RESUMO
Expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in ATXN1 causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), a neurodegenerative disease that impairs coordination and cognition. While ATXN1 is associated with increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, CAG repeat number in AD patients is not changed. Here, we investigated the consequences of ataxin-1 loss of function and discovered that knockout of Atxn1 reduced CIC-ETV4/5-mediated inhibition of Bace1 transcription, leading to increased BACE1 levels and enhanced amyloidogenic cleavage of APP, selectively in AD-vulnerable brain regions. Elevated BACE1 expression exacerbated Aß deposition and gliosis in AD mouse models and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and olfactory axonal targeting. In SCA1 mice, polyglutamine-expanded mutant ataxin-1 led to the increase of BACE1 post-transcriptionally, both in cerebrum and cerebellum, and caused axonal-targeting deficit and neurodegeneration in the hippocampal CA2 region. These findings suggest that loss of ataxin-1 elevates BACE1 expression and Aß pathology, rendering it a potential contributor to AD risk and pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Ataxina-1/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/genética , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Animais , Ataxina-1/deficiência , Ataxina-1/genética , Encéfalo/patologia , Região CA2 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Região CA2 Hipocampal/patologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurogênese , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ets/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ets/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Repetições de Trinucleotídeos/genética , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Despite being the subject of intense effort and scrutiny, kinases have proven to be consistently challenging targets in inhibitor drug design. A key obstacle has been promiscuity and consequent adverse effects of drugs targeting the ATP binding site. Here we introduce an approach to controlling kinase activity by using monobodies that bind to the highly specific regulatory allosteric pocket of the oncoprotein Aurora A (AurA) kinase, thereby offering the potential for more specific kinase modulators. Strikingly, we identify a series of highly specific monobodies acting either as strong kinase inhibitors or activators via differential recognition of structural motifs in the allosteric pocket. X-ray crystal structures comparing AurA bound to activating vs inhibiting monobodies reveal the atomistic mechanism underlying allosteric modulation. The results reveal 3 major advantages of targeting allosteric vs orthosteric sites: extreme selectivity, ability to inhibit as well as activate, and avoidance of competing with ATP that is present at high concentrations in the cells. We envision that exploiting allosteric networks for inhibition or activation will provide a general, powerful pathway toward rational drug design.
Assuntos
Aurora Quinase A/química , Aurora Quinase B/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Quinases/química , Trifosfato de Adenosina/química , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica/genética , Aurora Quinase A/antagonistas & inibidores , Aurora Quinase A/genética , Aurora Quinase B/antagonistas & inibidores , Aurora Quinase B/genética , Sítios de Ligação/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/química , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Domínio de Fibronectina Tipo III/genética , Humanos , Conformação Proteica , Proteínas Quinases/genéticaRESUMO
A myriad of cellular events are regulated by allostery; therefore, evolution of this process is of fundamental interest. Here, we use ancestral sequence reconstruction to resurrect ancestors of two colocalizing proteins, Aurora A kinase and its allosteric activator TPX2 (targeting protein for Xklp2), to experimentally characterize the evolutionary path of allosteric activation. Autophosphorylation of the activation loop is the most ancient activation mechanism; it is fully developed in the oldest kinase ancestor and has remained stable over 1 billion years of evolution. As the microtubule-associated protein TPX2 appeared, efficient kinase binding to TPX2 evolved, likely owing to increased fitness by virtue of colocalization. Subsequently, TPX2-mediated allosteric kinase regulation gradually evolved. Surprisingly, evolution of this regulation is encoded in the kinase and did not arise by a dominating mechanism of coevolution.