Evaluating social sustainability of urban regeneration in historic urban areas in China: The case of Xi'an.

Urban regeneration involves a highly contested process of social transformation. Examples from China have shown that this process has led to poor social sustainability. Previous studies have not adequately addressed the issue of poor social sustainability. This study aims to address this gap by developing a set of valid and reliable performance indicators for assessing the social sustainability of urban regeneration initiatives in China's Historic Urban Areas (HUAs). Through an extensive literature review and a Delphi survey, critical social sustainability factors facilitating urban regeneration were identified. An assessment tool was subsequently proposed, comprising eight themes, 29 indicators, and a corresponding point-scoring system. Finally, Xi'an was selected as a case study to apply and test the applicability of the tool and to evaluate social sustainability performance to further explore improvement strategies. The results show that adequate housing, housing quality, participation in regeneration initiatives, and safe design were the most critical indicators determining the social sustainability of urban regeneration. Additionally, the results reveal indicators with limited contribution to achieving social sustainability in Xi'an. The research findings have policy implications for pushing socially sustainable urban regeneration initiatives in China.

Fabrication of a flexible stretchable hydrogel-based antenna using a femtosecond laser for miniaturization.

We demonstrated a new method of fabricating a stretchable antenna by injecting liquid metal (LM) into a femtosecond-laser-ablated embedded hydrogel microchannel, and realized miniaturization of a stretchable dipole antenna based on hydrogel substrate. Firstly, symmetrical microchannels with two equal and linear branches were formed by a femtosecond laser in the middle of a hydrogel substrate, and then were filled with LM by use of a syringe needle. Using this method, a stretchable LM-dipole antenna with each dimension of 24 mm × 0.6 mm × 0.2 mm separated by a 2-mm gap, was formed in the middle of a 70 mm × 12 mm × 7 mm hydrogel slab. Since the polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel contained ∼ 95 wt % deionized water with a high permittivity of 79 in the 0.5 GHz - 1.5 GHz range, the hydrogel used to prepare the flexible antenna can be considered as distilled water boxes. Experiments and simulations showed that a 5-cm-long LM-dipole embedded in hydrogel resonated at approximately 927.5 MHz with an S11 value of about - 12.6 dB and omnidirectional radiation direction. Benefiting from the high permittivity of the hydrogel, the dipole length was downsized by about half compared with conventional polymer substrates at the same resonant frequency. By varying the applied strain from 0 to 48%, the resonant frequency of the hydrogel/LM dipole antenna can be tuned from 770.3 MHz to 927.0 MHz. This method provides a simple and scalable technique for the design and preparation of LM-pattern microstructures in hydrogels, and has potential applications in hydrogel-based soft electronic device.

Relationship between prevalence and risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prevalence and risks of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture and NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD should be monitored regularly for bone mineral density and bone metabolism indicators to prevent osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the relationship between prevalence and risks of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: Five databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library, were searched since the conception of these databases until December 2021. The cohort studies, cross-sectional analyses or case-control studies evaluating the relationship between osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture and NAFLD were retrieved from these databases. Relevant data were extracted from the included studies, and a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of seven studies were included. The prevalence of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures was higher in the NAFLD group than in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 1.17, 95%CI(1.04,1.31)], while the prevalence of osteoporosis was higher in the NAFLD group than in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 1.46, 95%CI (1.21,1.77) and OR = 1.48, 95%CI (1.31,1.68), respectively] in men and women. The risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures was higher in the NAFLD group than in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 1.33,95%CI (1.24,1.44) and OR = 1.57,95%CI (1.08,2.29), respectively]. The risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures was higher in male and female NAFLD groups than that in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 1.29, 95%CI(1.14,1.47) and OR = 1.36, 95%CI (1.25,1.48), respectively]. After parameter adjustment, the risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture was higher in the male NAFLD group than in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 2.10, 95%CI(1.36,3.25)], while no significant difference was found among women [OR = 1.13, 95%CI (0.86,1.48)]. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures were significantly associated with NAFLD in men and women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022304708.

