Discovery of the imidazole-derived GPR40 agonist AM-3189.

As a follow-up to the GPR40 agonist AMG 837, which was evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of type II diabetes, further optimization led to the discovery of AM-3189 (13k). AM-3189 is representative of a new class of compounds with minimal CNS penetration, superior pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy comparable to AMG 837.

AMG 837: a potent, orally bioavailable GPR40 agonist.

The discovery that certain long chain fatty acids potentiate glucose stimulated insulin secretion through the previously orphan receptor GPR40 sparked interest in GPR40 agonists as potential antidiabetic agents. Optimization of a series of ß-substituted phenylpropanoic acids led to the identification of (S)-3-(4-((4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl)methoxy)phenyl)hex-4-ynoic acid (AMG 837) as a potent GPR40 agonist with a superior pharmacokinetic profile and robust glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion in rodents.

Optimization of a series of quinazolinone-derived antagonists of CXCR3.

The evaluation of the CXCR3 antagonist AMG 487 in clinic trials was complicated due to the formation of an active metabolite. In this Letter, we will discuss the further optimization of the quinazolinone series that led to the discovery of compounds devoid of the formation of the active metabolite that was seen with AMG 487. In addition, these compounds also feature increased potency and good pharmacokinetic properties. We will also discuss the efficacy of the lead compound 34 in a mouse model of cellular recruitment induced by bleomycin.

Discovery of a Potent Steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist with Enhanced Selectivity against the Progesterone and Androgen Receptors (OP-3633).

Structure-based modification of mifepristone (1) led to the discovery of novel mifepristone derivatives with improved selectivity profile. Addition of a methyl group at the C10 position of the steroid has a significant impact on progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) activity. Within this series, OP-3633 (15) emerged as a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist with increased selectivity against PR and AR, improved cytochrome P450 inhibition profile, and significantly improved pharmacokinetic properties compared to 1. Furthermore, 15 demonstrated substantial inhibition of GR transcriptional activity in the GR positive HCC1806 triple negative breast cancer xenograft model. Overall, compound 15 is a promising GR antagonist candidate to clinically evaluate the impact of GR inhibition in reversal or prevention of therapy resistance.

Optimization of the heterocyclic core of the quinazolinone-derived CXCR3 antagonists.

A series of six-six and six-five fused heterocyclic CXCR3 antagonists has been synthesized and their activities evaluated in an [(125)I]-IP-10 displacement assay and an ITAC mediated in vitro cell migration assay. The pharmacokinetic properties of several top compounds have also been studied. This effort led to the discovery of compounds with increased potency and improved pharmacokinetic properties that could serve as useful tools to study the role of the CXCR3 receptor in vivo.

Discovery of AM-6226: A Potent and Orally Bioavailable GPR40 Full Agonist That Displays Efficacy in Nonhuman Primates.

GPR40 (FFA1) is a G-protein-coupled receptor, primarily expressed in pancreatic islets and enteroendocrine L-cells, and, when activated, elicits increased insulin secretion only in the presence of elevated glucose levels. We recently reported the discovery of AM-1638 (2), a full agonist of GPR40. Herein, we present further structure-activity relationships progressing from AM-1638 (2) to AM-6226 (14) that possesses a profile acceptable for dosing cynomolgus monkeys. The GPR40 full agonist AM-6226 (14) is the first molecule to display significant glucose lowering in cynomolgus monkeys providing additional evidence that GPR40 full agonists afford access to a powerful mechanism for maintaining glycemic control.

Discovery of a Potent and Selective Steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist (ORIC-101).

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been linked to therapy resistance across a wide range of cancer types. Preclinical data suggest that antagonists of this nuclear receptor may enhance the activity of anticancer therapy. The first-generation GR antagonist mifepristone is currently undergoing clinical evaluation in various oncology settings. Structure-based modification of mifepristone led to the discovery of ORIC-101 (28), a highly potent steroidal GR antagonist with reduced androgen receptor (AR) agonistic activity amenable for dosing in androgen receptor positive tumors and with improved CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 inhibition profile to minimize drug-drug interaction potential. Unlike mifepristone, 28 could be codosed with chemotherapeutic agents readily metabolized by CYP2C8 such as paclitaxel. Furthermore, 28 demonstrated in vivo antitumor activity by enhancing response to chemotherapy in the GR+ OVCAR5 ovarian cancer xenograft model. Clinical evaluation of safety and therapeutic potential of 28 is underway.

AMG 176, a Selective MCL1 Inhibitor, Is Effective in Hematologic Cancer Models Alone and in Combination with Established Therapies.

