Functional characterization of NBS-LRR genes reveals an NBS-LRR gene that mediates resistance against Fusarium wilt.

BACKGROUND: Most disease resistance (R) genes in plants encode proteins that contain leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) and nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domains, which belong to the NBS-LRR family. The sequenced genomes of Fusarium wilt-susceptible Vernicia fordii and its resistant counterpart, Vernicia montana, offer significant resources for the functional characterization and discovery of novel NBS-LRR genes in tung tree. RESULTS: Here, we identified 239 NBS-LRR genes across two tung tree genomes: 90 in V. fordii and 149 in V. montana. Five VmNBS-LRR paralogous were predicted in V. montana, and 43 orthologous were detected between V. fordii and V. montana. The orthologous gene pair Vf11G0978-Vm019719 exhibited distinct expression patterns in V. fordii and V. montana: Vf11G0978 showed downregulated expression in V. fordii, while its orthologous gene Vm019719 demonstrated upregulated expression in V. montana, indicating that this pair may be responsible for the resistance to Fusarium wilt in V. montana. Vm019719 from V. montana, activated by VmWRKY64, was shown to confer resistance to Fusarium wilt in V. montana by a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiment. However, in the susceptible V. fordii, its allelic counterpart, Vf11G0978, exhibited an ineffective defense response, attributed to a deletion in the promoter's W-box element. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first systematic analysis of NBS-LRR genes in the tung tree and identifies a candidate gene that can be utilized for marker-assisted breeding to control Fusarium wilt in V. fordii.

Precise Surface Profiling at the Nanoscale Enabled by Deep Learning.

Surface topography, or height profile, is a critical property for various micro- and nanostructured materials and devices, as well as biological systems. At the nanoscale, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the tool of choice for surface profiling due to its capability to noninvasively map the topography of almost all types of samples. However, this method suffers from one drawback: the convolution of the nanoprobe's shape in the height profile of the samples, which is especially severe for sharp protrusion features. Here, we report a deep learning (DL) approach to overcome this limit. Adopting an image-to-image translation methodology, we use data sets of tip-convoluted and deconvoluted image pairs to train an encoder-decoder based deep convolutional neural network. The trained network successfully removes the tip convolution from AFM topographic images of various nanocorrugated surfaces and recovers the true, precise 3D height profiles of these samples.

Personalized Nanovaccines Enhance Lymph Node Accumulation and Reprogram the Tumor Microenvironment for Improved Photodynamic Immunotherapy.

Tumor immunotherapy has emerged as an efficacious therapeutic approach that mobilizes the patient's immune system to achieve durable tumor suppression. Here, we design a photodynamic therapy-motivated nanovaccine (Dex-HDL/ALA-Fe3O4) co-delivering 5-aminolevulinic acid and Fe3O4 nanozyme that demonstrate a long-term durable immunotherapy strategy. After vaccination, the nanovaccine exhibits obvious tumor site accumulation, lymph node homing, and specific and memory antitumor immunity evocation. Upon laser irradiation, Dex-HDL/ALA-Fe3O4 effectively generates reactive oxygen species at the tumor site not only to induce the immunogenic cell death-cascade but also to trigger the on-demand release of full types of tumor antigens. Intriguingly, Fe3O4 nanozyme-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide generated oxygen for alleviating tumor hypoxia and modifying the inhibitory tumor microenvironment, thereby exhibiting remarkable potential as a sensitizer. The intravenous administration of nanovaccines in diverse preclinical cancer models has demonstrated remarkable tumor regression and inhibition of postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis, thereby enabling personalized treatment strategies against highly heterogeneous tumors.

Record-High Superconducting Transition Temperature in a Ti1-xMnx Alloy with the Rich Magnetic Element Mn.

It is well-known that magnetic moments are very harmful to superconductivity. A typical example is the element Mn, whose compounds usually exhibit strong magnetism. Thus, it is very difficult to achieve superconductivity in materials containing Mn. Here, we report enhanced superconductivity with a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) up to a record-high value of about 26 K in a beta-phase Ti1-xMnx alloy containing the rich magnetic element Mn under high pressures. This is contrary to the intuition that magnetic moments always suppress superconductivity. Under high pressures, we also found that in the middle-pressure regime, the Pauli limit of the upper critical field is surpassed. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction data show an unchanged beta-phase with a continuous contraction of the cell volume, which is well-supported by the first-principles calculations. Although the theoretical results based on electron-phonon coupling can interpret the Tc value in a certain pressure region, the monotonic enhancement of superconductivity by pressure cannot seek support from the theory. Our results show a surprising enhancement of superconductivity in the Ti1-xMnx alloy with a considerable Mn content.