Fabrication of three-dimensional metal structures embedded in hydrogel by using femtosecond laser ablation and electroplating.

We demonstrated a method of fabricating three-dimensional (3D) metal structures in hydrogels with good conductivity by using femtosecond laser ablation and electroplating. The hydrogel containing Ag+ was first ablated by a femtosecond laser to form microchannels with an entrance achieving surface and then sandwiched between the anode and cathode to operate electroplating. Silver structures were formed along the microchannel from the microchannel entrance close to the cathode due to reduction of Ag+. The average resistivity of metal structures is measured to be about 4×10-7Ωm. A tetrahedron metallic microstructure embedded in hydrogel by this method was demonstrated to show its ability of 3D micromachining.

Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular [4 + 2] formal cycloaddition with (Z)-3-iodo allylic nucleophiles and allenamides.

A highly chemo- and regioselective [4 + 2] formal cycloaddition of (Z)-3-iodo allylic nucleophiles and allenamides catalyzed by palladium is reported. The methodology proceeds under mild reaction conditions and is tolerant of alkyl and aryl functional groups. The SN2' substitution at the proximal C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond performed against the Heck or SN2 pathway delivered a variety of 2-amino-dihydropyrans and 2-amino-tetrahydropiperidines in moderate to satisfactory yields. The [4 + 2] formal cycloaddition derivatives are convertible to interesting scaffolds 2,6,7,7a-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-b]pyrrole and 2,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives via ring-closing metathesis (RCM) with Grubbs catalyst II.

An organocatalytic method for constructing pyrroles via the cycloisomerisation of Z-1-iodo-4-N-methylbenzenesulfonyl-1,6-enynes.

A new cycloisomerisation of Z-1-iodo-4-N-methylbenzenesulfonyl-1,6-enynes to functionalized pyrroles was realized in the presence of an organomolecule (4,4'-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine) and KOtBu. The transformations were performed efficiently to produce different kinds of functionalized pyrroles within 10 min. This is the first example of an organomolecule promoted methodology with vinyl iodides from a non-aromatic system to an aromatic system, which offers an excellent option toward establishing a new horizon for cross-coupling reactions of vinyl halides. Preliminary mechanistic studies were performed and a crude radical pathway was proposed.

Amperometric immunoassay for the carcinoembryonic antigen by using a peroxidase mimic consisting of palladium nanospheres functionalized with glutathione-capped gold nanoparticles on graphene oxide.

A composite nanoenzyme was used in a sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassay for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Hierarchically porous palladium nanospheres (Pd NPs) were functionalized with glutathione-capped gold nanoparticles (G-Au NPs) and then loaded onto graphene oxide (GO) to obtain a peroxidase mimicking nanoenzyme of type GO-supported G-Au/Pd. The composite can catalyze the oxidation of the substrate tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2 to give blue-colored oxidized TMB within only 20 s. This strong peroxidase activity, good conductivity and high specific surface area of the material make it a useful label for secondary antibodies (Ab2) for the detection of CEA. The cotton-like electrodeposited gold nanoparticles with good electrical conductivity were used to immobilize primary antibody (Ab1). The amperometric immunoassay has a detection range that extends from 10 fg·mL-1 to 100 ng·mL-1 at a working potential of -0.4 V with addition of 5 mmol·L-1 H2O2 as electrochemically active substrate, and the detection limit is as low as 3.2 fg·mL-1 (S/N = 3). Graphical abstract Schematic of sandwich electrochemical immunosensor for the carcinoembryonic antigen. Electrodeposited gold used as substrate material, and Graphene oxide supported G-Au NPs functionalized porous Pd nanospheres (GO supported G-Au/Pd) as signal amplification platform, which catalyze the oxidation of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB).

A Fluoro-Chromogenic Sensor Based on Organic Molecular Framework for Cu2+ and F- in Aqueous Soluble DMSO.

