Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Kidney Distribution of Raw and Wine-Steamed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus Extracts in Diabetic Nephropathy Rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and kidney distribution between Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (LLF) and wine-steamed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (WLL) extracts in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats. The DN rats were induced by high-fat-sugar diet (HFSD)/streptozotocin (STZ) regimen. For pharmacodynamics, the DN rats were treated with LLF and WLL extracts to assess the anti-diabetic nephropathy effects. For pharmacokinetics and kidney distribution, the concentrations of drugs (hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, nuezhenidic acid, oleoside-11-methyl ester, specnuezhenide, 1‴-O-ß-d-glucosylformoside, G13, and oleonuezhenide) were determined. Regarding the pharmacodynamics, LLF and WLL extracts decreased the levels of blood glucose, serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and 24-h urinary protein (24-h Upro) in DN rats. Furthermore, LLF and WLL extracts increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); decreased the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6) in DN rats. The anti-diabetic nephropathy effect of the WLL extract was better than that of the LLF extract. Regarding the pharmacokinetic and kidney tissue distribution, there were obvious differences in the eight ingredients between LLF and WLL extracts in DN rats. LLF and WLL extracts had protective effects on DN rats, while the WLL extract was better than the LLF extract regarding anti-diabetic nephropathy effects. The pharmacokinetic parameters and kidney distribution showed that wine-steaming could affect the absorption and distribution of the eight ingredients. The results provided a reasonable basis for the study of the clinical application and processing mechanism of LLF.

Systematic characterization of the absorbed components of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and their metabolic pathways in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry combined with network pharmacology.

Ligustri Lucidi Fructus is a dried and mature fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait., which has the effects of nourishing liver and kidney. Herein, an accurate and sensitive method was established for the separation and identification of the absorbed constituents and metabolites of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in rat plasma based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 73 prototype constituents and 148 metabolites were identified or characterized in administered plasma, and the possible metabolic pathways of constituents mainly involved hydroxylation, sulfation, demethylation, and glucuronidation. Besides, the network pharmacology was further investigated to illuminate its potential mechanism of treatment for liver injury by the biological targets regulating related pathways. Network pharmacological analysis showed that target components through 399 targets regulate 220 pathways. The docking results showed that 36 key target components were closely related to liver injury. Overall, the study clearly presented the metabolic processes of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and gave a comprehensive metabolic profile of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in vivo first. Combining with network pharmacology and molecular docking discovered potential drug targets and disclose the biological processes of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, which will be a viable step toward uncovering the secret mask of study for traditional Chinese medicine.

Analysis of chemical variations between raw and wine-processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis approach.

Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (LLF) is the dried and mature fruit of Ligubtrum lucidum Ait., which has the effect of nourishing the liver and kidney, brightening the eyes and promoting the growth of black hair. Wine-processed LLF is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine; however, the processing mechanisms are still unclear. Herein, a system data acquisition and mining strategy was designed to investigate the chemical profile differences between the raw and wine-processed LLF, based on high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistical analysis including principal component analysis and partial least square analysis. Afterwars, a total of 55 components were found to be the main contributors to the significant difference between raw and wine-processed LLF by comparison with chromatographic behaviors, intact precursor ions, and characteristic MS fragmentation patterns. In addition, 10 main constituents of raw and wine-processed LLF were simultaneously determined by UHPLC-MS/MS for analyzing the content variations. Some structural transformation mechanisms during wine processing were deduced from the results. The results may provide a scientific foundation for deeply elucidating the wine-processing mechanism of LLF.

Study on steroidal saponins in crude and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistical analysis.

Fructus Tribuli is a traditional Chinese medicine used clinically for many years. Crude Fructus Tribuli and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli are recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. However, the differences between steroidal saponins in crude Fructus Tribuli and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli have not been compared. In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry along with multivariate statistical analysis was developed to discriminate the chemical profiles and identify the steroidal saponins of crude Fructus Tribuli and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli. Additionally, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was used for the simultaneous quantification of nine major steroidal saponins to analyze the variations between crude Fructus Tribuli and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli. Finally, a total of 30 steroidal saponins whose structures or contents changed significantly after processing were found and identified. The mechanism of structural transformations deduced indicated that during the stir-frying of Fructus Tribuli, C-22 hydroxy furostanol saponins were converted to the corresponding furostanol saponins containing C-20-C-22 double bonds by dehydroxylation and deglycosylation reactions that occurred in the spirostanol saponins causing the generation of steroidal sapogenins. This study was successfully applied to the global analysis of crude Fructus Tribuli and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli. The results of this research will be beneficial to explore the processing mechanism of Fructus Tribuli.

