Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 96 pediatric human metapneumovirus infections in Henan, China after COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a surge in human metapneumovirus (HMPV) transmission, surpassing pre-epidemic levels. We aim to elucidate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of HMPV infections in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. METHODS: In this retrospective single-center study, participants diagnosed with laboratory confirmed HMPV infection through Targeted Next Generation Sequencing were included. The study encompassed individuals admitted to Henan Children's Hospital between April 29 and June 5, 2023. Demographic information, clinical records, and laboratory indicators were analyzed. RESULTS: Between April 29 and June 5, 2023, 96 pediatric patients were identified as infected with HMPV with a median age of 33.5 months (interquartile range, 12 ~ 48 months). The majority (87.5%) of infected children were under 5 years old. Notably, severe cases were statistically younger. Predominant symptoms included fever (81.3%) and cough (92.7%), with wheezing more prevalent in the severe group (56% vs 21.1%). Coinfection with other viruses was observed in 43 patients, with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (15.6%) or human rhinovirus A (HRV type A) (12.5%) being the most common. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) coinfection rate was significantly higher in the severe group (20% vs 1.4%). Bacterial coinfection occurred in 74 patients, with Haemophilus influenzae (Hin) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SNP) being the most prevalent (52.1% and 41.7%, respectively). Severe patients demonstrated evidence of multi-organ damage. Noteworthy alterations included lower concentration of IL-12p70, decreased lymphocytes percentages, and elevated B lymphocyte percentages in severe cases, with statistical significance. Moreover, most laboratory indicators exhibited significant changes approximately 4 to 5 days after onset. CONCLUSIONS: Our data systemically elucidated the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients with HMPV infection, which might be instructive to policy development for the prevention and control of HMPV infection and might provide important clues for future HMPV research endeavors.

Effects of ultrasound-assisted intermittent tumbling on the quality of cooked ham through modifying muscle structure and protein extraction.

BACKGROUND: Tumbling treatment is widely used in the production of cooked ham. However, traditional intermittent tumbling (IT) treatment is time-consuming. To enhance the tumbling efficiency, high-intensity ultrasound was used to assist IT treatment (UIT). RESULTS: UIT treatment reduced the tumbling time and significantly improved the water holding capacity, tenderness, sliceability and texture of cooked ham compared to IT treatment. Furthermore, more violent destruction of meat tissue was exhibited in the UIT treatment. This change facilitated extraction of more salt-soluble protein, which in turn welded meat pieces tightly and improved the quality of the cooked ham. CONCLUSION: UIT treatment could accelerate the tumbling process and enhance the quality of cooked ham. These results may provide guidance on effective strategies for a high-quality meat production process. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of ultrasound on the oxidation and structure of myofibrillar protein in the presence or absence of soybean oil.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound is widely used as a novel non-thermal processing technique to improve protein properties. In recent decades, applying ultrasound-assisted emulsification (UAE) to produce protein-stabilized emulsion has attracted people's attention. Instead of applying ultrasound to treat a single protein solution, UAE treatment refers to the use of sonication to a mixture of protein and oil. The purpose of this study was to compare the different effects of ultrasound treatment on the properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) in the presence or absence of soybean oil. A suitable sonication power was selected based on the change in emulsion properties. RESULTS: 300 W sonication power was selected because of its most effectively decreased emulsion droplet size and increased absolute zeta potential. Sonication more significantly increased the protein carbonyl content and disulfide bonds of the MP-soybean oil sample compared with the MP sample. Due to the presence of oil, ultrasound could unfold more protein molecules, illustrated by a lower α-helix content and intrinsic fluorescence intensity, and a higher surface hydrophobicity. Results of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry illustrated that sonication enhanced the myosin heavy chain and actin content at the soybean oil interface as well as accelerated the myosin light chain to separate from myosin in the MP-soybean oil system. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound treatment could lead to a higher level of protein oxidation and greater protein molecule exposure in the MP in the presence of oil system than in the oil-free MP system. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Can different information channels promote farmers' adoption of Agricultural Green Production Technologies? Empirical insights from Sichuan Province.