The 2,2'-dinaphtholazobenzene molecular framework (P) was designed, synthesized and characterized. Its absorption and fluorescence properties revealed that P is a dual sensor for copper ions (Cu2+) and fluoride ions (F-) in DMSO. The colorimetric activities were clearly visible by naked eye upon the addition of the two ions. Fluorescence quenching and enhancement were observed when Cu2+ and F- ions were added respectively. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to provide an insight into the interaction of guest ions (Cu2+ and F-) with P, and to explain how the molecular orbitals were affected. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

The effects of galangin on a mouse model of vitiligo induced by hydroquinone.

Galangin, the main active component of Alpinia officinarum Hance, was tested in a mouse model of vitiligo induced in C57BL/6 mice by the topical application of 2 mL of 2.5% hydroquinone daily to shaved areas (2 × 2 cm) of dorsal skin for 60 days. Thirty days after the final application of hydroquinone, galangin (0.425, and 4.25 mg/kg) was administered orally for 30 days. The hair colour darkened when it grew back after treatment, and histological analysis showed that the number of melanin-containing hair follicles had increased after treatment with all doses of galangin groups and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP, the positive control) compared with the untreated vitiligo group (p < 0.05). The number of skin basal layer melanocytes and melanin-containing epidermal cells had also increased significantly with the application of 4.25 mg/kg of galangin. The concentration of tyrosinase (TYR) in serum was found to have increased, whereas the content of malondialdehyde and the activity of cholinesterase had decreased after treatment with all doses of galangin and 8-MOP, compared with control (p < 0.05). The expression of TYR protein in treated areas of skin also increased with the application of 4.25 mg/kg galangin and 8-MOP. In conclusion, the results showed that galangin was able to improve vitiligo induced by hydroquinone in mice, with the activity related to concentrations of TYR, expression of TYR protein, activity of malondialdehyde and content of cholinesterase. Galangin may therefore be a potential candidate for the treatment of vitiligo, subject to further investigation.

Association of different obesity indexes with diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.

The objective of this study is to investigate the association between diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and various adiposity indexes, including the visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product index (LAPI), visceral fat area (VFA), and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. 1176 T2DM patients was stratified into normoalbuminuria (NO), microalbuminuria (MI), and macroalbuminuria (MA) groups based on their urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) levels. To analyse the correlation between DKD and VAI, LAPI, VFA, and SFA. Multiple linear, restricted cubic spline (RCS), subgroup analyses, and multinomial logistic regression were employed. After adjusting for confounding variables, UACR levels were positively associated with VAI, LAPI, and VFA. RCS curves demonstrated a J-shaped dose-response relationship between VAI and LAPI levels with UACR levels, while a linear correlation was observed between UACR levels and VFA. Using the NO and MI as reference groups, the MA group was analysed as the observational group. DKD severity was positively associated with VAI, LAPI and VFA. When evaluating DKD prognostic risk, with the low-risk and medium-risk groups serving as reference categories, a significant positive correlation was identified with prognostic risk and VAI, LAPI, and VFA in the high-risk or very high-risk groups. In patients with T2DM, DKD severity and prognostic risk were positively correlated with VAI, LAPI, and VFA levels.

Purpurogallin carboxylic acid exhibits synergistic effects with 5­fluorouracil on liver cancer cells in vitro by targeting ABCG2.

Purpurogallin carboxylic acid (PCA) is a natural phenol compound derived from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde, which exerts particular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. However, the effects and mechanisms of PCA on liver cancer cells remain unknown. Therefore, network pharmacology and computer virtual docking were used to identify the target-proteins of PCA. In addition, surface plasmon resonance, protease activity and rhodamine excretion assays were carried out to evaluate the effects of PCA on the activity of ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). The synergistic effects of PCA and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on liver cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, colony formation and spheroid formation abilities in vitro were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry, western blot analysis, colony formation and spheroid formation assays, respectively. ABCG2 was identified as a potential target of PCA, with a high docking score. The equilibrium dissociation constant of PCA for ABCG2 protein was 1.84 µM, while the median inhibitory concentration of this protein was 3.09 µM. In addition, the results demonstrated that PCA could significantly reduce the drug efflux capacity of liver cancer cells. CCK-8 assays revealed that liver cancer cell treatment with 10 µM PCA and 10 µM 5-FU exhibited the most potent synergistic effects on liver cancer cell proliferation at 48 h. Additionally, cell co-treatment with PCA and 5-FU also significantly attenuated the colony and spheroid formation abilities of liver cancer cells in vitro, while it promoted their arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, ABCG2 silencing in liver cancer cells notably abrogated the synergistic effects of PCA and 5-FU. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PCA exhibited synergistic effects with 5-FU on liver cancer cells in vitro via targeting ABCG2. Therefore, PCA combined with 5-FU may be a potential strategy for liver cancer therapy.

