Measurement of chromosomal instability and level of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of endometrial cancer patients.

Endometrial cancer is one of the most common invasive gynecologic malignancies in developed countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate chromosomal instability and level of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of newly diagnosed endometrial cancer patients in relation to health status (diagnosis), age, histological grade of cancer, residence, smoking, number of pregnancies, miscarriages, and abortions. The analyzed sample consisted of 60 individuals, 30 endometrial cancer patients with an average age of 64.37 ±â€…7.08, and 30 healthy control women with an average age of 60.23 ±â€…11.55. Chromosomal instability was evaluated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, and the level of DNA damage by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in PBMCs. The average frequencies of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) as well as nuclear buds (NBUDs) were significantly higher in cancer patients compared to controls (P < .0005). There was no difference in the nuclear division index (NDI) among the analyzed samples. The comet assay showed that the patients had a significantly increased genetic damage index (GDI) compared with controls (P < .0005). Using linear regression analysis, we found that health status (diagnosis) had the strongest influence on the MN frequency as well as GDI (P < .0005). Our results indicated that there is a high level of genetic damage in both the level of DNA and the level of chromosomes in the PBMCs of newly diagnosed patients with endometrial cancer, where the frequency and level of damage were significantly affected by health status, grade of cancer, residence, number of pregnancies, miscarriages, and abortions.

New instrument for measuring quality of life in patients with cervical cancer.

Our study aimed to develop and validate a reliable instrument that can measure the quality of life (QOL) of patients with cervical cancer living in a developing country, such as the Central Balkan country, Serbia. Our study was cross-sectional for assessing the reliability and validity of a questionnaire. Balkan questionnaire for QOL of patients with cervical cancer showed satisfactory reliability and temporal stability. When the investigators rated the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was 0.971 at the beginning, and one month later it was 0.967. When the questionnaire was rated by patients themselves, Cronbach's alpha was 0.972. The questionnaire should be considered as an addition to the existing armamentarium for measuring the quality of life in patients with cervical cancer.

A rating instrument for fear of hospitalisation.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a reliable instrument that can measure fear of hospitalisation experienced by outpatients. BACKGROUND: After having a diagnosis established, some patients experience sense of fear, unpleasantness and embarrassment due to the possibility to be admitted to a hospital. Currently, there is no available instrument for measuring fear of hospitalisation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study for assessing reliability and validity of a questionnaire. METHOD: The questionnaire with 17 items and answers according to the Likert scale was developed during two brainstorming sessions of the research team. Its reliability, validity and temporal stability were tested on the sample of 330 outpatients. The study was multicentric, involving patients from seven cities and three countries. RESULTS: Fear of hospitalisation scale showed satisfactory reliability, when rated both by the investigators (Cronbach's alpha .799) and by the patients themselves (Cronbach's alpha .760). It is temporally stable, and both divergent and convergent validity tests had good results. Factorial analysis revealed three domains: fear of being injured, trust to medical staff and fear of losing privacy or autonomy. CONCLUSIONS: This study developed new reliable and valid instrument for measuring fear of hospitalisation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Identification of patients with high level of fear of hospitalisation by this instrument should help clinicians to administer measures which may decrease fear and prevent avoidance of healthcare utilisation.

Andrew Victor Schally: Pioneering Neuroendocrinologist and Architect of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analogs.

Andrew Victor Schally is a pioneering figure in endocrinology and neuroendocrinology, whose work has fundamentally transformed the understanding and treatment of hormone-related disorders and cancer. His research, particularly in the isolation, characterization, and clinical application of hypothalamic hormones, has been instrumental in advancing medical science. Schally's early life, marked by the adversities of World War II, shaped his resilience and determination, driving him to pursue a career in medical research. His groundbreaking discovery of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and its analogs revolutionized the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers, especially advanced prostate cancer, by providing an effective alternative to surgical castration. Beyond LHRH, Schally's contributions to the development of somatostatin analogs have also had a significant impact on the management of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors. This article reviews Schally's life and work, emphasizing his contributions to endocrinology, particularly in the context of LHRH and its clinical applications. The review outlines his early life and education, his pioneering research on hypothalamic hormones, and the development of LHRH analogs that have become a cornerstone in the treatment of prostate cancer. Schally's ability to translate basic scientific discoveries into practical therapeutic strategies has earned him numerous accolades, including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977. His legacy continues to inspire and guide research in endocrinology and oncology, underscoring the lasting impact of his scientific achievements.

Impact of Emergency Situations on the Level of Fear and Anxiety in Oncology Patients During Radiotherapy in a Developing Country.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the level of fear and anxiety related to radiotherapy in oncology patients treated before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to examine whether the advancement of radiotherapy centers leads to any reduction in the patient's fear in emergency situations. METHODS: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in two time frames (2016 and 2022) based on the analysis of the intensity of anxiety and fear of radiotherapy in oncology patients with assistance. A questionnaire for assessing fear of radiotherapy in oncology patients and Zung's and Beck's self-reported anxiety scales were used. The first part of the research integrated all data of research interest obtained from patients treated with radiotherapy during 2016, and the second cross-sectional study included all patients treated in 2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was prepared according to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist. RESULTS: The first cross-sectional study had 154 participants who had been treated with radiotherapy, while in the second study, there were 159 patients. Patients treated in 2022 show significantly higher levels of fear and anxiety. External beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy simultaneously used in both studies increased the level of fear and anxiety. CONCLUSION:  The conducted research showed exceptional differences in the intensity of fear and anxiety in patients treated with radiotherapy in different health situations, as was the case during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a significant impact on the stability of the health system and the challenges to providing standard services.

Review of compounds that exhibit radioprotective and/or mitigatory effects after application of diagnostic or therapeutic ionizing radiation.

PURPOSE: Exposure to ionizing radiation can be accidental or for medical purposes. Analyzes of the frequency of radiation damage in the general population, it has been determined that by far the most common are those that occur as a result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Damage caused by radiation, either accidentally or for therapeutic purposes, can be reduced by the use of radioprotectors, mitigators or other therapeutic agents. A detailed research of the available literature shows that there is little systematized data of potentially radioprotective and/or mitigating effects of drugs from the personal therapy of patients during the application of therapeutic ionizing radiation. The aim of this paper is to present review of compounds, especially personal therapy drugs, that exhibit radioprotective and/or mitigating effects after the application of diagnostic or therapeutic ionizing radiation. CONCLUSIONS: Given the widespread use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, there is a clear need to create a strategy and recommendations of relevant institutions for the use of radioprotectors and mitigators in everyday clinical practice, with individual evaluation of the patient's condition and selection of the compounds that will show the greatest benefit in terms of radioprotection.