Peripheral neuropathy caused by fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) straw intoxication in cattle and experimental reproduction in sheep and goats.

Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) is a legume widely used as a food supplement in humans and less frequently in ruminants. Toxicity has been described sporadically in ruminants grazing mature fenugreek plants or stubble; however, the pathological features are unclear. This report describes a natural outbreak of intoxication in cattle fed fenugreek straw and the experimental reproduction using 8 sheep and 8 goats. Affected cattle presented clinical signs approximately 1 month after consuming the straw and 100 of 400 cattle (25%) were affected, of which 60 of 100 (60%) died or were euthanized. Clinical signs were characterized by proprioceptive positioning defects with abnormal postures and weakness of hindlimbs. Forelimbs were also affected in severely affected animals, and cattle became recumbent. Locomotion was characterized by trembling, and some cattle showed high-stepping movements of their forelimbs and knuckled over in their fetlocks. Experimental intoxication induced clinical signs only in sheep and were similar to cattle, although with signs starting in the forelegs. Gross and microscopic lesions were similar in spontaneous and experimental intoxications. Macroscopic changes corresponded with muscular hemorrhages and edema, mainly surrounding the peripheral nerves. Microscopic examination only demonstrated lesions in the distal peripheral nerves, which included edema, hemorrhages, and Wallerian degeneration. Neurofilament immunohistochemistry revealed altered axon labeling and S100 showed a decrease in myelin intensity and loss of its typical compact arrangement around axons. Biochemical and hematological abnormalities included elevated levels of muscle and liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia. These findings indicate that fenugreek straw induces peripheral neuropathy in cattle and sheep, but not in goats.

Pathogenesis and New Pharmacological Approaches to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review.

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is responsible for significant adverse effects on cognition, quality of life and work, social relationships, motor skills, and other psychological aspects. The severity of NIHL depends on individual patient characteristics, sound intensity, and mainly the duration of sound exposure. NIHL leads to the production of a reactive oxygen (ROS) inflammatory response and the activation of apoptotic pathways, DNA fragmentation, and cell death. In this situation, antioxidants can interact with free radicals as well as anti-apoptotics or anti-inflammatory substances and stop the reaction before vital molecules are damaged. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different pharmacological treatments, focusing on exogenous antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and anti-apoptotics to reduce the cellular damage caused by acoustic trauma in the inner ear. Experimental animal studies using these molecules have shown that they protect hair cells and reduce hearing loss due to acoustic trauma. However, there is a need for more conclusive evidence demonstrating the protective effects of antioxidant/anti-inflammatory or anti-apoptotic drugs' administration, the timeline in which they exert their pharmacological action, and the dose in which they should be used in order to consider them as therapeutic drugs. Further studies are needed to fully understand the potential of these drugs as they may be a promising option to prevent and treat noise-induced hearing loss.

Pie de bicicleta

Entre las lesiones traumáticas del miembro inferior en niños se destacan por su frecuencia las injurias ocasionadas por los rayos de rueda de bicicleta. Asistimos 256 casos entre los meses de junio de 1989 y julio de 1991. Realizamos un protocolo de evaluación, tratamiento y seguimiento, así como también, una clasificación de las lesiones, describiendo el fundamento biomecánico de la lesión. Preconizamos no subestimar la lesión e instaurar medidas preventivas en el uso de bicicletas traslando niños

Pie de bicicleta

Entre las lesiones traumáticas del miembro inferior en niños se destacan por su frecuencia las injurias ocasionadas por los rayos de rueda de bicicleta. Asistimos 256 casos entre los meses de junio de 1989 y julio de 1991. Realizamos un protocolo de evaluación, tratamiento y seguimiento, así como también, una clasificación de las lesiones, describiendo el fundamento biomecánico de la lesión. Preconizamos no subestimar la lesión e instaurar medidas preventivas en el uso de bicicletas traslando niños