RESUMO
Digital storytelling is a decentering methodology in health promotion that positions the storyteller as an expert to create a narrative of their lived experiences. This article describes using a two-phase digital storytelling process within the Diné (Navajo) Educational Philosophy framework to guide the development of a culturally grounded curriculum plan that actively engages Diné youth in exploring health professions pathways in their community. The first phase consisted of developing a high school digital storytelling team by training three Diné youth attending high school on the Navajo Nation located in southwest United States, in digital storytelling. In the second phase, the high school digital storytelling team worked collaboratively with seven Diné students enrolled at the local tribal college to develop digital stories about navigating from high school to college. Data from seven completed digital stories were analyzed with assistance from a community advisory board to identify asset-based themes that contributed to positively transitioning from high school to a tribal college. The results revealed several strategies for successful transitions from high school to a public health college major. The culturally relevant strategies and stories were incorporated into a school-based health professions pathway curriculum plan for Diné youth.
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Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Adolescente , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Comunicação , Narração , EstudantesRESUMO
Culturally grounded after-school programs (ASPs), based on local cultural values and practices, are often developed and implemented by and for the local community. Culturally grounded programs promote health and well-being for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adolescents by allowing them to reconnect to cultural teachings that have faced attempted historical and contemporary erasure. This article is a first-person account that describes the development and implementation of a culturally grounded ASP, Native Spirit (NS), for AI adolescents (grades 7-12) living on a Southwest urban-based reservation. NS, a 13-session culturally grounded ASP, was developed by an academic-community partnership that focuses on increasing cultural engagement as a form of positive youth development. Each session was guided by one to two local cultural practitioners and community leaders. The development of the NS program contributed to an Indigenous prevention science that emphasizes the positive impacts of Indigenous culture and community on health and well-being. The use of the ASP format, in partnership with the Boys & Girls Club, increased the feasibility of dissemination and refinement of the NS program by tribal communities and organizations.
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Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Adolescente , Feminino , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
Background: High rates of smoking are documented among some American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities, with potential variability by region and urban/rural settings. Quitlines are a cost-effective strategy for providing evidence-based cessation treatment, but little is known about the effectiveness of quitline services for the AI/AN population. Objectives: This study compared demographic characteristics, tobacco use, and cessation and program utilization behaviors between AI/AN (n = 297) and Non-Hispanic White (NHW; n = 13,497) quitline callers. The study also identified predictors of 30-day cessation at 7-month follow-up among AI/AN callers and determined if predictors were different between AI/AN and NHW callers. Methods: Data from callers to the Arizona Smokers' Helpline between January 2011 and June 2016 were analyzed. Results: At enrollment, AI/AN callers were less likely to use tobacco daily and were less dependent on nicotine compared to NHW callers. Both groups reported similar rates of 30-day cessation at 7-month follow-up (37.3% and 39.7% for AI/AN and NHW callers, respectively). For AI/AN callers, 30-day cessation was significantly associated with tobacco cessation medication use (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.02-4.93), number of coaching sessions (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.26), and other smokers in the home (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19-0.91). The effect of other smokers in the home was significantly different between AI/AN and NHW callers (p = .007). Conclusions: Different individual characteristics and predictors of cessation among AI/AN callers compared to NHW callers were documented. Findings may be used to inform the development of culturally-tailored strategies and protocols for AI/AN quitline callers.
Assuntos
Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Abandono do Uso de Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Arizona , Linhas Diretas , HumanosRESUMO
Home smoking bans may be an effective way to promote tobacco cessation among treatment seeking smokers. Few studies have examined this relationship in a quitline setting. Data were obtained from 14,296 adults who were enrolled in a state quitline between January 2011 and July 2016. This study investigated whether cessation rates varied by changes in home smoking ban implementation between enrollment and 7-month follow-up. The impact of changes in home smoking bans on cessation at follow-up was significantly modified by having other smokers living in the home at follow-up (P < 0.0001). Among callers who did not live with other smokers in the home, the highest odds ratio of 30-day cessation was for callers who reported bans at follow-up only (OR = 10.50, 95%CI: 8.00, 13.70), followed by callers who reported bans at both enrollment and follow-up (OR = 8.02, 95%CI: 6.27, 10.30) and callers who reported bans at enrollment only (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.47, 2.89) compared with callers with no home smoking bans. When callers reported that they lived with other smokers in the home, the effect of home smoking bans on cessation was much smaller. Quitlines should support the implementation of home smoking bans as a part of callers' goal setting activities to achieve tobacco cessation.