Information accessibility is a pivotal factor influencing farmers' adoption of Agricultural Green Production Technologies (AGPT). However, the widespread issue of information poverty presents a significant obstacle to this adoption process, thereby hindering the progression towards sustainable agricultural development. To address this information deficit, farmers have begun to utilize the Internet and participate in government-led onsite assembly training programs to acquire the necessary knowledge. Yet there is still a lack of research evidence on the effectiveness and comparative advantages of internet and offline training. This study explores the impact of various information access channels on farmers' adoption of green production technologies in agriculture, focusing on a sample of 731 family farms located in Sichuan Province. The issue of endogeneity was addressed using the Conditional Mixed Process Estimation Method. The sample underwent a t-test and heterogeneity analysis. The findings revealed that both internet-based information access and participation in training significantly bolstered farmers' adoption of AGPT, with the former proving to be more effective. Notably, heterogeneity was observed among farmers, differentiated by age and the number of village cadres within their family units.

Heteropoly blue-modified ultrathin bismuth oxychloride nanosheets with oxygen vacancies for efficient photocatalytic nitrogen fixation in pure water.

Photocatalytic nitrogen reduction is a promising green technology for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions. However, the poor charge transfer efficiency and weak N2 adsorption/activation capability severely hamper the ammonia production efficiency. In this work, heteropoly blue (r-PW12) nanoparticles are loaded on the surface of ultrathin bismuth oxychloride nanosheets with oxygen vacancies (BiOCl-OVs) by electrostatic self-assembly method, and a series of xr-PW12/BiOCl-OVs heterojunction composites have been prepared. Acting as a robust support, ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) structure of BiOCl-OVs inhibits the aggregation of r-PW12 nanoparticles, enhancing the interfacial contact between r-PW12 and BiOCl. More importantly, the existence of oxygen vacancies (OVs) provides abundant active sites for efficient N2 adsorption and activation. In combination of the enhanced light absorption and promoted photogenerated carriers separation of xr-PW12/BiOCl-OVs heterojunction, under simulated solar light, the optimal 7r-PW12/BiOCl-OVs exhibits an excellent photocatalytic N2 fixation rate of 33.53 µmol g-1h-1 in pure water, without the need of sacrificial agents and co-catalysts. The reaction dynamics is also monitored by in situ FT-IR spectroscopy, and an associative distal pathway is identified. Our study demonstrates that construction of heteropoly blues-based heterojunction is a promising strategy for developing high-performance N2 reduction photocatalysts. It is anticipated that combining of different defects with heteropoly blues of different structures might provide more possibilities for designing highly efficient photocatalysis systems.

Synergistic manipulation of sulfur vacancies and palladium doping of In2S3 for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production.

In this study, a simple one-pot synthesis process is employed to introduce Pd dopant and abundant S vacancies into In2S3 nanosheets. The optimized Pd-doped In2S3 photocatalyst, with abundant S vacancies, demonstrates a significant enhancement in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The joint modification of Pd doping and rich S vacancies on the band structure of In2S3 result in an improvement in both the light absorption capacity and proton reduction ability. It is worth noting that photogenerated electrons enriched by S vacancies can rapidly migrate to adjacent Pd atoms through an efficient transfer path constructed by Pd-S bond, effectively suppressing the charge recombination. Consequently, the dual-defective In2S3 shows an efficient photocatalytic H2 production rate of 58.4 ± 2.0 µmol·h-1. Additionally, further work has been conducted on other ternary metal sulfide, ZnIn2S4. Our findings provide a new insight into the development of highly efficient photocatalysts through synergistic defect engineering.

Causal associations between modifiable risk factors and isolated REM sleep behavior disorder: a mendelian randomization study.