Pharmacokinetic comparison of nine bioactive components in rat plasma following oral administration of raw and wine-processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

An accurate and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was established and validated for the determination of nine bioactive compounds of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in rat plasma. Separation was performed on Halo® C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. The eluate was detected by multiple reaction monitoring scanning operating in the negative ionization mode. This assay method was validated for selectivity, linearity, intra- and interday precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability, and all methodological parameters fulfilled the Food and Drug Administration criteria for bioanalytical validation. The established method was successfully applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of raw and wine-processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in rats for the first time. It was found that the AUC0-24 and Cmax value of salidroside, hydroxytyrosol, and nuezhenidic acid were increased significantly after processing, while the AUC0-24 and Cmax value of oleoside 11-methyl ester, 1'''-O-ß-d-glucosylformoside, specnuezhenide, G13, oleonuezhenide, and oleanolic acid were decreased, which suggested that processing affects the absorption and bioavailability of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus. The results might be valuable for the clinical reasonable application and understanding the processing mechanism of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus.

Analysis of variations in the contents of steroidal saponins in Fructus Tribuli during stir-frying treatment.

Just as natural saponins transform into aglycones, secondary glycosides and their derivatives using biotransformation technology, steroidal saponins may also undergo similar transformation after stir-frying. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the variations and the reasons for these variations in the contents of steroidal saponins in Fructus Tribuli (FT) during a stir-frying treatment. Stir-fried FT was processed in different time-temperature conditions. An UHPLC-MS/MS method was established and fully validated for quantitative analysis. In addition, the simulation processing products of tribuluside A, terrestroside B, terrestrosin K, terrestrosin D and 25R-tribulosin were determined by qualitative analysis using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The established UHPLC-MS/MS method provides a rapid, flexible, and reliable method for the quality assessment of FT. The present study revealed that furostanol saponins with a C22-OH group could transform into corresponding furostanol saponins with a C-20-C-22 double bond (FSDB) via dehydroxylation. Additionally, FSDB could be successively converted into its secondary glycosides via a deglycosylation reaction. The transformation of spirostanol saponins into corresponding aglycones via deglycosylation led to a decrease in spirostanol saponins and an increase in aglycones. The results of this research provided scientific evidence of variation and structural transformation among steroidal saponins. These findings might be helpful for elucidating the processing mechanism of FT.

Numerical investigations of temperature and hemodynamics in carotid arteries with and without atherosclerotic plaque during open surgery.

Intraoperative monitoring is essential for providing safe and effective care during open surgery. In this paper, numerical simulation is performed to track the flow and heat transfer of carotid arteries with and without atherosclerotic plaque in a real physiological system during surgery, in which the heat transport is first considered to couple to the blood flow due to the temperature dependence of the blood viscosity. The impacts of the operating room temperature and hematocrit (H) on the viscosity, velocity, temperature, wall shear stress (WSS), pressure drop and oscillation are investigated. The results demonstrate that the presence of plaque in the carotid artery induces a greater blood flow velocity, pressure drop, WSS, and oscillation, as well as a smaller viscosity and temperature variations. A decreasing ambient temperature leads to a decrease in the temperature and an increase in the low-WSS area, which implies a greater risk of hypothermia and atherosclerosis. As H increases, the high-WSS areas substantially expand; when H varies from 65% to 80%, WSSave increases by 70.02% and 68.57% for the arteries with and without plaque, respectively, which indicates a higher risk of vascular injury. The results obtained can serve as a guideline regarding the selection of an operating room temperature for carotid disease patients with distinct hematocrits.

UHPLC-MS/MS method for pharmacokinetic and bioavailability determination of five bioactive components in raw and various processed products of Polygala tenuifolia in rat plasma.

