A patient with congenitally restrictive strabismus and contralateral secondary muscle enlargement.

AIM: To report the case of a congenital restrictive strabismus with a contralateral enlargement of extraocular muscles. CASE: The clinical presentation, findings, and postoperative outcomes of a 4 years old boy referred to evaluation for presenting a left eye deviation since birth are detailed. CONCLUSION: A unilateral congenital restrictive strabismus (congenital hypotropia and esotropia) can be the cause of contralateral secondary enlarged extraocular muscle and It must be included in the differential diagnosis.

[Success in probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Ten years experience]. / Éxito del sondaje en la obstrucción congénita de la vía lagrimal. Diez años de experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: The congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common pathology, with low morbidity, but not exempt of complications without the correct diagnosis and management. METHODS: Retrospective study from 2005 to 2015 in patients who were submitted to a probing procedure. We identified age at procedure, gender, laterality and presence or absence of success with the procedure. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-seven eyes were analyzed. The median age was 17 months and the total success rate was 85.4%. CONCLUSION: In congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction there is a high rate of spontaneous resolution with the proper initial conservative management and, in patients older than 12 months, probing has a high rate of success.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La obstrucción congénita de la vía lagrimal es una patología común, de poca morbilidad, pero no exenta de complicaciones sin el diagnóstico y manejo correcto. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de 2005 a 2015 en pacientes que fueron sometidos a un procedimiento de sondaje. Se identificó edad al momento del procedimiento, género, lateralidad y presencia o ausencia de éxito con el procedimiento. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 137 ojos. La mediana de edad fue de 17 meses y la tasa de éxito total fue del 85,4%. CONCLUSIÓN: La obstrucción congénita de la vía lagrimal con adecuado manejo conservador inicial tiene alta tasa de resolución espontánea y, en pacientes mayores de 12 meses, el sondaje tiene una alta tasa de éxito.

Traumatic cataract surgery in pediatric patients. Experience in a site. / Cirugía de catarata traumática en pacientes pediátricos. Experiencia de un centro.

Ocular trauma is a signifcant problem worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of patients younger than 14 years who underwent traumatic cataract surgery at the Unit of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology "Dra. Ana María Illescas Putzeys" of Hospital de Ojos y Oídos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V." A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was carried out to review the medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery between 2010 and 2015. A total of 54 children underwent traumatic cataract surgery; 75% were boys; 68% were in the 6-11-year-old age range. Blunt force trauma was observed in 57.4%. A visual acuity of 20/70 or better was achieved by 68.2% of patients.

El trauma ocular es un problema significativo en todo el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características de los pacientes menores de 14 años operados de catarata traumática en la Unidad de Oftalmología Pediátrica, Estrabismo y Neurooftalmología "Dra. Ana María Illescas Putzeys", Hospital de Ojos y Oídos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V.". Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional, en el que se revisaron expedientes de pacientes operados de catarata de 2010 a 2015. Se operaron 54 niños por catarata traumática, de los cuales 75% eran hombres. El 68% pertenecían al rango de edad de 6-11 años. El tipo de trauma fue cerrado en un 57,4%. Los pacientes que lograron una agudeza visual igual a 20/70 o mayor fueron el 68,2%.

Straatsma syndrome: Satisfactory amblyopia treatment. Report of two cases. / Síndrome de Straatsma: tratamiento satisfactorio de ambliopía.Reporte de 2 casos.

CLINICAL CASES: The cases are presented on 2 female patients with Straatsma syndrome, with satisfactory treatment of amblyopia. DISCUSSION: The level of anisometropia and myelination of retinal nerve fibres were different in these two patients. However, both achieved 0.20 (logMAR) visual acuity with correction in both eyes following amblyopia treatment with ocular patching. Visual prognosis of amblyopia associated with myelination of retinal nerve fibres and anisometropia is poorer than anisometropic amblyopia without myelination. It is well known that the former is refractory to occlusive therapy. Despite having a poor prognosis, visual rehabilitation should be attempted. The two cases presented were successfully treated with eye-patching.

Conjunctival tumors in children: histopathologic diagnosis in 165 cases.