Objectives: This Mendelian randomization (MR) study identified modifiable risk factors for isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets for 29 modifiable risk factors for iRBD in discovery and replication stages were used. GWAS data for iRBD cases were obtained from the International RBD Study Group. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was primarily employed to explore causality, with supplementary analyses used to verify the robustness of IVW findings. Co-localization analysis further substantiated causal associations identified via MR. Genetic correlations between mental illness and iRBD were identified using trait covariance, linkage disequilibrium score regression, and co-localization analyses. Results: Our study revealed causal associations between sun exposure-related factors and iRBD. Utilizing sun protection (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31 [0.14, 0.69], p = 0.004), ease of sunburn (OR = 0.70 [0.57, 0.87], p = 0.001), childhood sunburn occasions (OR = 0.58 [0.39, 0.87], p = 0.008), and phototoxic dermatitis (OR = 0.78 [0.66, 0.92], p = 0.003) decreased iRBD risk. Conversely, a deep skin color increased risk (OR = 1.42 [1.04, 1.93], p = 0.026). Smoking, alcohol consumption, low education levels, and mental illness were not risk factors for iRBD. Anxiety disorders and iRBD were genetically correlated. Conclusion: Our study does not corroborate previous findings that identified smoking, alcohol use, low education, and mental illness as risk factors for iRBD. Moreover, we found that excessive sun exposure elevates iRBD risk. These findings offer new insights for screening high-risk populations and devising preventive measures.

High bioavailable testosterone levels increase the incidence of isolated REM sleep behavior disorder: Results from multivariable and network Mendelian randomization analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the causal relationships between sex hormone levels and incidence of isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). METHODS: In our study, we utilized Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) data for iRBD, including 9447 samples with 1061 cases of iRBD provided by the International RBD Study Group. Initially, we conducted a two-sample univariate MR analysis to explore the impact of sex hormone-related indicators on iRBD. This was followed by the application of multivariable MR methods to adjust for other hormone levels and potential confounders. Finally, we undertook a network MR analysis, employing brain structure Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) characteristics as potential mediators, to examine whether sex hormones could indirectly influence the incidence of iRBD by affecting brain structure. RESULTS: Bioavailable testosterone (BioT) is an independent risk factor for iRBD (Odds Ratio [95 % Confidence Interval] = 2.437 [1.308, 4.539], P = 0.005, corrected-P = 0.020), a finding that remained consistent even after adjusting for other sex hormone levels and potential confounders. Additionally, BioT appears to indirectly increase the risk of iRBD by reducing axial diffusivity and increasing the orientation dispersion index in the left cingulum and cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: Our research reveals that elevated levels of BioT contribute to the development of iRBD. However, the specific impact of BioT on different sexes remains unclear. Furthermore, high BioT may indirectly lead to iRBD by impairing normal pathways in the left cingulum and cingulate gyrus and fostering abnormal pathway formation.

Pain, obesity, adenosine salvage disruption, and smoking behavior mediate the effect of gut microbiota on sleep disorders: results from network Mendelian randomization and 16S rDNA sequencing.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the indirect causalities between gut microbiota and sleep disorders. Methods: In stage 1, we utilized 196 gut microbiota as the exposure factor and conducted a two-sample univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis on five sleep disorders: insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep-wake rhythm disorders (SWRD), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). In stage 2, we validated the MR findings by comparing fecal microbiota abundance between patients and healthy controls through 16S rDNA sequencing. In stage 3, we explored the indirect pathways by which the microbiota affects sleep, using 205 gut microbiota metabolic pathways and 9 common risk factors for sleep disorders as candidate mediators in a network MR analysis. Results: In stage 1, the univariable MR analysis identified 14 microbiota potentially influencing five different sleep disorders. In stage 2, the results from our observational study validated four of these associations. In stage 3, the network MR analysis revealed that the Negativicutes class and Selenomonadales order might worsen insomnia by increasing pain [mediation: 12.43% (95% CI: 0.47, 24.39%)]. Oxalobacter could raise EDS by disrupting adenosine reuptake [25.39% (1.84, 48.95%)]. Allisonella may elevate OSA risk via obesity promotion [36.88% (17.23, 56.54%)], while the Eubacterium xylanophilum group may lower OSA risk by decreasing smoking behavior [7.70% (0.66, 14.74%)]. Conclusion: Triangulation of evidence from the MR and observational study revealed indirect causal relationships between the microbiota and sleep disorders, offering fresh perspectives on how gut microbiota modulate sleep.