Assuntos
Linhas Diretas/estatística & dados numéricos , Política Antifumo , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While health literacy is important for people to maintain good health and manage diseases, medical educational texts are often written beyond the reading level of the average individual. To mitigate this disconnect, text simplification research provides methods to increase readability and, therefore, comprehension. One method of text simplification is to isolate particularly difficult terms within a document and replace them with easier synonyms (lexical simplification) or an explanation in plain language (semantic simplification). Unfortunately, existing dictionaries are seldom complete, and consequently, resources for many difficult terms are unavailable. This is the case for English and Spanish resources. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to automatically generate explanations for difficult terms in both English and Spanish when they are not covered by existing resources. The system we present combines existing resources for explanation generation using a novel algorithm (SubSimplify) to create additional explanations. METHODS: SubSimplify uses word-level parsing techniques and specialized medical affix dictionaries to identify the morphological units of a term and then source their definitions. While the underlying resources are different, SubSimplify applies the same principles in both languages. To evaluate our approach, we used term familiarity to identify difficult terms in English and Spanish and then generated explanations for them. For each language, we extracted 400 difficult terms from two different article types (General and Medical topics) balanced for frequency. For English terms, we compared SubSimplify's explanation with the explanations from the Consumer Health Vocabulary, WordNet Synonyms and Summaries, as well as Word Embedding Vector (WEV) synonyms. For Spanish terms, we compared the explanation to WordNet Summaries and WEV Embedding synonyms. We evaluated quality, coverage, and usefulness for the simplification provided for each term. Quality is the average score from two subject experts on a 1-4 Likert scale (two per language) for the synonyms or explanations provided by the source. Coverage is the number of terms for which a source could provide an explanation. Usefulness is the same expert score, however, with a 0 assigned when no explanations or synonyms were available for a term. RESULTS: SubSimplify resulted in quality scores of 1.64 for English (P<.001) and 1.49 for Spanish (P<.001), which were lower than those of existing resources (Consumer Health Vocabulary [CHV]=2.81). However, in coverage, SubSimplify outperforms all existing written resources, increasing the coverage from 53.0% to 80.5% in English and from 20.8% to 90.8% in Spanish (P<.001). This result means that the usefulness score of SubSimplify (1.32; P<.001) is greater than that of most existing resources (eg, CHV=0.169). CONCLUSIONS: Our approach is intended as an additional resource to existing, manually created resources. It greatly increases the number of difficult terms for which an easier alternative can be made available, resulting in greater actual usefulness.
Assuntos
Letramento em Saúde/métodos , Semântica , Algoritmos , Compreensão , Humanos , Idioma , Estudos de Validação como AssuntoRESUMO
Many different text features influence text readability and content comprehension. Negation is commonly suggested as one such feature, but few general-purpose tools exist to discover negation and studies of the impact of negation on text readability are rare. In this paper, we introduce a new negation parser (NegAIT) for detecting morphological, sentential, and double negation. We evaluated the parser using a human annotated gold standard containing 500 Wikipedia sentences and achieved 95%, 89% and 67% precision with 100%, 80%, and 67% recall, respectively. We also investigate two applications of this new negation parser. First, we performed a corpus statistics study to demonstrate different negation usage in easy and difficult text. Negation usage was compared in six corpora: patient blogs (4K sentences), Cochrane reviews (91K sentences), PubMed abstracts (20K sentences), clinical trial texts (48K sentences), and English and Simple English Wikipedia articles for different medical topics (60K and 6K sentences). The most difficult text contained the least negation. However, when comparing negation types, difficult texts (i.e., Cochrane, PubMed, English Wikipedia and clinical trials) contained significantly (p<0.01) more morphological negations. Second, we conducted a predictive analytics study to show the importance of negation in distinguishing between easy and difficulty text. Five binary classifiers (Naïve Bayes, SVM, decision tree, logistic regression and linear regression) were trained using only negation information. All classifiers achieved better performance than the majority baseline. The Naïve Bayes' classifier achieved the highest accuracy at 77% (9% higher than the majority baseline).