PURPOSE: Conjunctival tissue tumors have a varied presentation, and few series studies on pediatric patients have been published. The objective of this paper is to report the histopathologic diagnoses (spanning over 1988-2013) of conjunctival tumors in children younger than 14 years. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, and observational study by reviewing the database of all children in whom a conjunctival tumor was surgically removed at Hospital de Ojos y Oídos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V.," Benemérito Comité Pro Ciegos y Sordos de Guatemala. The data pertaining to gender, age, and histopathologic diagnosis of all cases was collected. The same ocular pathologist made all diagnoses. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-five cases were found, with a mean age of 7.88 years, being 91 (55.15%) male subjects. Melanocytic lesions were the most common tumors found (30.91% of cases), with only one case (0.60%) being malignant. CONCLUSIONS: Melanocytic lesions were the most common tumors found, and of all the cases, only one was malignant; this was in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. These findings are consistent with those reported in other studies regarding the frequencies of the histopathology of conjunctival tumors in the pediatric population.

[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in children under 14 years of age]. / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del trauma ocular en menores de 14 años.

Pediatric ocular trauma is common and the leading cause of non congenital unilateral blindness. The information in developing countries is scarce. The objective of this case series is to describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in children under 14 years of age who visited Hospital Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde in Guatemala City in 2010. In this study 119 patients were included. School-aged (7-9 years) male gender was the most affected. Closed globe injury was the commonest. The most frequent objects causing the lesions were: wooden objects, toys and chemicals. Trauma occurred most frequently at home. Twenty one of the patients were surgically intervened. Education and prevention programs for pediatric ocular trauma are necessary.

Éxito del sondaje en la obstrucción congénita de la vía lagrimal: Diez años de experiencia / Success in probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: Ten years experience

Introducción. La obstrucción congénita de la vía lagrimal es una patología común, de poca morbilidad, pero no exenta de complicaciones sin el diagnóstico y manejo correcto. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 2005 a 2015 en pacientes que fueron sometidos a un procedimiento de sondaje. Se identificó edad al momento del procedimiento, género, lateralidad y presencia o ausencia de éxito con el procedimiento. Resultados. Se analizaron 137 ojos. La mediana de edad fue de 17 meses y la tasa de éxito total fue del 85,4%. Conclusión. La obstrucción congénita de la vía lagrimal con adecuado manejo conservador inicial tiene alta tasa de resolución espontánea y, en pacientes mayores de 12 meses, el sondaje tiene una alta tasa de éxito.

Introduction. The congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common pathology, with low morbidity, but not exempt of complications without the correct diagnosis and management. Methods. Retrospective study from 2005 to 2015 in patients who were submitted to a probing procedure. We identified age at procedure, gender, laterality and presence or absence of success with the procedure. Results. One hundred thirty-seven eyes were analyzed. The median age was 17 months and the total success rate was 85.4%. Conclusion. In congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction there is a high rate of spontaneous resolution with the proper initial conservative management and, in patients older than 12 months, probing has a high rate of success.

Cirugía de catarata traumática en pacientes pediátricos: Experiencia de un centro / Traumatic cataract surgery in pediatric patients: Experience in a site

El trauma ocular es un problema significativo en todo el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características de los pacientes menores de 14 años operados de catarata traumática en la Unidad de Oftalmología Pediátrica, Estrabismo y Neurooftalmología "Dra. Ana María Illescas Putzeys", Hospital de Ojos y Oídos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V.". Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional, en el que se revisaron expedientes de pacientes operados de catarata de 2010 a 2015. Se operaron 54 niños por catarata traumática, de los cuales 75% eran hombres. El 68% pertenecían al rango de edad de 6-11 años. El tipo de trauma fue cerrado en un 57,4%. Los pacientes que lograron una agudeza visual igual a 20/70 o mayor fueron el 68,2%.

Ocular trauma is a significant problem worldwide. The obj ective of this study was to determine the characteristics of patients younger than 14 years who underwent traumatic cataract surgery at the Unit of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology "Dra. Ana María Illescas Putzeys" of Hospital de Ojos y Oídos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V." A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was carried out to review the medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery between 2010 and 2015. A total of 54 children underwent traumatic cataract surgery; 75% were boys; 68% were in the 6-11-year-old age range. Blunt force trauma was observed in 57.4%. A visual acuity of 20/70 or better was achieved by 68.2% of patients.