Surface Reconstruction Facilitated by Fluorine Migration and Bimetallic Center in NiCo Bimetallic Fluoride Toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical anodic reaction of electrochemical water splitting, developing a high-efficiency electrocatalyst is essential. Transition metal-based catalysts are much more cost-effective if comparable activities can be achieved. Among them, fluorides are rarely reported due to their low aqueous stability of coordination and low electric conductivity. Herein, a NiCo bimetallic fluoride with good crystallinity is designed and constructed, and significantly enhanced catalytic activity and conductivity are observed. The inevitable oxidation of transition metal ions at high potential and the dissociation of F- are attributed to the low aqueous stability of coordination. The theoretical researches predicte that transition metal fluorides should have a strong tendency to electrochemical reconstruction. Therefore, based on the observations on their electrochemical behavior, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and bode plots, it is further demonstrated that surface reconstruction occurred during the electrochemical process, meanwhile a significant increase of electrochemically active area, which is created by F migration, are also directly observed. Additionally, DFT calculation results show that the electronic structure of the catalysts is modulated by the bimetallic centers, and this reconstruction helps optimizing the adsorption energy of oxygen-containing species and improves OER activity.

MiniXL: An open-source, large field-of-view epifluorescence miniature microscope for mice capable of single-cell resolution and multi-brain region imaging.

Capturing the intricate dynamics of neural activity in freely behaving animals is essential for understanding the neural mechanisms underpinning specific behaviors. Miniaturized microscopy enables investigators to track population activity at cellular level, but the field of view (FOV) of these microscopes have been limited and does not allow multiple-brain region imaging. To fill this technological gap, we have developed the eXtra Large field-of-view Miniscope (MiniXL), a 3.5g lightweight miniaturized microscope with an FOV measuring 3.5 mm in diameter and an electrically adjustable working distance of 1.9 mm ± 200 µm. We demonstrated the capability of MiniXL recording the activity of large neuronal population in both subcortical area (hippocampal dorsal CA1) and deep brain regions (medial prefrontal cortex, mPFC and nucleus accumbens, NAc). The large FOV allows simultaneous imaging of multiple brain regions such as bilateral mPFCs or mPFC and NAc during complex social behavior and tracking cells across multiple sessions. As with all microscopes in the UCLA Miniscope ecosystem, the MiniXL is fully open-source and will be shared with the neuroscience community to lower the barriers for adoption of this technology.

Assembled pH-Responsive Gastric Drug Delivery Systems Based on 3D-Printed Shells.

Gastric acid secretion is closely associated with the development and treatment of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and reflux esophagitis. However, gastric acid secretion is affected by complex physiological and pathological factors, and real-time detection and control are complicated and expensive. A gastric delivery system for antacids and therapeutics in response to low pH in the stomach holds promise for smart and personalized treatment of stomach diseases. In this study, pH-responsive modular units were used to assemble various modular devices for self-regulation of pH and drug delivery to the stomach. The modular unit with a release window of 50 mm2 could respond to pH and self-regulate within 10 min, which is related to its downward floatation and internal gas production. The assembled devices could stably float downward in the medium and detach sequentially at specific times. The assembled devices loaded with antacids exhibited smart pH self-regulation under complex physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, the assembled devices loaded with antacids and acid suppressors could multi-pulse or prolong drug release after rapid neutralization of gastric acid. Compared with traditional coating technology, 3D printing can print the shell layer by layer, flexibly adjust the internal and external structure and composition, and assemble it into a multi-level drug release system. Compared with traditional coating, 3D-printed shells have the advantage of the flexible adjustment of internal and external structure and composition, and are easy to assemble into a complex drug delivery system. This provides a universal and flexible strategy for the personalized treatment of diseases with abnormal gastric acid secretion, especially for delivering acid-unstable drugs.