Site-Specific Analysis of Core and Antenna Fucosylation on Serum Glycoproteins.

Fucosylation is an important structural feature of glycans and plays an essential role in the regulation of glycoprotein functions. Fucosylation can be classified into core- (CF) and antenna-fucosylation (AF, also known as (sialyl-) Lewis) based on the location on N-glycans, and they perform distinct biological functions. In this study, core- and antenna-fucosylated N-glycans on human serum glycoproteins that hold great clinical application values were systematically characterized at the site-specific level using StrucGP combined with the recently developed fucosylation assignment method. The results showed that fucosylation was widely distributed on serum glycoproteins, with 50% of fucosylated glycopeptides modified by AF N-glycans, 37% by CF N-glycans, and 13% by dual-fucosylated N-glycans. Interestingly, CF and AF N-glycans preferred to modify different groups of serum glycoproteins with different tissue origins and were involved in distinctive biological processes. Specifically, AF N-glycoproteins are mainly from the liver and participated in complement activation, blood coagulation, and endopeptidase activities, while CF N-glycoproteins originate from diverse tissues and are mainly involved in cell adhesion and signaling transduction. These data further enhanced our understanding of fucosylation on circulation glycoproteins.

Heterogeneous-Structured Molybdenum Diboride as a Novel and Promising Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

With the development of electric vehicles, exploiting anode materials with high capacity and fast charging capability is an urgent requirement for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Borophene, with the merits of high capacity, high electronic conductivity and fast diffusion kinetics, holds great potential as anode for LIBs. However, it is difficult to fabricate for the intrinsic electron-deficiency of boron atom. Herein, heterogeneous-structured MoB2 (h-MoB2) with amorphous shell and crystalline core, is prepared by solid phase molten salt method. As demonstrated, crystalline core can encapsulate the honeycomb borophene within two adjacent Mo atoms, and amorphous shell can accommodate more lithium ions to strengthen the lithium storage capacity and diffusion kinetics. According to theoretical calculations, the lithium adsorption energy in MoB2 is about -2.7 eV, and the lithium diffusion energy barrier in MoB2 is calculated to be 0.199 eV, guaranteeing the enhanced adsorption capability and fast diffusion kinetic behavior of Li+ ions. As a result, h-MoB2 anode presents high capacity of 798 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, excellent rate performance of 183 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 and long-term cyclic stability for 1200 cycles. This work may inspire ideas for the fabrication of borophene analogs and two-dimensional metal borides.

Tumor Metabolism: A New Field for the Treatment of Glioma.

The clinical treatment of glioma remains relatively immature. Commonly used clinical treatments for gliomas are surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but there is a problem of drug resistance. In addition, immunotherapy and targeted therapies also suffer from the problem of immune evasion. The advent of metabolic therapy holds immense potential for advancing more efficacious and tolerable therapies against this aggressive disease. Metabolic therapy alters the metabolic processes of tumor cells at the molecular level to inhibit tumor growth and spread, and lead to better outcomes for patients with glioma that are insensitive to conventional treatments. Moreover, compared with conventional therapy, it has less impact on normal cells, less toxicity and side effects, and higher safety. The objective of this review is to examine the changes in metabolic characteristics throughout the development of glioma, enumerate the current methodologies employed for studying tumor metabolism, and highlight the metabolic reprogramming pathways of glioma along with their potential molecular mechanisms. Importantly, it seeks to elucidate potential metabolic targets for glioblastoma (GBM) therapy and summarize effective combination treatment strategies based on various studies.

Short-Process Regeneration of Highly Stable Spherical LiCoO2 Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries through Carbonate Precipitation.