[Pediatric cataract in a developing country: retrospective review of 328 cases]. / Catarata pediátrica en un país en vías de desarrollo: revisión retrospectiva de 328 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric cataracts constitute an important cause of low visual acuity. PURPOSE: The objective of the present work is to know the characteristics of this pathology in an ophthalmic attention unit of a developing country. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, transversal study was carried out in 328 cases of pediatric cataracts (children between 0 and 14 years). RESULTS: 190 (57.9%) patients were male and 138 (42.1%) female, 145 (44.2%) cases were congenital cataracts and 183 (55.8%) acquired cataracts; 160 (48.8%) presented unilateral affection and 168 (51.2%) bilateral. The treatment was surgical in 98.2% of the cases. The mean age at diagnosis of congenital cataract was 34.9 months. The mean age of presentation of the acquired ones was 76.6 months. The treatment was abandoned in 70.58% cases of congenital cataracts and 64.10% of acquired cataracts. In the congenital ones, 44% presented visual acuity in the range of 20/200 and 20/70 and in the acquired ones, 32.5% were better than 20/30. CONCLUSIONS: The data found was not encouraging due to the late detection and the abandon of the treatment, which are bad prognosis factors.

Conjunctival tumors in children: histopathologic diagnosis in 165 cases / Tumores conjuntival em crianças: diagnóstico histopatológico em 165 casos

ABSTRACT Purpose: Conjunctival tissue tumors have a varied presentation, and few series studies on pediatric patients have been published. The objective of this paper is to report the histopathologic diagnoses (spanning over 1988-2013) of conjunctival tumors in children younger than 14 years. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, and observational study by reviewing the database of all children in whom a conjunctival tumor was surgically removed at Hospital de Ojos y Oídos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V.," Benemérito Comité Pro Ciegos y Sordos de Guatemala. The data pertaining to gender, age, and histopathologic diagnosis of all cases was collected. The same ocular pathologist made all diagnoses. Results: One hundred sixty-five cases were found, with a mean age of 7.88 years, being 91 (55.15%) male subjects. Melanocytic lesions were the most common tumors found (30.91% of cases), with only one case (0.60%) being malignant. Conclusions: Melanocytic lesions were the most common tumors found, and of all the cases, only one was malignant; this was in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. These findings are consistent with those reported in other studies regarding the frequencies of the histopathology of conjunctival tumors in the pediatric population.

RESUMO Objetivo: Tumores do tecido conjuntival tem uma apresentação variada. Poucas séries de pacientes pediátricos foram publicadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os diagnósticos histopatológicos de tumores conjuntivais em crianças com menos de 14 anos de idade, obtidas durante um período de 25 anos. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e observacional foi realizado. Nós revisamos o banco de dados de todas as crianças em quem um tumor conjuntival foi removido cirurgicamente no Hospital de Ojos y oidos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V.," Benemérito Comité Pro Ciegos y Sordos de Guatemala. Sexo, idade e diagnóstico histopatológico de todos os casos foram compilados. O mesmo patologista ocular fez todos os diagnósticos. Resultados: Cento e sessenta e cinco casos foram encontrados, com média de 7,88 anos, sendo 91 (55,15%) do sexo masculino. Lesões melanocíticas foram as mais frequentes (30,91% dos casos). Apenas um caso (0,60%) era maligno. Conclusões: Lesões melanocíticas foram as mais frequentes. Do total, apenas uma lesão era maligna, o que correspondeu a um paciente com xeroderma pigmentoso. Estes resultados são consistentes com o relatado em outros estudos quanto à frequência de diagnóstico histopatológico de tumores da conjuntiva na população pediátrica.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del trauma ocular en menores de 14 años / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in children under 14 years of age

El trauma ocular pediátrico es frecuente y es la principal causa de ceguera unilateral no congénita. La información en países en vías de desarrollo es escasa. El objetivo de esta serie de casos es describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas del trauma ocular en niños menores de 14 años que consultaron al Hospital Dr. Rodolfo Robles Val verde en la Ciudad de Guatemala durante el año 2010. Se incluyeron 119 pacientes en el estudio. El género masculino en edad escolar (7-9 años) fue el más comprometido. El trauma más común fue el de globo cerrado. Los objetos más frecuentes causantes de la lesión fueron madera, juguetes y químicos. La vivienda fue el lugar donde más ocurrió el trauma. Se intervinieron 21 pacientes. Son necesarios programas de educación y prevención.