Plasma Soluble Podoplanin as a Biomarker of Hypercoagulability and Cellular Immunity Status in Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Podoplanin (PDPN) is known to play a role in thrombosis, metastasis of tumor cells, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune response. The present study aim to evaluate the clinical significance of soluble PDPN (sPDPN) in hypercoagulability and cellular immune status in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine plasma sPDPN levels, and T-lymphocyte distribution was determined using flow cytometry. The levels of sPDPN were markedly higher in the NSCLC group than control group, and sPDPN was higher in patients with advanced-stage and with distant metastases. The high-sPDPN group had lower absolute numbers of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio than low-sPDPN group. Correlation analysis indicated that sPDPN was positively linked to platelet (r = 0.50, P < .001), D-dimer (r = 0.52, P < .001), and fibrinogen (r = 0.37, P < .001); and inversely correlated with CD3+ (r = -0.37, P < .001), CD4+ (r = -0.44, P < .001), and CD4+/CD8+ (r = -0.37, P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that sPDPN (odds ratio [OR] = 2.293; 95% CI, 1.559-3.373) and tumor stage (OR = 15.857; 95% CI, 1.484-169.401) were separate risk indicators for hypercoagulability. The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) indicated that sPDPN had high diagnostic values for hypercoagulability in NSCLC patients. In conclusion, plasma sPDPN was not only linked to hypercoagulability, but it may also be an indicator of the body's cellular immune status in NSCLC patients.

PAF-6 Doped with Phosphoric Acid through Alkaline Nitrogen Atoms Boosting High-Temperature Proton-Exchange Membranes for High Performance of Fuel Cells.

High-temperature proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) can offer improved energy efficiency and tolerance to fuel/air impurities. The high expense of the high-temperature proton-exchange membranes (HT-PEMs) and their low durability at high temperature still impede their further practical applications. In this work, a phosphoric acid (PA)-doped porous aromatic framework (PAF-6-PA) is incorporated into poly[2,2'-(p-oxydiphenylene)-5,5'-benzimidazole] (OPBI) to fabricate novel PAF-6-PA/OPBI composite HT-PEMs through solution-casting. The alkaline nitrogen structure in PAF-6 can be protonated with PA to provide proton hopping sites, and its porous structure can enhance the PA retention in the membranes, thus creating fast pathways for proton transfer. The hydrogen bond interaction between the rigid PAF-6 and OPBI can also enhance the mechanical properties and chemical stability of the composite membranes. Consequently, PAF-6-PA/OPBI exhibits an optimal proton conductivity of 0.089 S cm-1 at 200 °C, and peak power density of 437.7 mW cm-2 (Pt: 0.3 mg cm-2 ), which is significantly higher than that of the OPBI.   The PAF-6-PA/OPBI provides a novel strategy for the practical application of PBI-based HT-PEMs.

Comparison of oil-in-water emulsions prepared by ultrasound, high-pressure homogenization and high-speed homogenization.

