylphenol dietary exposure in vegetable oils of 6 cities in Shandong Province and to evaluate the contribution of risk. METHODS: The data of Total Dietary Study and Health Status Survey of Shandong Province and nonylphenol test data were used to evaluate the exposure. A total of 3468 people from6 cities of Shandong province were selected for food survey by stratified multistage cluster random sampling method in 2014-2015. The consumption of vegetable oil was investigated by weighing and accounting method. Nonylphenol content in dietary samples was detected by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry( HPLC-MS). RESULTS: The exposure level of nonylphenol in vegetable oil was 0-0. 44 µg/kg, and the risk index of the highest point of exposure was 0. 088. CONCLUSION: Risk caused by vegetable oil intake of nonylphenol in Shandong Province 6 city residents is extremely low.

Short sleep time may be the main reason for irregular breakfast to cause overweight-a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: In recent years, the relationship between circadian rhythm and overweight and obesity has attracted the attention of many scholars. Methods: To evaluate association between the duration of sleep and the regularity of breakfast and overweight. A total of 1,178 students from Qingdao University were selected by stratified cluster sampling. There were 601 males (24.69 ± 0.80 years old) and 569 females (24.54 ± 0.70 years old). We used body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to define overweight levels. Chi-square test, Pearson correlation test, and logistic regression were applied to test association among overweight, sleep duration, sleep onset time, and breakfast regularity. Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used to assess the overall sleep quality of the study subjects. Mediation effect and Sobel test were used to analyze the effect of sleep duration on breakfast regularity and overweight. Results: Only 34.1% of the population ate breakfast every day, and eating breakfast 1-3 times per week was associated with a higher risk of overweight (BMI: OR = 2.183, 95%CI: 1.369,3,481; WC: OR = 2.101, 95%CI: 1.232,3,583; WHR: OR = 2.108, 95%CI: 1.331,3,337). The effects of all types of Usual Breakfast Consumption Frequency on overweight were fully mediated by sleep duration (p < 0.05). In particular, the subjects exercised outdoors more than five times per week slept longer (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Short sleep duration may be the main reason for irregular breakfast leading to overweight. Adequate outdoor exercise is essential for weight maintenance.

Geographical Distribution of Dietary Patterns and Their Association with T2DM in Chinese Adults Aged 45 y and Above: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the geographical distribution of dietary patterns and their association with T2DM among Chinese adults aged 45 years and above. METHODS: Data was from the China Adults Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance (2015). Dietary intake for each participant was determined through a combination of 3-day 24-h dietary recall interviews and food frequency questionnaires. Principal component analysis was used to extract dietary patterns and spatial analysis was employed to investigate the geographic distribution of them. T2DM was diagnosed using criteria of ADA 2018, and binary logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and T2DM. RESULTS: A total of 36,648 participants were included in the study; 10.9% of them were diagnosed as T2DM. Three dietary patterns were identified with the name of plant-based pattern, animal-based pattern, and oriental traditional pattern, which were represented located in northern, northwest, and southern regions, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the plant-based pattern were associated with lower T2DM odds (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.90) when comparing with the lowest quartile. However, participants inclined to higher quartiles of animal-based pattern had a higher risk of T2DM (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.27) compared with those in the lower quartiles. No significant association was found between the oriental traditional pattern and T2DM (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.14). CONCLUSION: Dietary patterns of Chinese population revealed geographical disparities, with plant-based dietary pattern showing protective effects and animal-based pattern carrying high risks for T2DM. Regional dietary variations and food environment are paramount in T2DM prevention and management.

Exposure assessment of aflatoxins and zearalenone in edible vegetable oils in Shandong, China: health risks posed by mycotoxin immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in children.

Human exposure to aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEA) has not been sufficiently investigated. Here, we analyzed the exposure level and health risks posed by AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2) and ZEA through cooking oil consumption in Shandong, China. The individual daily consumption of cooking oil was calculated through 2745 questionnaires during 2017-2019. The average contamination levels of mycotoxins were estimated by examining 60 cooking oil samples. For the peanut oil, AFs ranged from <0.2 to 274 µg/kg, with a positive rate of 66.6% (20/30). Average levels of 36.62 µg/kg AFB1 and 44.43 µg/kg total AFs were found. Over-the-limit level (20 µg/kg) of AFB1 was detected in 8/30 samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) for age-stratified population groups showed that children are facing highest adverse health risk with AFB1 (MOE 5.88-6.39). The liver cancer incidences attributable to AFB1 exposure are non-negligible as 0.896, 0.825, and 0.767 cases per 100,000 for 6-14 age group, 15-17 age group, and adult labor-intensive workers. Over-the-limit level (60 µg/kg) ZEA contamination was detected in 25/30 corn oil samples with a 50th percentile value of 97.95 µg/kg. Our health risk assessment suggested significant health risks of enterohepatic (inflammation and cancer), reproductive, and endocrine systems posed by AFs and ZEA. However, the health risk of immunotoxicity is unclear because currently animal study data are not available for the immunotoxicity induced after long-term exposure. In general, the health risks posed by mycotoxins are non-negligible and long-term mycotoxin surveillance is necessary.