CONTEXT: Sibiricose A5 (A5), sibiricose A6 (A6), 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose (DSS), tenuifoliside A (TFSA) and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) are the main active components of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. (Polygalaceae) (PT) that are active against Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE: To compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of five active components in the roots of raw PT (RPT), liquorice-boiled PT (LPT) and honey-stir-baked PT (HPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The median lethal dose (LD50) was evaluated through acute toxicity test. The pharmacokinetics of five components after oral administration of extracts of RPT, LPT, HPT (all equivalent to 1.9 g/kg of RPT extract for one dose) and 0.5% CMC-Na solution (control group) were investigated, respectively, in Sprague-Dawley rats (four groups, n = 6) using UHPLC-MS/MS. In addition, the absolute bioavailability of A5, A6, DSS, TFSA and TMCA after oral administration (7.40, 11.60, 16.00, 50.00 and 3.11 mg/kg, respectively) and intravenous injection (1/10 of the corresponding oral dose) in rats (n = 6) was studied. RESULTS: The LD50 of RPT, LPT and HPT was 7.79, 14.55 and 15.99 g/kg, respectively. AUC 0- t of RPT, LPT and HPT were as follows: A5 (433.18 ± 65.48, 680.40 ± 89.21, 552.02 ± 31.10 ng h/mL), A6 (314.55 ± 62.73, 545.76 ± 123.16, 570.06 ± 178.93 ng h/mL) and DSS (100.30 ± 62.44, 232.00 ± 66.08, 197.58 ± 57.37 ng h/mL). The absolute bioavailability of A5, A6, DSS, TFSA and TMCA was 3.25, 2.95, 2.36, 1.17 and 42.91%, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetic and bioavailability parameters of each compound can facilitate future clinical studies.

[Study on internal and external quality control methods of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata based on QAMS and color recognition].

In order to effectively solve the over-processing problem of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata, which was commonly used as a hemostatic drug in clinical application, we used the quantitative analysis method of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) in this study, with quercetin as internal reference to simultaneously determine the content of six flavonoids which can be used to control the internal quality of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata. Based on the comparison of QAMS and external standard method(ESM) results, the limit standards of contents were established as follows: isoquercitroside ≥0.002 0%, quercitroside ≥0.050%, quercetin ≥0.030%, kaempferol and amentoflavone both ≥0.010%, hinokiflavone ≥0.050%. Based on the color detection of Platycladi Cacumen and Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata with different processing degrees, the law of influence of different processing degrees on the color of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata was found. A new external quality standard of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata was established by fitting curve of color recognition for the external quality control, based on which the standard ranges of ΔL~*, Δb~* and ΔE were-50.00--44.00, 6.00-11.00 and 45.00-50.00 respectively. Effective combination of established internal and external quality control standards by this study can be used to evaluate the processing degree and quality of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata more comprehensively and objectively, which can guarantee its clinical efficacy. At the same time, this study also provides reference and basis for further improving the quality control standard of Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisata.

[Epidemiological analysis of 440 cases of respiratory adenovirus infections in children from the Suzhou area between 2006 and 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory adenovirus (ADV) infections in children from the Suzhou area, China. METHODS: The clinical data of ADV-positive children out of 35 529 children with respiratory tract infections who were hospitalized in the Children's Hospital of Soochow University between January 2006 and December 2015 were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: Of the 35 529 children with respiratory tract infections, 440 (1.24%) were ADV-positive. There was no significant difference in the rate of ADV infections between boys and girls (1.18% vs 1.34%). The ADV infection rates of children at the age of <1 year old, 1-3 years old, 3-7 years old and 7-14 years old were 0.39% (71/18 002), 1.12% (103/9 191), 3.14% (201/6 398), and 3.35%( 65/1 938) respectively and the rate increased with age (P<0.01). The ADV infection rates in spring [1.85%(60/8 658)] and summer [2.20%(189/8 606)] were significantly higher than in autumn [0.30%(27/8 952)] and winter [0.69%(64/9 313)] (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The ADV infection rate is increased with age in the children from the Suzhou area, but it is not associated with gender. ADV infections are more common in spring and summer.

[Identification and Comparison of Constituents of Different Processed Products of Ligubtrum lucidum Fruit by HPLC Fingerprint].

OBJECTIVE: To identify and compare the constituents in different processed products of Ligubtrum lucidum fruit by HPLC fingerprint, in order to study the changes of chemical constituents before and after processing. METHODS: HPLC analysis was carried outwith the mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in a gradient elution mode. The number of HPLC fingerprint chromatographic peaks and peak area changes in two processed products and the crude product under 240 nm and 280 nm were compared. Then the obtained fingerprint chromatographic peaks were confirmed according to the the standard references. RESULTS: 40 chromatographic peaks were detected from Ligustrum lucidum fruit, of which 18 chromatographic peaks were confirmed, including eleven iridoids, five phenethyl alcohols, one flavonoid and one aldehyde. 38 chromatographic peaks were detected from both steaming with wine product and the steamed product, of which 15 chromatographic peaks were confirmed, including seven iridoids, five phenethyl alcohols, one flavonoid, one aldehyde and one organic acid. There was a significant difference of fingerprint among crude Ligustrum lucidum fruit and its two processed products, but little difference between steaming with wine product and the steamed product. CONCLUSION: HPLC fingerprint of the steaming with wine product and the steamed product of Ligustrum lucidum fruit are similar while the changes on chemical composition and the content in steaming with wine product and steamed product of Ligustrum lucidum fruit are remarkable.

[Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized children at a children's hospital and effects of climate change on the prevalence in Suzhou, China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children and the relationship between the prevalence and the climate change in Suzhou, China. METHODS: A total of 42 664 nasopharyngeal secretions from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection at the Suzhou Children's Hospital were screened for RSV antigens using direct immunofluorescence. Monthly meteorological data (mean monthly air temperature, monthly relative humidity, monthly rainfall, total monthly sunshine duration, and mean monthly wind velocity) in Suzhou between 2001 and 2011 were collected. The correlations between RSV detection rate and climatic factors were evaluated using correlation and stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: The annual RSV infection rate in hospitalized children with respiratory infection in the Suzhou Children's Hospital varied between 11.85% and 27.30% from 2001 to 2011. In the 9 epidemic seasons, each spanning from November to April of the next year, from 2001 to 2010, the RSV detection rates were 40.75%, 22.72%, 39.93%, 27.37%, 42.71%, 21.28%, 38.57%, 19.86%, and 29.73%, respectively; there were significant differences in the detection rate between the epidemic seasons. The monthly RSV detection rate was negatively correlated with mean monthly air temperature, total monthly sunshine duration, monthly rainfall, monthly relative humidity, and mean monthly wind velocity (P<0.05). Stepwise regression analysis showed that mean monthly air temperature fitted into a linear model (R(2)=0.64, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: From 2001 to 2011, RSV infection in Suzhou was predominantly prevalent between November and April of the next year. As a whole, the infection rate of RSV reached a peak every other year. Air temperature played an important role in the epidemics of RSV infection in Suzhou.

Association of meteorological factors with childhood viral acute respiratory infections in subtropical China: an analysis over 11 years.

The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the effects of meteorological factors on the prevalence and seasonality of common respiratory viruses in China, which has a subtropical climate. A retrospective study was conducted by identifying children admitted to a hospital with acute respiratory infections due to seven common viruses between January 2001 and December 2011. A total of 42,104 nasopharyngeal samples were tested for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B viruses (IV-A and IV-B), parainfluenza viruses 1-3 (PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3), and adenovirus (ADV) by direct immunofluorescence assay. Meteorological data were obtained from Suzhou Weather Bureau. Correlations of viral prevalence with meteorological factors were evaluated using Spearman rank correlation and partial correlation. Multivariate time-series analysis including an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and generalized linear Poisson models was conducted to study the effect of meteorological factors on the prevalence of respiratory virus infection. RSV and IV-A activity showed distinctive winter peak, whereas PIV-3 and ADV peaked in the summer. Incidence of RSV was correlated with low environmental temperature, and PIV-3 only with high temperature. IV-A activity was correlated with both low temperature and high relative humidity. ADV activity was correlated with high total rainfall. In the ARIMA model, RSV-associated hospitalizations were predictable, and the monthly number of RSV cases decreased by 11.25 % (95 % CI: 5.34 % to 16.79 %) for every 1 °C increase in the average temperature. Seasonality of certain respiratory virus may be explained by meteorological influences. The impact of meteorological factors on the prevalence of RSV may be useful for predicting the activity of this virus.

Epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infections in children.

UNLABELLED: This study was aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis of respiratory adenoviral infections among children in Suzhou, China. From 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2012, medical records of 474 hospitalized patients with respiratory adenovirus infection were reviewed retrospectively. From 2006 to 2012, the virus positive rate was 1.42, 0.82, 1.45, 1.54, 0.77, 1.63, and 0.78 %, respectively; there was no outbreak in Suzhou throughout the 7 years. Adenovirus was detected in almost every month of the year with a peak from March to August. The median age was 36 months (range, 2 days-13 years); 89 % of the infections were confined to children <7 years of age, positive rates in patients between 2 ∼ 7 years of age and patients >7 years of age were higher than that of patients <2 years of age (P < 0.002). Comparisons of the length of hospital stay using the log-rank test statistic demonstrated patients <2 years had a significantly longer length of hospital stay (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that respiratory adenovirus infection is an important cause of hospitalization in young children. Patients less than 2 years old were associated with prolonged hospitalization.