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Curadoria de Dados , Processamento de Linguagem Natural , Software , Teorema de Bayes , Compreensão , Humanos , Idioma , Informática Médica/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The implementation of a home smoking ban (HSB) is associated with tobacco use cessation. We identified which quitline callers were most likely to report 30-day cessation among those who implemented complete HSBs after enrollment. METHODS: Our sample consisted of callers to the Arizona Smokers' Helpline who enrolled from January 1, 2011, through July 26, 2015, and who reported no HSB at enrollment and a complete HSB by 7-month follow-up. We used logistic regression to estimate associations between no use of tobacco in the previous 30 days (30-day quit) at 7-month follow-up and demographic characteristics, health conditions, tobacco use, and cessation strategies. RESULTS: At 7-month follow-up, 65.4% of 399 callers who implemented a complete HSB reported 30-day quit. Lower odds of tobacco use cessation were associated with having a chronic health condition (odds ratio [OR], 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18-0.56) and living with other smokers (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.29-0.73). Higher odds of tobacco cessation were associated with completing 5 or more telephone coaching sessions (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.54-3.98) and having confidence to quit (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.05-3.99). However, confidence to quit was not significant in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION: Implementing an HSB after enrolling in quitline services increases the likelihood of cessation among some tobacco users. Individuals with complete HSBs were more likely to quit if they did not have a chronic health condition, did not live with another smoker, and were actively engaged in coaching services. These findings may be used by quitlines to develop HSB intervention protocols primarily targeting tobacco users most likely to benefit from them.
Assuntos
Linhas Diretas/estatística & dados numéricos , Política Antifumo , Fumar/epidemiologia , Abandono do Uso de Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Arizona/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Autorrelato , Fatores de Tempo , Abandono do Uso de Tabaco/métodosRESUMO
Most health research with American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people has focused on tribal communities on reservation lands. Few studies have been conducted with AI/AN people living in urban settings despite their documented health disparities compared with other urban populations. There are unique considerations for working with this population. Engaging key stakeholders, including urban Indian health organization leaders, tribal leaders, research scientists and administrators, and policymakers, is critical to promoting ethical research and enhancing capacity of urban AI/AN communities. Recommendations for their involvement may facilitate an open dialogue and promote the development of implementation strategies. Future collaborations are also necessary for establishing research policies aimed at improving the health of the urban AI/AN population.
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Ética em Pesquisa , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , População Urbana , Alaska , Pesquisa Biomédica/ética , Pesquisa Biomédica/organização & administração , Humanos , Formulação de Políticas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Underserved populations, including those from racial and ethnic groups and with low socioeconomic status, often lack access to mobile apps aimed at reducing health risk factors. This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of the mobile app, My Wellness Coach (MWC), designed to promote behavior change in seven core areas of integrative health among underserved populations. Patients and staff were recruited from clinic and other settings. Some participants used MWC in a weekly group setting (n = 5); others on their own with support from a coordinator (n = 36). Health outcomes were assessed at baseline and 3 months. Mobile app ratings were collected at 5 weeks and 3 months. Goal setting data were analyzed at 3 months. Most participants (76%) set at least one goal, 71% created action steps for goals, and 29% completed a goal. Patients in the group setting had the highest rate of goal completion (60%) compared to patients (20%) and staff (27%) using the app on their own. Significant (p < .05) changes in pre- and post-test scores were documented for overall wellbeing, global physical health, BMI, vigorous physical activity, and eHealth literacy. Most participants (75%-91%) gave MWC high ratings for impact on behavior change, help seeking, intent to change, attitudes, knowledge, and awareness. This study documented preliminary evidence of the potential benefits of MWC among underserved communities. Future evaluations of Spanish and Android versions and comparisons between group and individual administration will inform implementation strategies for scaling MWC-based interventions to reach underserved communities nationally.
Many underserved populations, including those from diverse racial and ethnic groups and with low income, do not have access to mobile apps to improve health. This study examined whether using the My Wellness Coach (MWC) app was feasible, acceptable, and effective. MWC was designed to promote behavior change in integrative health (Movement, Nutrition, Spirituality, Resilience, Relationships, Sleep, and Environment) among underserved populations. Five participants used MWC in a group setting and 36 participants used MWC on their own with assistance from a coordinator. Participants completed surveys at the beginning of the study and 3 months later. Most participants (76%) set at least one health goal, 71% created action steps for goals, and 29% completed a goal. Participants who used MWC with the weekly group had the highest rate of goal completion (60%). Participants reported significant changes in wellbeing, physical health, body mass index, physical activity, and ability to find and understand electronic health information. Most participants (75%91%) gave MWC positive ratings. This study provided evidence of the potential benefits of MWC among underserved communities. Future studies with Spanish and Android versions and comparisons between group and individual administration will inform strategies for expanding the reach of MWC-based interventions to underserved communities.