[Influence of short-term weight intervention on glycolipid metabolism of patients with type II diabetes].

OBJECTIVE: To explore how health management of short-term weight intervention affects glycolipid metabolism of patients with type II diabetes. METHODS: Overweight or obese type II diabetes mellitus patients were under weight intervention for 45 days with health management model and the epidemiologic method of self control. RESULTS: Compared with before intervention, the levels of both fasting blood-glucose (FBG) and blood-glucose 2 hours after meal, weight, BMI, waistline, hip circumference and upper arm circumference of the patients after intervention lowered significantly (P < 0.05), levels of serum TC, HDL-C, LDL-C increased obviously (P < 0.05), and TG levels did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the particularity of their blood lipid metabolism mentioned above, when carrying out health management of short-term weight intervention on patients with type II diabetes.

Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) and Risk of Dyslipidemia in a Chinese Population.

This study aimed to explore the association between dietary BCAAs, blood lipid levels and risk of dyslipidemia. In this case−control study, a total of 9541 subjects with normal blood lipids were included as a control group, and 9792 patients with dyslipidemia were included as a case group. Dietary BCAA intake data were measured using 3-day 24 h meal recalls and household condiment weighing. All samples were from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015). Generalized linear model, logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to evaluate the relationship between dietary BCAAs, blood lipids and dyslipidemia. After adjusting for confounding factors, dietary BCAAs were positively correlated with TC and LDL-C (p < 0.05). Higher dietary BCAAs were associated with higher OR for Hypercholesteremia (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05−1.58, p-trend = 0.034). The ORs of Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia showed inverted U-shaped with increasing dietary BCAAs (Q3 vs. Q1, OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03−1.39; Q2 vs. Q1, OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01−1.31). The relationship between dietary BCAAs and the risk of Hypercholesteremia and Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia were both nonlinear (p nonlinearity = 0.0059, 0.0198). Our study reveals that dietary BCAAs are associated with specific types of lipids and risk of dyslipidemia, some of which may be non-linear.

The Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Transition and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Chinese Adults From 1997 to 2015: Based on Seven Cross-Sectional Studies and a Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: The situation is grim for the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes in China. Serum and dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were risk factors for T2D. However, there is a lack of information on trends in consumption of BCAAs and the risk of T2D associated with BCAAs intake, based on nationally representative data in China. Thus, we aimed to comprehensively describe the dietary BCAAs transition and risk of T2D, at a national level among Chinese adults from 1997 to 2015. Methods: The data sources were the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and China Nutrition and Health Survey (CNHS). Cross-sectional data on intake were obtained from CHNS (1997, n = 9,404), CHNS (2000, n = 10,291), CHNS (2004, n = 9,682), CHNS (2006, n = 9,553), CHNS (2009, n = 9,811), CHNS (2011, n = 12,686) and CNHS (2015, n = 71,695). Prospective cohort data were obtained CHNS (1997-2015, n = 15,508). Results: From 1997 to 2015, there was a significant decreasing trend in the BCAAs intake of Chinese adults in all subgroups (P < 0.0001) except for Leu in 80 or older, and a decreasing trend in the consumption of BCAAs after 40 years old (P < 0.05). The mean intake of BCAAs in the population of cohort study was 11.83 ± 3.77g/day. The 95% CI was above the HR of 1.0, when the consumptions were higher than 14.01, 3.75, 6.07, 4.21 g/day in BCAAs, Ile, Leu and Val, based on RCS curves. According to the Cox proportional hazards models, Compared with individuals with BCAAs consumption of 10.65-12.37 g/day, the multivariable-adjusted HR for diabetes was 2.26 (95% CI 1.45 to 3.51) for individuals with consumption of BCAAs more than 18.52 g/day. A statistically significant positive association between BCAAs intake and risk of T2D was observed in males or participants aged 45 years and older, but not in females or participants younger than 45 years. Conclusion: Our results reveal a trend toward decreased BCAAs intake in Chinese from 1997 to 2015. After 40 years of age, consumption of BCAAs declined with increasing age. Higher BCAAs intake was associated with higher risk of T2D. This relationship is more stable among men and middle-aged and elderly people.