Etiology of acute bronchiolitis and the relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized infants in China.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of common viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) in hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis and study the relationship between bronchiolitis and meteorological conditions. METHODS: A 2-year prospective study was conducted on infants with a first episode of bronchiolitis admitted to Respiratory Department of Suzhou Children's Hospital. Demographic and clinical characteristics and meteorological conditions were obtained and analyzed. RESULTS: Pathogens were identified in 59.6% of 998 cases analyzed. The most frequent pathogen identified was respiratory syncytial virus (28.7%), followed by human bocavirus (11.6%), MP (9.0%), human parainfluenza virus-3 (7.8%), human metapneumovirus (6.6%), influenza A (3.5%), adenovirus (1.0%), and human parainfluenza virus-1 (0.3%). The clinical scores in children with MP or human metapneumovirus single infections, based on the assessment of severity of acute bronchiolitis, were significantly lower than in children with respiratory syncytial virus single infections. Respiratory syncytial virus had the strongest inverse correlation with mean temperature, followed by influenza A and human metapneumovirus. In addition, MP and human parainfluenza virus-3 showed positive correlations with mean temperature. CONCLUSION: Although respiratory syncytial virus was the most frequent pathogen in patients in whom bronchiolitis was diagnosed, other pathogens, including newly identified viruses and MP, also play important roles in infants with bronchiolitis. Different respiratory pathogens have different traits in response to certain meteorological conditions.

[Comparation of gastrointestinal absorption studies of specnuezhenide with salidroside in rats].

The experiment was designed to study the mechanism of increasing efficiency of Ligustrum lucidum steamed with wine. Rats in vivo with gastrointestinal perfusion model were used. The contents of salidroside and specnuezhenide in the fluid of gastrointestinal perfusion of rats were measured by HPLC at different time points after dosing. Then the K(a) and absorption percentage were calculated. Specnuezhenide could be detected in the fluid of gastrointestinal perfusion of specnuezhenide. The K(a) of the specnuezhenide and salidroside in the fetal intestines are 0.055 3 and 0.144 2 h(-1) respectively and the total absorptivity are 24.46% and 60.14% respectively after 4 hours. The K(a) in the stomach are 5.70 and 8.26 h(-1) respectively and the total absorptivity are 34.21% and 47.23% respectively after 4 hours. The experiment proved that specnuezhenide can be metabolized into salidroside which is more beneficial for gastrointestinal absorption. The experiment proved that specnuezhenide can be metabolized into salidroside both in the rat's stomach and the fetal intestine and compared with the specnuezhenide salidroside is more conducive to gastrointestinal absorption. The results suggested that the increasing efficiency on liver and kidney of L. lucidum steamed with wine has business with the fact that Specnuezhe nide is more conducive to the body after it is changed into salidroside.

Elongation of the proximal descending thoracic aorta and associated hemodynamics increase the risk of acute type B aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: Acute type B aortic dissection (ATBAD) is a life-threatening aortic disease. However, little information is available on predicting and understanding of ATBAD. OBJECTIVE: The study sought to explore the underlying mechanism of ATBAD by analyzing the morphological and hemodynamic characteristics related to aortic length. METHODS: The length and tortuosity of the segment and the whole aorta in the ATBAD group (n= 163) and control group (n= 120) were measured. A fixed anatomic landmark from the distal of left subclavian artery (LSA) to the superior border of sixth thoracic vertebra was proposed as the proximal descending thoracic aorta (PDTA), and the dimensionless parameter, length ratio, was introduced to eliminate the individual differences. The significant morphological parameters were filtrated and the associations between parameters were investigated using statistical approaches. Furthermore, how aortic morphology influenced ATBAD was explored based on idealized aortic models and hemodynamic-related metrics. RESULTS: The PDTA length was significantly increased in the ATBAD group compared with the control group and had a strong positive correlation with the whole aortic length (r= 0.89). The length ratio (LR2) and tortuosity (T2) of PDTA in the ATBAD group were significantly increased (0.15 ± 0.02 vs 0.12 ± 0.02 and 1.73 ± 0.48 vs 1.50 ± 0.36; P< 0.001), and LR2 was positive correlation with T2 (r= 0.73). In receiver-operating curve analysis, the area under the curve was 0.835 for LR2 and 0.641 for T2. Low and oscillatory shear (LOS) was positive correlation with LR2, and the elevated LOS occurred in the distal of LSA. CONCLUSION: Elongation of PDTA is associated with ATBAD, and the length ratio is a novel predictor. Elongated PDTA induced more aggressive hemodynamic forces, and high LOS regions may correspond to the entry tear location. The synergy of the morphological variation and aggressive hemodynamics creates contributory conditions for ATBAD.