The prosurvival BCL2 family member MCL1 is frequently dysregulated in cancer. To overcome the significant challenges associated with inhibition of MCL1 protein-protein interactions, we rigorously applied small-molecule conformational restriction, which culminated in the discovery of AMG 176, the first selective MCL1 inhibitor to be studied in humans. We demonstrate that MCL1 inhibition induces a rapid and committed step toward apoptosis in subsets of hematologic cancer cell lines, tumor xenograft models, and primary patient samples. With the use of a human MCL1 knock-in mouse, we demonstrate that MCL1 inhibition at active doses of AMG 176 is tolerated and correlates with clear pharmacodynamic effects, demonstrated by reductions in B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. Furthermore, the combination of AMG 176 and venetoclax is synergistic in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) tumor models and in primary patient samples at tolerated doses. These results highlight the therapeutic promise of AMG 176 and the potential for combinations with other BH3 mimetics. SIGNIFICANCE: AMG 176 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable MCL1 inhibitor that induces a rapid commitment to apoptosis in models of hematologic malignancies. The synergistic combination of AMG 176 and venetoclax demonstrates robust activity in models of AML at tolerated doses, highlighting the promise of BH3-mimetic combinations in hematologic cancers.See related commentary by Leber et al., p. 1511.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1494.

Improving the Pharmacokinetics of GPR40/FFA1 Full Agonists.

We recently reported the discovery of a potent GPR40 full agonist AM-1638 (1). Herein, we describe our efforts in improving the drug-like properties of the full agonists through the systematic introduction of polar groups in the C-, D-, and A-rings. This led to the discovery of new GPR40 full agonists with significantly improved pharmacokinetic propeties. Compound 8 and 20 also showed potent in vivo efficacy in oral glucose tolerance tests in mice in addition to the improvement in properties.

Optimization of GPR40 Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes.

GPR40 (FFA1 and FFAR1) has gained significant interest as a target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. TAK-875 (1), a GPR40 agonist, lowered hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lowered both postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients in phase II clinical trials. We optimized phenylpropanoic acid derivatives as GPR40 agonists and identified AMG 837 (2) as a clinical candidate. Here we report our efforts in searching for structurally distinct back-ups for AMG 837. These efforts led to the identification of more polar GPR40 agonists, such as AM-4668 (10), that have improved potency, excellent pharmacokinetic properties across species, and minimum central nervous system (CNS) penetration.

Discovery and Optimization of Potent GPR40 Full Agonists Containing Tricyclic Spirocycles.

GPR40 (FFAR1 or FFA1) is a target of high interest being pursued to treat type II diabetes due to its unique mechanism leading to little risk of hypoglycemia. We recently reported the discovery of AM-1638 (2), a potent full agonist of GPR40. In this report, we present the discovery of GPR40 full agonists containing conformationally constrained tricyclic spirocycles and their structure-activity relationships leading to more potent agonists such as AM-5262 (26) with improved rat PK profile and general selectivity profile. AM-5262 enhanced glucose stimulated insulin secretion (mouse and human islets) and improved glucose homeostasis in vivo (OGTT in HF/STZ mice) when compared to AM-1638.

Discovery of AM-1638: A Potent and Orally Bioavailable GPR40/FFA1 Full Agonist.

GPR40 (FFA1) is a G-protein-coupled receptor, primarily expressed in pancreatic islets, the activation of which elicits increased insulin secretion only in the presence of elevated glucose levels. A potent, orally bioavailable small molecule GPR40 agonist is hypothesized to be an effective antidiabetic posing little or no risk of hypoglycemia. We recently reported the discovery of AMG 837 (1), a potent partial agonist of GPR40. Herein, we present the optimization from the GPR40 partial agonist 1 to the structurally and pharmacologically distinct GPR40 full agonist AM-1638 (21). Moreover, we demonstrate the improved in vivo efficacy that GPR40 full agonist 21 exhibits in BDF/DIO mice as compared to partial agonist 1.

Discovery and optimization of a series of quinazolinone-derived antagonists of CXCR3.

A series of quinazolinone-derived inhibitors of the CXCR3 receptor have been synthesized and their affinity for the receptor evaluated. Compounds were evaluated in a (125)I-IP10 displacement assay and in in vitro cell migration assays to IP10, ITAC, and MIG using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Discovery and optimization of a novel series of liver X receptor-alpha agonists.

A novel series of hexafluorocarbinols were discovered as potent activators of the liver X receptor-alpha using a fluorescence polarization assay. Structure-activity relationship study led to the identification of compounds that are more potent agonists than the endogenous ligand, 24(S), 25-epoxycholesterol, with similar efficacy. Several compounds, including T0901317, were shown to have desirable pharmacokinetic profiles suitable for in vivo studies.

Optimization of 2-aminothiazole derivatives as CCR4 antagonists.

A series of 2-aminothiazole-derived antagonists of the CCR4 receptor has been synthesized and their affinity for the receptor evaluated using a [(125)I]TARC (CCL17) displacement assay. Optimization of these compounds for potency and pharmacokinetic properties led to the discovery of potent, orally bioavailable antagonists.