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Medicina Integrativa , Aplicativos Móveis , Telemedicina , Humanos , Hispânico ou Latino , Populações Vulneráveis , Saúde Holística , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Grupos Minoritários , Baixo Nível Socioeconômico , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This study examined tribal members' perspectives on alcohol, risk factors, consequences, and community responses. Focus groups were conducted with five American Indian tribes between 1997 and 2001. Participants were knowledgeable of the cultural lives of their reservation communities. Although there was agreement regarding the pervasiveness of heavy drinking, participants reported different opinions about the meaning of alcohol and appropriate intervention strategies. Three dilemmas were identified, suggesting that community ambivalence may serve as a barrier to reducing problem drinking. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. The study was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Alcoolismo/etnologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/psicologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Cultura , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Características de Residência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Community advisory boards (CABs) are a common community engagement strategy. Tools for developing CABs that are accessible to academic-community partnerships are limited. This article describes the process and partnership with the Hopi Tribe to develop CAB guidelines as a tool for research funded by the Center for Indigenous Environmental Health Research (CIEHR) and nonaffiliated projects. METHODS: The CAB guidelines consist of three sections: formation, operation, and sustainability and evaluation. Each section includes best practices and interactive worksheets. The CAB guidelines were piloted with the Hopi Tribe to determine feasibility and relevance. RESULTS: The CAB guidelines were well-received by the tribal CAB. Some of the worksheets were difficult to complete because they did not represent their perspectives or introduced potential tension in CAB interactions. Revisions were made accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: Future evaluation and broad dissemination of the CAB guidelines will promote the use and effectiveness of CABs in health research.
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Comitês Consultivos/normas , Guias como Assunto , Melhoria de Qualidade , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Humanos , Indígena Americano ou Nativo do AlascaRESUMO
Research suggests that women may have poorer tobacco cessation outcomes than men; however, the literature is somewhat mixed. Less is known about gender differences in cessation within quitline settings. This study examined gender differences in the utilization of services (i.e., coaching sessions, pharmacotherapy) and tobacco cessation among callers to the Arizona Smokers' Helpline (ASHLine). The study sample included callers enrolled in ASHLine between January 2011 and June 2016. We tracked number of completed coaching sessions. At the 7-month follow-up, callers retrospectively reported use of cessation pharmacotherapy (gum, patch, or lozenge), as well as current tobacco use. Associations between gender and tobacco cessation were tested using logistic regression models. At month 7, 36.4% of women (3,277/9,004) and 40.3% of men (2,960/7,341) self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence. Compared to men, fewer women reported using pharmacotherapy (women: 71.4% vs. men: 73.6%, p = .01) and completed at least five coaching sessions (women: 35.1% vs. men: 38.5%, p < .01). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, women had significantly lower odds of reporting tobacco cessation than men (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.99). However, after further adjustment for use of pharmacotherapy and coaching, there was no longer a significant relationship between gender and tobacco cessation (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.06). Fewer women than men reported tobacco cessation. Women also had lower utilization of quitline cessation services. Although the magnitude of these differences were small, future research on improving the utilization of quitline services among women may be worth pursuing given the large-scale effects of tobacco.
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Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Abandono do Uso de Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Arizona/epidemiologia , Tratamento Farmacológico/estatística & dados numéricos , Tratamento Farmacológico/tendências , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Tutoria/estatística & dados numéricos , Tutoria/tendências , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Sexuais , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/etnologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Abandono do Uso de Tabaco/etnologia , Abandono do Uso de Tabaco/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: At tobacco quitlines, coaching and cessation medications are commonly structured around setting a date for making a quit attempt. However, limited literature evaluating this practice suggests that callers do not routinely set quit-date goals. High quality goal setting may increase the frequency of caller quit attempts. In this study, we examine the quality of quit-date goal setting and its association with in-program quit attempts and the timing of callers' first quit attempt. METHODS: Using call recordings, we scored the quality of quit-date goal setting