Coassembly of a New Insect Cuticular Protein and Chitosan via Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.

Insect cuticle is a fiber-reinforced composite material that consists of polysaccharide chitin fibers and a protein matrix. The molecular interactions between insect cuticle proteins and chitin that govern the assembly and evolution of cuticles are still not well understood. Herein, we report that Ostrinia furnacalis cuticular protein hypothetical-1 (OfCPH-1), a newly discovered and most abundant cuticular protein from Asian corn borer O. furnacalis, can form coacervates in the presence of chitosan. The OfCPH-1-chitosan coacervate microdroplets are initially liquid-like but become gel-like with increasing time or salt concentration. The liquid-to-gel transition is driven by hydrogen-bonding interactions, during which an induced ß-sheet structure of OfCPH-1 is observed. Given the abundance of OfCPH-1 in the cuticle of O. furnacalis, this liquid-liquid phase separation process and its aging behavior could play critical roles in the formation of the cuticle.

Self-assembly of peptide nanocapsules by a solvent concentration gradient.

Biological systems can create materials with intricate structures and specialized functions. In comparison, precise control of structures in human-made materials has been challenging. Here we report on insect cuticle peptides that spontaneously form nanocapsules through a single-step solvent exchange process, where the concentration gradient resulting from the mixing of water and acetone drives the localization and self-assembly of the peptides into hollow nanocapsules. The underlying driving force is found to be the intrinsic affinity of the peptides for a particular solvent concentration, while the diffusion of water and acetone creates a gradient interface that triggers peptide localization and self-assembly. This gradient-mediated self-assembly offers a transformative pathway towards simple generation of drug delivery systems based on peptide nanocapsules.

Insect Cuticle Protein Nanoassemblies without Nonspecific Immune Response for Acute Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia Remission.

The emergence and proliferation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia poses a significant global public health threat. Herein, the significant remission effect against acute MRSA pneumonia was realized through the insect cuticle protein (OfCPH-2) nanoassemblies without nonspecific immune response. The lung repair results could be attributed to the transforming of M1-type to M2-type macrophage polarization and the repression of Th17 cell differentiation in mice spleens through the intervention of OfCPH-2 nanoassemblies. These findings offer a valuable insight into the application of insect protein-based materials as effective antidrug resistant strain agents as well as a powerful strategy for acute MRSA pneumonia.

Controllably Self-Assembled Antibacterial Nanofibrils Based on Insect Cuticle Protein for Infectious Wound Healing.

Developing self-assembled biomedical materials based on insect proteins is highly desirable due to their advantages of green, rich, and sustainable characters as well as excellent biocompatibility, which has been rarely explored. Herein, salt-induced controllable self-assembly, antibacterial performance, and infectious wound healing performance of an insect cuticle protein (OfCPH-2) originating from the Ostrinia furnacalis larva head capsule are investigated. Interestingly, the addition of salts could trigger the formation of beaded nanofibrils with uniform diameter, whose length highly depends on the salt concentration. Surprisingly, the OfCPH-2 nanofibrils not only could form functional films with broad-spectrum antibacterial abilities but also could promote infectious wound healing. More importantly, a possible wound healing mechanism was proposed, and it is the strong abilities of OfCPH-2 nanofibrils in promoting vascular formation and antibacterial activity that facilitate the process of infectious wound healing. Our exciting findings put forward instructive thoughts for developing innovative bioinspired materials based on insect proteins for wound healing and related biomedical fields.