Pediatric ocular trauma is common and the leading cause of non congenital unilateral blindness. The information in developing countries is scarce. The objective of this case series is to describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in children under 14 years of age who visited Hospital Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde in Guatemala City in 2010. In this study 119 patients were included. School-aged (7-9 years) male gender was the most affected. Closed globe injury was the commonest. The most frequent objects causing the lesions were: wooden objects, toys and chemicals. Trauma occurred most frequently at home. Twenty one of the patients were surgically intervened. Education and prevention programs for pediatric ocular trauma are necessary.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del trauma ocular en menores de 14 años / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in children under 14 years of age

El trauma ocular pediátrico es frecuente y es la principal causa de ceguera unilateral no congénita. La información en países en vías de desarrollo es escasa. El objetivo de esta serie de casos es describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas del trauma ocular en niños menores de 14 años que consultaron al Hospital Dr. Rodolfo Robles Val verde en la Ciudad de Guatemala durante el año 2010. Se incluyeron 119 pacientes en el estudio. El género masculino en edad escolar (7-9 años) fue el más comprometido. El trauma más común fue el de globo cerrado. Los objetos más frecuentes causantes de la lesión fueron madera, juguetes y químicos. La vivienda fue el lugar donde más ocurrió el trauma. Se intervinieron 21 pacientes. Son necesarios programas de educación y prevención.(AU)

Pediatric ocular trauma is common and the leading cause of non congenital unilateral blindness. The information in developing countries is scarce. The objective of this case series is to describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in children under 14 years of age who visited Hospital Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde in Guatemala City in 2010. In this study 119 patients were included. School-aged (7-9 years) male gender was the most affected. Closed globe injury was the commonest. The most frequent objects causing the lesions were: wooden objects, toys and chemicals. Trauma occurred most frequently at home. Twenty one of the patients were surgically intervened. Education and prevention programs for pediatric ocular trauma are necessary.(AU)

[Optic nerve hypoplasia and septo-optic dysplasia]. / Hipoplasia del nervio óptico y displasia septo-óptica.

The septo-optic dysplasia or De Morsier syndrome is an unusual disorder of the embryonic development. It consists of hypoplasia in one or both optic nerves, midline cerebral malformations and hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, which is inconstant. The present work describes the findings of 9 patients with septo-optic dysplasia.

[Sixth nerve palsies in children. Presentation of four cases]. / Paresia del sexto par en niños. Presentación de cuatro casos.

The etiology of the sixth nerve palsy in children includes multiple causes, being the acquired ones the most frequent. Due to the importance of the adequate management and possible implications of this pathology, four patients are presented for analysis and discussion.

Síndrome de Straatsma: tratamiento satisfactorio de ambliopía.Reporte de 2 casos / Straatsma syndrome: Satisfactory amblyopia treatment. Report of two cases

CASOS CLÍNICOS: Describimos los casos de dos pacientes de sexo femenino con síndrome de Straatsma y tratamiento satisfactorio de ambliopía. DISCUSIÓN: La anisometropía y la mielinización de fibras nerviosas de la retina (MFNR) fue diferente en cada paciente; pero las dos alcanzaron agudeza visual con corrección de 0,20 (logMAR) en ambos ojos posterior al tratamiento de ambliopía con parche ocular. El pronóstico visual de ambliopía asociada a MFNR y anisometropía es peor que en ambliopía anisometrópica sin MFNR, siendo la primera refractaria a la terapia oclusiva. La rehabilitación visual debe intentarse a pesar de encerrar un mal pronóstico. Nuestros casos fueron tratados exitosamente con parche ocular