High-efficacy recycling of spent lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2 ) batteries is one of the key tasks in realizing a global resource security strategy due to the rareness of lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) resources. However, it is of great significance to develop the innovative recycle methods for spent LiCoO2 , simultaneously realizing the efficient recovery of valuable elements and the regeneration of high-performance LiCoO2 . Herein, a novel strategy of regenerating LiCoO2 cathode is proposed, which involves the preparation of micro-spherical aluminum (Al)-doped lithium-lacked precursor (Li2x Co1-x-y Al2/3y CO3, remarked as "PLCAC") via ammonium bicarbonate coprecipitation. The comprehensive conditions affecting particle growth kinetics, morphology and particle size the has been investigated in detail by physical characterizations and electrochemical measurements. And the optimized Al-doped LiCoO2 materials with high-density sphericity (LiCo1-z Alz O2 , remarked as "LCAO") shows a high initial specific capacity of 161 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and excellent capacity retention of 99.5 % within 100 cycles at 1 C in the voltage range of 2.8 to 4.3 V. Our work provides valuable insights into the featured design of LiCoO2 precursors and cathode materials from spent LiCoO2 batteries, potentially guaranteeing the high-efficacy recycling and utilization of strategic resources.

Constructing Hollow Microcubes SnS2 as Negative Electrode for Sodium-ion and Potassium-ion Batteries.

Sodium/potassium-ion batteries (NIBs and KIBs) are considered the most promising candidates for lithium-ion batteries in energy storage fields. Tin sulfide (SnS2) is regarded as an attractive negative candidate for NIBs and KIBs thanks to its superior power density, high-rate performance and natural richness. Nevertheless, the slow dynamics, the enormous volume change and the decomposition of polysulfide intermediates limit its practical application. Herein, microcubes SnS2 were prepared through sacrificial MnCO3 template-assisted and a facile solvothermal reaction strategy and their performance was investigated in Na and K-based cells. The unique hollow cubic structure and well-confined SnS2 nanosheets play an important role in Na+/K+ rapid kinetic and alleviating volume change. The effect of the carbon additives (Super P/C65) on the electrochemical properties were investigated thoroughly. The in operando and ex-situ characterization provide a piece of direct evidence to clarify the storage mechanism of such conversion-alloying type negative electrode materials.

Lipid profile in the aqueous humor of patients with myopia.

We examined the lipid profiles in the aqueous humor (AH) of myopic patients to identify differences and investigate the relationships among dissertating lipids. Additionally, we assessed spherical equivalents and axial lengths to explore the pathogenesis of myopia. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was employed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the lipid composition of samples from myopic patients with axial lengths <26 mm (Group A) and >28 mm (Group B). Differences in lipid profiles between the two groups were determined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify discriminating lipids. Spearman correlation analysis explored the associations between lipid concentrations and biometric parameters. Three hundred and nine lipids across 21 lipid classes have been identified in this study. Five lipids showed significant differences between Group B and Group A (VIP > 1, P < 0.05): BMP (20:3/22:3), PG (22:1/24:0), PS (14:1/22:4), TG (44:2)_FA18:2, and TG (55:3)_FA18:1. The area under the curve (AUC) for these lipids was >0.75. Notably, the concentrations of BMP (20:3/22:3), PS (14:1/22:4), and TG (55:3)_FA18:1 were correlated with spherical equivalents, while BMP (20:3/22:3) and PS (14:1/22:4) correlated with axial lengths. Our study identified five differential lipids in myopic patients, with three showing significant correlations with the degree of myopia. These findings enhance our understanding of myopia pathogenesis through lipidomic alterations, emphasizing changes in cell membrane composition and function, energy metabolism and storage, and pathways involving inflammation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), and metabolic processes related to phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, triglycerides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol.

Effect of DBD Plasma Treatment on Activity of Mo-Based Sulfur-Resistant Methanation Catalyst.

By combining the advantages of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) low temperature plasma and fluidized bed, the effect of plasma on the performance of supported Mo-based catalyst was studied in this paper. The performance of the catalyst obtained by plasma treatment, calcined, plasma+calcined was compared, and the appropriate catalyst preparation scheme was explored. Comparing with the three catalysts, it was concluded that the catalyst average conversion after 30 W plasma treatment is 33.40 %, which was 8.94 % and 12.75 % higher than the other two, respectively. The structure and properties of the catalyst were characterized by N2-Physisorption, H2-chemisorption, XRD, TEM, XPS, Raman and NO-pulse adsorption. Then, by analyzing the characterization results, it can be seen that plasma can make the catalyst have a higher specific surface area and a more dispersed active metal with smaller grain size. Through the surface species identification characterization, it was found that plasma can produce more defective structures and expose more active sites, which is the main reason for the difference in conversion.