This study was designed to compare the properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) stabilized soybean oil-in-water emulsions fabricated by ultrasound-assisted emulsification (UAE), high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and high-speed homogenization (HSH). The emulsion properties, droplet characteristics, interfacial proteins, protein exposure extent, microrheological properties, multiple light scattering results, and 7 d storage stabilities of the three emulsions were specifically investigated. Our results indicate that UAE and HPH were better emulsification methods than HSH to obtain high-quality emulsions with higher emulsifying activity index (UAE 20.73 m2·g-1, HPH 11.76 m2·g-1 and HSH 6.80 m2·g-1), whiteness (UAE 81.05, HPH 80.67 and HSH 74.09), viscosity coefficient (UAE 0.44 Pa·sn, HPH 0.49 Pa·sn and HSH 0.22 Pa·sn), macroscopic viscosity index (UAE 2.31 nm-2·s, HPH 0.38 nm-2·s and HSH 0.34 nm-2·s), and storage stability, especially for the UAE. Furthermore, UAE was a more efficient emulsification method than HPH to prepare the fine MP-soybean oil emulsion. The protein-coated oil droplets were observed in the three emulsions. The emulsion droplet size of the UAE-fabricated emulsion was the lowest (0.15 µm) while the interfacial protein concentration (93.37%) and the protein exposure extent were the highest among the three emulsions. During the 7 d storage, no separation was observed for the UAE-fabricated emulsion, while the emulsions fabricated by HPH and HSH were separated after storage for 5 d and 2 h. Therefore, this work suggests that UAE could be a better method than HPH and HSH to fabricate MP-soybean oil emulsion.

Changes in collagen properties and cathepsin activity of beef M. semitendinosus by the application of ultrasound during post-mortem aging.

The effects of ultrasound (0, 300 and 600 W for 20 min at the frequency of 20 kHz) followed by postmortem aging (0, 4 and 8 d aging time) on beef quality were evaluated. Ultrasound treatment, aging time and their interaction all significantly affected the pH and tenderness of beef (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ultrasound improved the cathepsin B + L activities and the solubility of collagen compared with the control without ultrasound treatment (p < 0.05). In terms of microstructure, the perimysium was ruptured by the ultrasound treatment which caused the collagen fibers to be disorderly and loosely arranged. In addition, ultrasound could affect the structural stability of collagen resulting in a significant reduction of thermal denaturation temperature (p < 0.05). The results showed that ultrasound could improve beef tenderness during postmortem aging by changing collagen structure and regulating the activities of cathepsin B + L.

Study on the influences of ultrasound on the flavor profile of unsmoked bacon and its underlying metabolic mechanism by using HS-GC-IMS.

For exploring the influence of ultrasound on the flavor characteristic of unsmoked bacon, sensory evaluation combined with E-nose and headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) were performed to analyze the overall flavor profile and specific volatile flavor compounds (VFCs), respectively. Furthermore, the metabolic pathway of VFCs affected by ultrasound was also investigated. Results demonstrated that ultrasound improved the flavor characteristic of unsmoked bacon by raising the levels of nonanal, heptanal, octanal, 3-methylbutanal n-hexyl acetate and n-propyl acetate. Enzymatic oxidation was found to be an important metabolic pathway responsible for the development of flavor characteristic after ultrasound treatment, which could be attributed to the increased activities of lipases and lipoxygenase and the higher concentration of polyunsaturated free fatty acids. The increased level of lipid oxidation after ultrasound treatment was also confirmed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Consequently, ultrasound is an effective approach to enhance the flavor characteristic of unsmoked bacon.

Influence of ultrasound-assisted tumbling on NaCl transport and the quality of pork.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of ultrasound-assisted tumbling (UAT; 20 kHz, 100, 300, 500 and 700 W) with different treatment time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) on the diffusion and distribution of NaCl as well as the change of pork texture properties during curing. Results showed that in comparison with the single tumbling (ST), the NaCl content and the NaCl diffusion coefficient were increased along with UAT treatment (P < 0.05). The scanning electron microscopy and the energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that UAT treatment changed the microstructure of pork which may facilitate the NaCl dispersion homogeneously. In addition, the moderate UAT treatment of 300 W with 60 min could significantly improve the tumbling yield, water-holding capacity and textural properties of pork compared with the ST treatment (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, in comparison with the ST group, protein extraction was considerably increased after UAT (300 and 500 W) treated for 120 min (P < 0.05). Our study demonstrated that UAT treatment could effectively promote the penetration and distribution of NaCl and improve pork meat quality via facilitating the extraction of meat protein.

Effects of ultrasound-assisted vacuum tumbling on the oxidation and physicochemical properties of pork myofibrillar proteins.