CLINICAL CASES: The cases are presented on 2 female patients with Straatsma syndrome, with satisfactory treatment of amblyopia. DISCUSSION: The level of anisometropia and myelination of retinal nerve fibres were different in these two patients. However, both achieved 0.20 (logMAR) visual acuity with correction in both eyes following amblyopia treatment with ocular patching. Visual prognosis of amblyopia associated with myelination of retinal nerve fibres and anisometropia is poorer than anisometropic amblyopia without myelination. It is well known that the former is refractory to occlusive therapy. Despite having a poor prognosis, visual rehabilitation should be attempted. The two cases presented were successfully treated with eye-patching

Catarata pediátrica en un país en vías de desarrollo: revisión retrospectiva de 328 casos / Pediatric cataract in a developing country: retrospective review of 328 cases

INTRODUCCIÓN: La catarata en edad pediátrica constituye una causa importante de disminución de la agudeza visual. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer las características de esta patología en una unidad de atención ocular de un país en vías de desarrollo. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, transversal de 328 casos de catarata en edad pediátrica (niños entre 0 y 14 años). RESULTADOS: Se encontró 190 (57.9 por ciento) casos de sexo masculino y 138 (42.1 por ciento) femenino, 145 (44.2 por ciento) casos de catarata congénita y 183 (55.8 por ciento) de adquirida. 160 (48.8 por ciento) presentaron afección unilateral y 168 (51.2 por ciento) bilateral. El tratamiento fue quirúrgico en 98.2 por ciento de los casos. La edad media de diagnóstico en las cataratas congénitas fue 34.9 meses. La edad media de presentación en las adquiridas fue 76.6 meses. Se encontró abandono de tratamiento en 70.58 por ciento de cataratas congénitas y 64.1 por ciento de adquiridas. En las congénitas el 44 por ciento presentó agudeza visual en el rango de 20/200 a 20/70 y en las adquiridas el 32.5 por ciento mayor a 20/30. CONCLUSIONES: Se encontró datos poco alentadores como la detección tardía y el abandono del seguimiento, los cuales son factores de mal pronóstico.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric cataracts constitute an important cause of low visual acuity. PURPOSE: The objective of the present work is to know the characteristics of this pathology in an ophthalmic attention unit of a developing country. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, transversal study was carried out in 328 cases of pediatric cataracts (children between 0 and 14 years). RESULTS: 190 (57.9 percent) patients were male and 138 (42.1 percent) female, 145 (44.2 percent) cases were congenital cataracts and 183 (55.8 percent) acquired cataracts; 160 (48.8 percent) presented unilateral affection and 168 (51.2 percent) bilateral. The treatment was surgical in 98.2 percent of the cases. The mean age at diagnosis of congenital cataract was 34.9 months. The mean age of presentation of the acquired ones was 76.6 months. The treatment was abandoned in 70.58 percent cases of congenital cataracts and 64.10 percent of acquired cataracts. In the congenital ones, 44 percent presented visual acuity in the range of 20/200 and 20/70 and in the acquired ones, 32.5 percent were better than 20/30. CONCLUSIONS: The data found was not encouraging due to the late detection and the abandon of the treatment, which are bad prognosis factors.

Hipoplasia del nervio óptico y displasia septo-óptica / Optic nerve hypoplasia and septo-optic dysplasia

La displasia septo-óptica o síndrome de De Morsier es un trastornopoco usual del desarrollo embrionario. Consiste en la hipoplasia de uno o ambos nervios ópticos, malformacionescerebrales de la línea media y disfunción hipotálamo-hipofisaria, la cual es inconstante. En el presente trabajo se describen los hallazgos de 9 pacientes con displasia septo-óptica.

Hipoplasia del nervio óptico y displasia septo-óptica / Optic nerve hypoplasia and septo-optic dysplasia

La displasia septo-óptica o síndrome de De Morsier es un trastornopoco usual del desarrollo embrionario. Consiste en la hipoplasia de uno o ambos nervios ópticos, malformacionescerebrales de la línea media y disfunción hipotálamo-hipofisaria, la cual es inconstante. En el presente trabajo se describen los hallazgos de 9 pacientes con displasia septo-óptica.(AU)