among 90 callers enrolled at Arizona Smokers' Helpline between August and December 2017. The primary exposure was quality of quit-date goal setting assessed using the Lorencatto et al. rating scale. Coding reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between quality of goal setting and in-program quit attempts (>24 h tobacco free). RESULTS: The mean quality goal setting score was 3.1 (range: -3 to 7). Sixty-nine callers (77%) set a quit date and 39 (43%) made a quit attempt. Compared to callers who experienced low-quality goal setting, the adjusted odds of in-program quitting for high quality goal setting was AOR=3.98 (95% CI: 1.55-10.20) and for making a quit attempt within two weeks OR=6.23 (95% CI: 1.52-25.49). CONCLUSIONS: Quit-date goal setting is an important element of quitline services and callers benefit from high quality quit-date goal setting. Quitlines should establish quality improvement measures to ensure that coaches are trained to provide high quality quit-date goal setting opportunities to all callers.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Smokers with comorbid health conditions have a disproportionate burden of tobacco-related death and disease. A better understanding of differences in quit rates among smokers with comorbid health conditions can guide tailoring of quitline services for subgroups. The objective of this study was to examine self-reported tobacco cessation rates among Arizona Smokers' Helpline callers with chronic health conditions (CHCs) and/or a mental health condition (MHC). METHODS: We analyzed data from quitline telephone callers (n = 39 779) who enrolled in and completed at least 1 behavioral counseling session (ie, coaching call). We categorized callers as CHC only (cardiovascular disease/respiratory-related/cancer; 32%), MHC only (eg, mood/anxiety/substance dependence; 13%), CHC + MHC (25%), or no comorbid condition (30%). We assessed 30-day abstinence at 7-month follow-up for 16 683 clients (41.9%). We used logistic regression analysis to test associations between comorbidity and quit outcomes after controlling for relevant variables (eg, nicotine dependence). RESULTS: Overall quit rates were 45.4% for those with no comorbid condition, 43.3% for those with a CHC only, 37.0% for those with an MHC only, and 33.3% for those with CHC + MHC. Compared with other groups, the CHC + MHC group had the lowest odds of quitting (adjusted odds ratio = 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.69). CONCLUSION: Having a comorbid condition was associated with lower quit rates, and smokers with co-occurring CHCs and MHCs had the lowest quit rates. Quitlines should evaluate more intensive, evidence-driven, tailored services for smoking cessation among callers with comorbid conditions.
Assuntos
Comorbidade , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar/psicologia , Fumar/tendências , Adulto , Arizona , Feminino , Previsões , Linhas Diretas/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe characteristics of health influencers (HIs) prior to training in brief tobacco cessation interventions (BI). METHODS: HIs (n=910) in Arizona were recruited for a randomized controlled trial comparing training modalities. RESULTS: Typically middle-aged (M=43, SD=14), non-Hispanic white (68%), female (77%), non-tobacco users (93%), most identified personal (89%) rather than job-related (3%) motivators for becoming cessation interveners. Confidence about intervention ability was high (93%); knowledge scores, however, were low (M=55%, SD=13%). CONCLUSIONS: HIs exhibiting high motivation to intervene but lacking knowledge about BI strategies may be an untapped resource for tobacco cessation and a variety of other health promotion interventions.
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Motivação , Poder Psicológico , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Adulto , Arizona , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , AutoeficáciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Historically, marital status has been associated with lower mortality and transitions into marriage were generally accompanied by improved health status. Conversely, divorce has been associated with increased mortality, possibly mediated by changes in health behaviors. METHODS: This study uses data from a prospective cohort of 79,094 postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS) to examine the relationship between marital transition and health indicators (blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index [BMI]) as well as health behaviors (diet pattern, alcohol use, physical activity, and smoking) in a sample of relatively healthy and employed women. Linear and logistic regression modeling were used to test associations, controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS: Women's transitions into marriage/marriage-like relationship after menopause were associated with greater increase in BMI (ß = 0.22; confidence interval (95% CI), 0.11-0.33) and alcohol intake (ß = 0.08; 95% CI, 0.04-0.11) relative to remaining unmarried. Divorce/separation was associated with a reduction in BMI and waist circumference, changes that were accompanied by improvements in diet quality (ß = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.10-1.47) and physical activity (ß = 0.98, 95% CI, 0.12-1.85), relative to women who remained married. CONCLUSION: Contrary to earlier literature, these findings among well-educated, predominantly non-Hispanic white women suggest that marital transitions after menopause are accompanied by modifiable health outcomes/behaviors that are more favorable for women experiencing divorce/separation than those entering a new marriage.