The present research aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU, 20 kHz, 0 W, 100 W, 300 W and 500 W)-assisted vacuum tumbling (UVT) for 60 min and 120 min on the oxidation and physicochemical properties of the pork myofibrillar proteins (MPs). Compared with the vacuum tumbling (VT) groups without the HIU assistance, the carbonyl content increased, while the total sulfhydryl (SH) content was reduced with the increase of HIU power and treatment time (P < 0.05). The reactive SH content was increased significantly after treated by UVT with 300 W compared with the VT group (P < 0.05) regardless of the treatment time. Similarly, the surface hydrophobicity (S0), the intrinsic tryptophan intensity, and the solubility in the UVT group (300 W) were remarkably higher than those of the VT group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the α-helix content and the particle size of MPs significantly decreased when the HIU power was at 100 W and 300 W (P < 0.05). The results suggest that UVT treatment could change the structure and physicochemical properties of MPs accompanied by protein oxidation.

[Preparation of Magnetic Biomass Carbon by Thermal Decomposition of Siderite Driven by Wheat Straw and Its Adsorption on Cadmium].

C-Fe3O4 composite material [magnetic biomass char (MBC)] was prepared by pyrolysis of a mixture of wheat straw and siderite at 500℃. The MBC was characterized by XRF, FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS, and a magnetic susceptibility device. The effect of contact time, pH value, initial Cd2+ concentration, and ionic strength on the adsorption capacity of the MBC to Cd2+ was investigated. The results showed that the BET surface areas of the MBC and biomass char (BC) were 23.38 m2·g-1 and 7.20 m2·g-1, respectively, total pore volumes were 1.04×10-1 cm3·g-1 and 2.23×10-2 cm3·g-1, and average pore diameters were 17.74 nm and 12.38 nm. The magnetic susceptibility of the MBC was 42900×10-8 m3·kg-1. FTIR showed that phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups bound metal ions on the surface of the MBC and BC. The kinetic data of the MBC were described well by the pseudo-second-order model. Isothermal adsorption of Cd2+ by MBC and BC was fitted well by the Freundlich equation. The adsorption velocity increased with an increase of pH in the region 3-6 and then stabilized in the region 6-9. The adsorption capacity of Cd2+ decreased slightly when ionic strength increased from 1 mmol·L-1 to 100 mmol·L-1, whereas the desorption rate increased from 0.51% to 8.5%. The adsorption properties and characterization results illustrated that the removal mechanism of Cd2+ likely was through adsorption and ion exchange on the surface of the MBC with a high amount of functional groups. In addition, magnetic adsorbents offered a significant advantage compared to other adsorbents in the aspect of separation from aqueous solution.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induced the differentiation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells into vascular endothelial-like cells in vitro.

Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs) are a novel source of stem cells that are isolated and cultured from second trimester amniocentesis. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) acts as a tissue morphogen and regulates stem cell proliferation and differentiation. This study investigated the effect of an adenovirus-mediated GDNF gene, which was engineered into AFSCs, on the cells' biological properties and whether GDNF in combination with AFSCs can be directionally differentiated into vascular endothelial-like cells in vitro. AFSCs were isolated and cultured using the plastic adherence method in vitro and identified by the transcription factor Oct-4, which is the primary marker of pluripotent stem cells. AFSCs were efficiently transfected by a GFP-labeled plasmid system of an adenovirus vector carrying the GDNF gene (Ad-GDNF-GFP). Transfected AFSCs stably expressed GDNF. Transfected AFSCs were cultured in endothelial growth medium-2 containing vascular endothelial growth factor. After 1 week, AFSCs were positive for von Willebrand factor (vWF) and CD31, which are markers of endothelial cells, and the recombinant GDNF group was significantly higher than undifferentiated controls and the GFP only group. These results demonstrated that AFSCs differentiated into vascular endothelial-like cells in vitro, and recombinant GDNF promoted differentiation. The differentiation-induced AFSCs may be used as seed cells to provide a new manner of cell and gene therapies for transplantation into the vascular injury site to promote angiogenesis.