[Comparison of clinical features and co-infection between pneumonia caused by influenza virus A and pneumonia caused by influenza virus B among children].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical features and co-infection between pneumonia caused by influenza virus A (IVA) and pneumonia caused by influenza virus B (IVB) among children. METHODS: A total of 165 children with pneumonia caused by influenza virus (IV) were included in the study. These subjects were divided into IVA(n=71) and IVB pneumonia groups (n=94) according to the subtypes of IV. The IVA pneumonia group was further divided into simple infection (n=14) and co-infection subgroups (n=57), and the IVB pneumonia group was also further divided into simple infection (n=27) and co-infection subgroups (n=67). Co-infection rate and pathogen spectrum were analysed in children with IV pneumonia. RESULTS: The IVB pneumonia group had significantly increased mean age of onset and significantly prolonged mean duration of fever compared with the IVA pneumonia group (P<0.05). Co-infection rate among children with IV pneumonia was 75.2%, who were co-infected with bacteria (44.2%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP, 21.8%) and other viruses (45.5%). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was most common in children co-infected viruses (89% ). The rate of co-infection with RSV was significantly higher in the IVA pneumonia group than in the IVB pneumonia group. There were no significant differences in age, length of hospital stay, duration of fever, percentage of neutrophils, prealbumin, C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase-MB between the simple infection and co-infection subgroups of each group. CONCLUSIONS: Children with IVB pneumonia have prolonged duration of fever and increased age of onset compared with those with IVA pneumonia. Co-infection rate is high among children with IV pneumonia, who may be co-infected with bacteria, viruses and MP. Co-infection with RSV is more common in children with IVA pneumonia. It is difficult to identify the presense of co-infection using clinical indices.

Change of temperature field around different drainage structures in cold region tunnel based on model testing.

Improper layout of drainage structures and inadequate insulation measures in cold tunnels can result in varying degrees of frost formation during operation. This study focuses on the Hongtoushan highway tunnel as an example, where the distribution characteristics of the temperature field around the lower drainage structure under different arrangements are investigated through indoor model testing. The results indicate that there is a significant hysteresis phenomenon in temperature changes across the cross-section as the burial depth increases. With an increase in the burial depth of the surrounding rock, the hysteresis time of temperature changes gradually elongates. The temperature variation pattern can be approximated by a cubic polynomial. In the vertical section, as the tunnel depth increases, the temperature of the surrounding rock in the lower part of the tunnel gradually rises while the amplitude of temperature change diminishes. The temperature near the centerline is relatively lower compared to the sides, where the temperature gradually increases moving away from the centerline.

Decision-theoretic rough set model and spatial analysis-based waste-to-energy incineration plant site selection: a case study in first-tier cities of China.

Selecting a sustainable waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration plant site is important for handling huge challenges created by on-going municipal solid waste. However, many studies with WTE incineration plant site problems fail to determine alternative evaluation criteria and cities beforehand, which may increase decision costs and evaluation risks. This paper proposes a novel methodology based on decision-theoretic rough set model and suitable analysis for selecting the optimal WTE incineration plant site. Firstly, from the features of cities, alternative evaluation criteria are determined by three-phase method. Considering different geographical features, a geographical index system is established. Secondly, subjective and objective criteria weights are determined by an improved DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method and TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method-based linear programming model under the hesitant fuzzy linguistic context, respectively. Subjective and objective criteria weights are combined to form the final criteria weights by building an optimization model. Thirdly, the decision-theoretic rough set model is utilized to select alternative WTE incineration plant sites. We utilize spatial analysis adopting Geographic Information System technology to rank all alternative cities to build facilities. Finally, a numerical case is performed to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. The sensitivity analysis with the parameter [Formula: see text] ranking from 0 to 1 is performed, the result confirms that the proposed methodology has better robustness. Compared with the multi-criteria decision-making methods, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methodology are demonstrated.