Magnetically separable Co0.6Fe2.4O4/MIL-101-NH2 adsorbent for Congo red efficient removal.

The development of effective and practical adsorbents for eliminating pollutants still remains a significant challenge. Herein, we synthesized a novel magnetically separable composite, Co0.6Fe2.4O4/MIL-101-NH2, through the in-situ growth of MIL-101-NH2 on magnetic nanoparticles, designed specifically for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. MIL-101-NH2 possessed high BET surface area (240.485 m2•g-1) and facile magnetic separation function and can be swiftly separated (within 30 s) through an external magnetic field post-adsorption. The investigation systematically explored the influence of crucial parameters, including adsorbent dosage, pH, adsorption duration, temperature, and the presence of interfering ions, on CR adsorption performance. Findings indicate that CR adsorption adheres to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis reveals the spontaneity, endothermic nature, and orderly progression of the adsorption process. Remarkably, the adsorbent with 0.1 g•L-1 boasts an impressive maximum adsorption capacity of 1756.19 mg•g-1 for CR at 298.15 K, establishing its competitive advantage. The reuse of the adsorbent over 5 cycles remains 78% of the initial adsorption. The CR adsorption mechanisms were elucidated, emphasizing the roles of π-π interactions, electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, and metal coordination. Comparison with other dyes, such as methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), and exploration of adsorption performance in binary dye systems, demonstrates the superior capacity and selectivity of this adsorbent for CR. In conclusion, our magnetically separable metal-organic framework (MOF)based composite presents a versatile and effective solution for CR removal, with promising applications in water treatment and environmental remediation.

Epigenetic modifications in abdominal aortic aneurysms: from basic to clinical.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a disease characterized by localized dilation of the abdominal aorta, involving multiple factors in its occurrence and development, ultimately leading to vessel rupture and severe bleeding. AAA has a high mortality rate, and there is a lack of targeted therapeutic drugs. Epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in AAA, and the treatment of AAA in the epigenetic field may involve a series of related genes and pathways. Abnormal expression of these genes may be a key factor in the occurrence of the disease and could potentially serve as promising therapeutic targets. Understanding the epigenetic regulation of AAA is of significant importance in revealing the mechanisms underlying the disease and identifying new therapeutic targets. This knowledge can contribute to offering AAA patients better clinical treatment options beyond surgery. This review systematically explores various aspects of epigenetic regulation in AAA, including DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA, and RNA modification. The analysis of the roles of these regulatory mechanisms, along with the identification of relevant genes and pathways associated with AAA, is discussed comprehensively. Additionally, a comprehensive discussion is provided on existing treatment strategies and prospects for epigenetics-based treatments, offering insights for future clinical interventions.

Electrochemical water splitting enhancement by introducing mesoporous NiCoFe-trimetallic phosphide nanosheets as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction.

Transition metal-based catalysts are widely used in electrocatalysis, especially in the field of water splitting, due to their excellent electrochemical performance, which focuses on improving the efficiency of the complex oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that occurs at the anode. Transition metal-based catalysts will undergo electrochemical surface reconstruction and form (oxy)hydroxide-based hybrids, which consider the actual active sites for OER. So many efforts have been made to know the origin of the effect of electrochemical surface reconstruction on the performance of the OER. Herein, NiCoFe-phosphide catalyst nanosheets were constructed by a simple one-step hydrothermal reaction by adding oleylamine and ethanol to water solvent during the preparation of the catalyst precursor and high-temperature gas-phase phosphating and significantly showed high effectiveness catalytic activity and conductivity in comparison to normal and traditional preparation methods. Electrochemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) demonstrate that the surface was constructed during the electrochemical reaction and formed an amorphous layer of MOx(OH)y active sites, which increased the electrochemical surface area and promoted charge transfer. As well, the synthesized NiCoFePx-PNSs catalyst nanosheets exhibit excellent catalytic activity with a low overpotential equal to 259 mV to achieve the OER at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and a low Tafel slope of 50.47 mV dec-1 which is better than for most reported transition metal-based electrocatalysts. This work provides a new design for a transition metal-based catalyst for OER as well as further insights into the effect of electrochemical surface reconstruction on intrinsic activity and OER performance.