Isolation and the pathogenicity characterization of Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) from diseased Macrobrachium nipponense and its activation on host immune response.

The high morbidity and mortality of Macrobrachium nipponense occurred in several farms in China, with cardinal symptoms of slow swimming, loss of appetite, empty of intestine, reddening of the hepatopancreas and gills. The pathogen has been confirmed as Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 (DIV1), namely DIV1-mn, by molecular epidemiology, histopathological examination, TEM observation, challenge experiment, and viral load detection. Histopathological analysis showed severe damage in hepatopancreas and gills of diseased prawns, exhibited few eosinophilic inclusions and pyknosis, and TEM of diseased prawns revealed that icosahedral virus particles existed in hepatopancreas and gill, which confirmed the disease of the farmed prawns caused by the DIV1 infection. Besides, challenge tests showed LD50 of DIV1 to M. nipponense was determined to be 2.14 × 104 copies/mL, and real-time PCR revealed that M. nipponense had a very high DIV1 load in the hemocytes, gills and hepatopancreas after infection. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was undertaken to investigated the expression of six immune-related genes in DIV1-infected M. nipponense after different time points, and the results revealed UCHL3, Relish, Gly-Cru2, CTL, MyD88 and Hemocyanin were significantly up-regulated in hemocytes, gills and hepatopancreas, which revealed various expression patterns in response to DIV1 infection. This study revealed that DIV1 infection is responsible for the mass mortality of M. nipponense, one of the important crustacean species, indicating its high susceptibility to DIV1. Moreover, this study will contribute to exploring the interaction between the host and DIV1 infection, specifically in terms of understanding how M. nipponense recognizes and eliminates the invading of DIV1.

Refining DIIS algorithms for Si and GaAs solar cells: incorporation of weight regularization, conjugate gradient, and reverse automatic differentiation techniques.

Pivotal enhancements in electronic minimization algorithms, which are vital for the advancement of computational materials science, are introduced in this research. Our research is dedicated to refining the DIIS algorithm specifically for electronic structure calculations of silicon (Si) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells, aiming to enhance their efficiency and stability. We have enriched DIIS by integrating a weight regularization factor, significantly bolstering its convergence stability. This modification enhances iteration robustness and curtails the average iteration duration, thus streamlining the convergence process. Furthermore, we have incorporated the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm to proficiently resolve symmetric positive definite residual matrices. This inclusion substantially accelerates the solution-finding process within the DIIS framework. A novel aspect of our research is the application of reverse automatic differentiation (AD), deployed in two distinct methodologies: the construction of the Jacobian matrix and direct chain rule application for gradient computation. These approaches involve sophisticated mathematical techniques that enhance computational precision and efficiency specifically for Si and GaAs solar cell materials in determining the optimal weights for residual combinations during DIIS iterations. The integration of these advanced methods into the DIIS algorithm not only augments its convergence stability but also ensures a substantial reduction in total computational time. Our findings demonstrate that the enhanced DIIS, CG-enhanced DIIS, and AD-integrated DIIS methods collectively lead to a more efficient electronic minimization process. This balance of stability and efficiency is crucial in high-performance computational materials science, particularly for complex systems analysis. The findings of this research represent a notable advancement in computational strategies for Si and GaAs solar cell materials, providing enhanced methodologies and insights that significantly improve the efficiency and stability of electronic structure calculations in these critical components of renewable energy technologies.