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Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Estado Civil , Pós-Menopausa , Saúde da Mulher , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Dieta , Divórcio/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Casamento/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pós-Menopausa/psicologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Viuvez/psicologiaRESUMO
Prevalence and correlates of adult physical assault and rape in six Native American tribes are presented (N = 1,368). Among women, 45% reported being physically assaulted and 14% were raped since age 18 years. For men, figures were 36% and 2%, respectively. Demographic characteristics, adverse childhood experiences, adulthood alcohol dependence, and cultural and regional variables were assessed. Using logistic regression, predictors of physical assault among women were marital status, an alcoholic parent, childhood maltreatment, and lifetime alcohol dependence. Predictors of sexual assault among women were marital status, childhood maltreatment, and lifetime alcohol dependence. Among men, only childhood maltreatment and lifetime alcohol dependence predicted being physically assaulted. Tribal differences existed in rates of physical assault (both sexes) and rape (women only). The results underscore the problem of violence victimization among Native Americans and point to certain environmental features that increase risk of adulthood physical and sexual assault. Implications for tribe-specific interventions are discussed.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estupro/estatística & dados numéricos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/psicologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estupro/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are leading causes of death among Native Americans. Little is known about the impact of negative childhood exposures, including parental alcoholism, childhood maltreatment, and out-of-home placement, on risk of lifetime DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) diagnosis of alcohol dependence in this population. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 1660 individuals from seven Native American tribes from 1998 to 2001. Logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of specific types and number of different adverse childhood experiences on alcohol dependence. Relationships between tribe-specific cultural characteristics and alcohol dependence were also examined. RESULTS: There were significant tribal differences in rates of alcohol dependence and several adverse childhood exposures. Lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence was high among all tribes (men: 21%-56%, women: 17%-30%), but one (men: 1%, women: 2%). High prevalence rates were documented for one or more types of adverse childhood experiences (men: 74%-100%; women: 83%-93%). For men, combined physical and sexual abuse significantly increased the likelihood of subsequent alcohol dependence (odds ratio [OR]=1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.27). For women, sexual abuse (OR=1.79; 95% CI, 1.21-2.66) and boarding school attendance increased the odds of alcohol dependence (OR=1.57; 95% CI, 1.03-2.40). Two separate patterns of dose-response relationships were observed for men and women. Significant inter-tribal differences in rates of alcohol dependence remained after accounting for tribe-specific cultural factors and geographic region. CONCLUSIONS: Effects of childhood exposures on high-risk behaviors emphasize screening for violence in medical settings and development of social and educational programs for parents and children living on and near tribal reservations.
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Alcoolismo/etnologia , Maus-Tratos Infantis/etnologia , Cuidados no Lar de Adoção , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Cuidados no Lar de Adoção/psicologia , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Assunção de Riscos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study examined associations between alcohol misuse and childhood maltreatment and out-of-home placement among urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual (referred to as two-spirit) American Indian and Alaska Native adults. In a multi-site study, data were obtained from 294 individuals who consumed alcohol during the past year. The results indicated that 72.3% of men and 62.4% of women engaged in hazardous and harmful alcohol use and 50.8% of men and 48.7% of women met criteria for past-year alcohol dependence. The most common types of childhood maltreatment were physical abuse among male drinkers (62.7%) and emotional abuse (71.8%) among female drinkers. Men and women reported high percentages of out-of-home placement (39% and 47%, respectively). Logistic multiple regressions found that for male drinkers boarding school attendance and foster care placement were significant predictors of past-year alcohol dependence. For female drinkers, being adopted was significantly associated with a decreased risk of past-year drinking binge or spree. Dose-response relationships, using number of childhood exposures as a predictor, were not significant. The results highlight the need for alcohol and violence prevention and intervention strategies among urban two-spirit individuals.
Assuntos
Adoção/psicologia , Alcoolismo/etnologia , Maus-Tratos Infantis/etnologia , Cuidados no Lar de Adoção/psicologia , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/etnologia , Adolescente , Adoção/etnologia , Adulto , Alaska/etnologia , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Bissexualidade/psicologia , Criança , Feminino , Cuidados no Lar de Adoção/estatística & dados numéricos , Homossexualidade Feminina/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
Interventions tailored to individual smoker characteristics have increasingly received attention in the tobacco control literature. The majority of tailored interventions are generated by computers and administered with printed materials or web-based programs. The purpose of this study was to examine the tailoring activities of community lay health influencers who were trained to perform face-to-face brief tobacco cessation interventions. Eighty participants of a large-scale, randomized controlled trial completed a 6-week qualitative follow-up interview. A majority of participants (86%) reported that they made adjustments in their intervention behaviors based on individual smoker characteristics, their relationship with the smoker, and/or setting. Situational contexts (i.e., location and timing) primarily played a role after targeted smokers were selected. The findings suggest that lay health influencers benefit from a training curriculum that emphasizes a motivational, person-centered approach to brief cessation interventions. Recommendations for future tobacco cessation intervention trainings are presented.