Boosting oxygen evolution reaction rates with mesoporous Fe-doped MoCo-phosphide nanosheets.

Transition metal-based catalysts are commonly used for water electrolysis and cost-effective hydrogen fuel production due to their exceptional electrochemical performance, particularly in enhancing the efficiency of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode. In this study, a novel approach was developed for the preparation of catalysts with abundant active sites and defects. The MoCoFe-phosphide catalyst nanosheets were synthesized using a simple one-step hydrothermal reaction and chemical vapor deposition-based phosphorization. The resulting MoCoFe-phosphide catalyst nanosheets displayed excellent electrical conductivity and a high number of electrochemically active sites, leading to high electrocatalytic activities and efficient kinetics for the OER. The MoCoFe-phosphide catalyst nanosheets demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity, achieving a low overpotential of only 250 mV to achieve the OER at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. The catalyst also exhibited a low Tafel slope of 43.38 mV dec-1 and maintained high stability for OER in alkaline media, surpassing the performance of most other transition metal-based electrocatalysts. The outstanding OER performance can be attributed to the effects of Mo and Fe, which modulate the electronic properties and structures of CoP. The results showed a surface with abundant defects and active sites with a higher proportion of Co2+ active sites, a larger specific surface area, and improved interfacial charge transfer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the catalyst's high activity originates from the presence of Mo6+/Mo4+ and Co2+/Co3+ redox couples, as well as the formation of active metal (oxy)hydroxide species on its surface.

[Study on protective effect of acteoside on cellular model of Alzheimer's disease induced by okadaic acid].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of acteoside on SK-N-SH nerve cell injury induced by okadaic acid (OA). METHOD: SK-N-SH nerve cells were processed with 20 nmol * L OA to establish the Alzheimer's disease (AD) cellular model, and 5, 10, 20 mg . L-1 acteoside was used to antagonize against its effect. Cell morphology was observed under inverted microscope. The cell survival rate was detected with MTT, and the LDH release rate was measured by enzyme label kit. Western blot was applied to determine the expression of phosphorylation tau proteins in nerve cells. RESULT: The acteoside could significantly improve SK-N-SH cell morphology, enhance the cell survival rate, decrease the cell LDH release rate and the expression of phosphorylated tau proteins at p-Ser 199/202 and p-Ser 404 sites, up-regulated the expression of at non-phosphorylated tau proteins at Ser 202 site and Ser 404 sites. CONCLUSION: Acteoside has significant protective effect on nerve cell injury induced by OA.

Perineuronal Nets: From Structure to Neurological Disorders.

Perineuronal nets (PNN) is condensed extracellular matrix (ECM) in the central nervous system (CNS), which surrounds cell soma, axon initial segments, and synapses. In the brain, most neurons surrounded by PNN are interneurons, especially the parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVI). The formation of PNN is involved in the PVI maturation as well as the onset and closure of critical periods for developmental plasticity end. Dysfunction of PVI can lead to some neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar depression, and Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, PNN assembling abnormalities are often observed in human patients and animal disease models. PNN is thought to have a neuroprotective effect and interact with signaling molecules to regulate synaptic plasticity and neuronal activity. In this review, we provide an overview of the composition, structure, and functions of PNN. In addition, we highlight abnormal changes in PNN components in pathological conditions. Understanding the roles of different components of PNN will bring us a new perspective on brain plasticity and neurological disorders.