Correlation between tumor budding and the long-term follow-up outcomes after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The effect of tumor budding (TB) on the prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) remains unclear. We evaluated the long-term outcomes of patients with superficial ESCC after ESD and the risk factors of TB for the long-term prognosis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in a Chinese hospital. All patients with ESCC treated by ESD and reported TB were included consecutively. Comparative analyses were conducted in three parts: specimen analysis, follow-up analyses of unmatched patients, and propensity score-matched (PSM) patients. Cox proportional hazard regression models were constructed to identify risk factors for overall survival and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: A total of 437 patients were enrolled [154 TB and 283 no tumor budding (NTB)], and 258 patients (52 TB and 206 NTB) were included in the follow-up analysis. Results showed that the invasion depth, differentiation type, and positive vascular invasion (all p < 0.001) of the TB group were significantly different from the NTB group. The all-cause mortality and the median RFS time between the two groups were comparable. RFS rate at 5 years were 84.6% and 80.6%, respectively (p = 0.43). Cox analyses identified that having other cancers but not TB, as a risk factor independently associated with overall survival and RFS after ESD. CONCLUSION: TB tends to be associated with invasion depth, differentiation type, and positive vascular invasion. However, it might not affect the long-term outcomes of patients with superficial ESCC after ESD when other high-risk factors are negative.

Serum microRNA-125b-5p expression in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy combined with heart failure and its effect on myocardial fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: This paper was performed to decipher the serum microRNA (miR)-125b-5p expression in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) combined with heart failure (HF) and its effect on myocardial fibrosis. METHODS: Serum miR-125b-5p expression, LVEDD, LVESD, LVEF, LVFS, and NT-proBNP levels were evaluated in clinical samples. A rat DCM model was established by continuous intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin and treated with miR-125b-5p agomir and its negative control. Cardiac function, serum TNF-α, hs-CRP, and NT-proBNP levels, pathological changes in myocardial tissues, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and the expression levels of miR-125b-5p and fibrosis-related factors were detected in rats. RESULTS: In comparison to the control group, the case group had higher levels of LVEDD, LVESD, and NT-pro-BNP, and lower levels of LVEF, LVFS, and miR-125b-5p expression levels. Overexpression of miR-125b-5p effectively led to the improvement of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen arrangement disorder in DCM rats, the reduction of blue-stained collagen fibers in the interstitial myocardium, the reduction of the levels of TNF-α, hs-CRP, and NT-proBNP and the expression levels of TGF-1ß, Collagen I, and α-SMA, and the reduction of the number of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of miR-125b-5p is effective in ameliorating myocardial fibrosis.

APOE ε4-associated downregulation of the IL-7/IL-7R pathway in effector memory T cells: Implications for Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele exerts a significant influence on peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS: The present study enrolled 54 patients diagnosed with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD; including 28 APOE ε4 carriers and 26 non-carriers). Plasma inflammatory cytokine concentration was assessed, alongside bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS: Plasma tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and interleukin (IL)-33 levels increased in the APOE ε4 carriers but IL-7 expression notably decreased. A negative correlation was observed between plasma IL-7 level and the hippocampal atrophy degree. Additionally, the expression of IL-7R and CD28 also decreased in PBMCs of APOE ε4 carriers. ScRNA-seq data results indicated that the changes were mainly related to the CD4+ Tem (effector memory) and CD8+ Tem T cells. DISCUSSION: These findings shed light on the role of the downregulated IL-7/IL-7R pathway associated with the APOE ε4 allele in modulating neuroinflammation and hippocampal atrophy. HIGHLIGHTS: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele decreases plasma interleukin (IL)-7 and aggravates hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Plasma IL-7 level is negatively associated with the degree of hippocampal atrophy. The expression of IL-7R signaling decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of APOE ε4 carriers Dysregulation of the IL-7/IL-7R signal pathways enriches T cells.

Direct Regeneration of Degraded LiFePO4 Cathode via Reductive Solution Relithiation Regeneration Process.

The rapid growth of electronic devices, electric vehicles, and mobile energy storage has produced large quantities of spent batteries, leading to significant environmental issues and a shortage of lithium resources. Recycling spent batteries has become urgent to protect the environment. The key to treating spent lithium-ion batteries is to implement green and efficient regeneration. This study proposes a recycling method for the direct regeneration of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries using hydrothermal reduction. Ascorbic acid (AA) was used as a low-cost and environmentally friendly reductant to reduce Fe3+ in spent LiFePO4. We also investigated the role of AA in the hydrothermal process and its effects on the electrochemical properties of the regenerated LiFePO4 cathode material (AA-SR-LFP). The results showed that the hydrothermal reduction direct regeneration method successfully produced AA-SR-LFP with good crystallinity and electrochemical properties. AA-SR-LFP exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, with an initial discharge specific capacity of 144.4 mAh g-1 at 1 C and a capacity retention rate of 98.6% after 100 cycles. In summary, the hydrothermal reduction direct regeneration method effectively repairs the defects in the chemical composition and crystal structure of spent LiFePO4. It can be regarded as a green and effective regeneration approach for spent LiFePO4 cathode materials.

Visible Light Photoactivity of g-C3N4/MoS2 Nanocomposites for Water Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium.

Water pollution has becoming an increasingly serious issue, and it has attracted a significant amount of attention from scholars. Here, in order remove heavy metal hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from wastewater, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was modified with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) at different mass ratios via an ultrasonic method to synthesize g-C3N4/MoS2 (CNM) nanocomposites as photocatalysts. The nanocomposites displayed efficient photocatalytic removal of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from water under UV, solar, and visible light irradiation. The CNM composite with a 1:2 g-C3N4 to MoS2 ratio achieved optimal 91% Cr (VI) removal efficiency at an initial 20 mg/L Cr (VI) concentration and pH 3 after 120 min visible light irradiation. The results showed a high pH range and good recycling stability. The g-C3N4/MoS2 nanocomposites exhibited higher performance compared to pure g-C3N4 due to the narrowed band gap of the Z-scheme heterojunction structure and effective separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, as evidenced by structural and optical characterization. Overall, the ultrasonic synthesis of g-C3N4/MoS2 photocatalysts shows promise as an efficient technique for enhancing heavy metal wastewater remediation under solar and visible light.

Identification of floral aroma components and molecular regulation mechanism of floral aroma formation in Phalaenopsis.

BACKGROUND: Most Phalaenopsis cultivars have almost no aroma, with a few exceptions. Phalaenopsis presents significant challenges in fragrance breeding due to its weak aroma and low fertility. It is therefore necessary to identify the aroma components and key regulatory genes in Phalaenopsis cultivars like 'Orange Beauty', 'Brother Sara Gold', 'Purple Martin', 'H026', 'SK16', 'SX098', and 'SH51', to improve the aroma of the common Phalaenopsis. RESULTS: Floral aroma components were tested on nine Phalaenopsis species, using smell identification and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The result showed that alcohols, esters, and alkenes were the key specific components in the different species and cultivar aromas and the aroma intensity and component content of cultivars with different colors were different. The main components of the floral aromas in Phalaenopsis were alcohols (including eucalyptol, linalool, citronellol, and 1-hexanol), esters (including hexyl acetate, leaf acetate, and dibutyl phthalate), alkenes (including pinene and sabinene) and arenes (like fluorene). The transcriptome of flowers in the bud stage and bloom stage of P. 'SH51' was sequenced and 5999 differentially expressed genes were obtained. The contributions of the phenylpropionic acid/phenyl ring compound and the terpene compound to the aroma were greater. Sixteen genes related to phalaenopsis aroma were found. TC4M, PAL, CAD6, and HR were related to phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway. SLS, TS10, and P450 were related to the synthesis pathway of terpenes. TS10 and YUCCA 10 were involved in tryptophan metabolism. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on the floral aroma components and regulatory genes in Phalaenopsis. The proposed method and research data can provide technical support for Phalaenopsis breeding. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

A comprehensive review on the detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in food samples.

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), the major virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus, cause a wide range of food poisoning and seriously threaten human health by infiltrating the food supply chain at different phases of manufacture, processes, distribution, and market. The significant prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus calls for efficient, fast, and sensitive methods for the early detection of SEs. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the hazards of SEs in contaminated food, the characteristic and worldwide regulations of SEs, and various detection methods for SEs with extensive comparison and discussion of benefits and drawbacks, mainly including biological detection, genetic detection, and mass spectrometry detection and biosensors. We highlight the biosensors for the screening purpose of SEs, which are classified according to different recognition elements such as antibodies, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, T-cell receptors, and transducers such as optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors. We analyzed challenges of biosensors for the monitoring of SEs and conclude the trends for the development of novel biosensors should pay attention to improve samples pretreatment efficiency, employ innovative nanomaterials, and develop portable instruments. This review provides new information and insightful commentary, important to the development and innovation of further detection methods for SEs in food samples.